1
|
Xiong S, Tu M, Wu X, Qu S, Chen N, Jin J, Rong H, Pei S, Fang J, Shao X. Real-Time Hemodynamic Changes in the Prefrontal and Bilateral Temporal Cortices During Intradermal Acupuncture for Major Depressive Disorder: A Prospective, Single-Center, Controlled Trial Protocol. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:2627-2638. [PMID: 38059202 PMCID: PMC10697084 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s435617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide, and its occurrence may be related to the abnormality of the prefrontal cortex and bilateral temporal cortex. Acupuncture, rooted in the theories of acupoints and meridians, has demonstrated its efficacy in regulating cortical blood flow (CBF) in the brains of MDD patients. As one form of acupuncture, intradermal acupuncture (IA) can alleviate clinical symptoms such as depressive mood and insomnia in MDD patients. However, it remains unknown whether IA will have a specific effect on the prefrontal cortex and bilateral temporal cortex in MDD patients. Methods In total, 60 participants will be recruited: 20 healthy control participants and 40 MDD patients. All healthy control participants will be allocated to the control group, whereas the 40 MDD patients will be randomly divided into two groups: the gallbladder meridian acupoint (GBA) group and the non-acupoint (NA) group, at a 1:1 allocation ratio. All groups will undergo a one-time IA intervention while their cortical activity is monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Total hemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin of the prefrontal and bilateral temporal cortices will be measured by fNIRS during the test procedure. Discussion This trial aims to use fNIRS to compare real-time hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal and bilateral temporal cortices of healthy individuals and MDD patients during IA. The primary objective is to investigate whether MDD patients exhibit specific real-time responses to IA stimulation in these brain regions. The findings from this study will provide clinical data and a possible theoretical basis for the assumption that stimulation of IA may treat MDD by modulating the relevant brain regions. Trial Registration The study protocol has been registered in the clinicaltrials.gov with the code NCT05707299.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangsang Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqi Tu
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siying Qu
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nisang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Jin
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Rong
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangyi Pei
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Visual processing in the brain has been understood as the ventral and dorsal pathways processing "what" and "where" information, respectively. Mocz et al. (2022), however, report that the two pathways code object features in a similar manner. These results support that information processing in the dorsal pathway is not strictly limited to "where" and that the two pathways work in parallel to process task-relevant information ("what we do with it").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Uk Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baxter MG, Roberts MT, Roberts JA, Rapp PR. Neuropsychology of cognitive aging in rhesus monkeys. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.30.542956. [PMID: 37398407 PMCID: PMC10312569 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Aged rhesus monkeys, like aged humans, show declines in cognitive function. We present cognitive test data from a large sample of male and female rhesus monkeys, 34 young (3.5-13.6 years) and 71 aged (19.9-32.5 years of age at the start of cognitive testing). Monkeys were tested on spatiotemporal working memory (delayed response), visual recognition memory (delayed nonmatching-to-sample), and stimulus-reward association learning (object discrimination), tasks with an extensive evidence base in nonhuman primate neuropsychology. On average, aged monkeys performed worse than young on all three tasks. Acquisition of delayed response and delayed nonmatching-to-sample was more variable in aged monkeys than in young. Performance scores on delayed nonmatching-to-sample and object discrimination were associated with each other, but neither was associated with performance on delayed response. Sex and chronological age were not reliable predictors of individual differences in cognitive outcome among the aged monkeys. These data establish population norms for cognitive tests in young and aged rhesus monkeys in the largest sample reported to date. They also illustrate independence of cognitive aging in task domains dependent on the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe. (181 words).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. Baxter
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary T. Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pearson A, Bruner E, Polly PD. Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 180:768-776. [PMID: 36789740 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two decades ago, Rilling and Seligman, hereafter abbreviated to RAS Study, suggested modern humans had relatively larger temporal lobes for brain size compared to other anthropoids. Despite many subsequent studies drawing conclusions about the evolutionary implications for the emergence of unique cerebral specializations in Homo sapiens, no re-assessment has occurred using updated methodologies. METHODS We reassessed the association between right temporal lobe volume (TLV) and right hemisphere volume (HV) in the anthropoid brain. In a sample compiled de novo by us, T1-weighted in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 11 extant anthropoid species were calculated by-voxel from the MRI and the raw data from RAS Study directly compared to our sample. Phylogenetic Generalized Least-Squares (PGLS) regression and trait-mapping using Blomberg's K (kappa) tested the correlation between HV and TLV accounting for anthropoid phylogeny, while bootstrapped PGLS regressions tested difference in slopes and intercepts between monkey and ape subsamples. RESULTS PGLS regressions indicated statistically significant correlations (r2 < 0.99; p ≤ 0.0001) between TLV and HV with moderate influence from phylogeny (K ≤ 0.42). Bootstrapped PGLS regression did not show statistically significant differences in slopes between monkeys and apes but did for intercepts. In our sample, human TLV was not larger than expected for anthropoids. DISCUSSION Updated imaging, increased sample size and advanced statistical analyses did not find statistically significant results that modern humans possessed a disproportionately large temporal lobe volume compared to the general anthropoid trend. This has important implications for human and non-human primate brain evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Pearson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Paleoneurobiology of Hominins, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kadohisa M, Kusunoki M, Mitchell DJ, Bhatia C, Buckley MJ, Duncan J. Frontal and temporal coding dynamics in successive steps of complex behavior. Neuron 2023; 111:430-443.e3. [PMID: 36473483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and temporal cortex (TE) all contribute to visual decision-making. Accumulating evidence suggests that vlPFC may play a central role in multiple cognitive operations, perhaps resembling domain-general regions of the human frontal lobe. We trained monkeys in a task calling for learning, retrieval, and spatial selection of rewarded target objects. Recordings of neural activity covered large areas of vlPFC, dlPFC, and TE. Results suggested a central role for vlPFC in each cognitive operation with strong coding of each task feature, while only location was strongly coded in dlPFC and current object identity in TE. During target selection, target location was communicated first from vlPFC to dlPFC, followed by extensive mutual support. In vlPFC, stimulus identities were independently coded in different task operations. The results suggest a central role for the inferior frontal convexity in controlling successive operations of a complex, multi-step task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Kadohisa
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Makoto Kusunoki
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Cheshta Bhatia
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Luo Q, Liang M, Gao L, Yang J, Feng R, Liu J, Qiu G, Li Y, Zheng Y, Lu S. Children's Neural Sensitivity to Prosodic Features of Natural Speech and Its Significance to Speech Development in Cochlear Implanted Children. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:892894. [PMID: 35903806 PMCID: PMC9315047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.892894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Catchy utterances, such as proverbs, verses, and nursery rhymes (i.e., "No pain, no gain" in English), contain strong-prosodic (SP) features and are child-friendly in repeating and memorizing; yet the way those prosodic features encoded by neural activity and their influence on speech development in children are still largely unknown. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), this study investigated the cortical responses to the perception of natural speech sentences with strong/weak-prosodic (SP/WP) features and evaluated the speech communication ability in 21 pre-lingually deaf children with cochlear implantation (CI) and 25 normal hearing (NH) children. A comprehensive evaluation of speech communication ability was conducted on all the participants to explore the potential correlations between neural activities and children's speech development. The SP information evoked right-lateralized cortical responses across a broad brain network in NH children and facilitated the early integration of linguistic information, highlighting children's neural sensitivity to natural SP sentences. In contrast, children with CI showed significantly weaker cortical activation and characteristic deficits in speech perception with SP features, suggesting hearing loss at the early age of life, causing significantly impaired sensitivity to prosodic features of sentences. Importantly, the level of neural sensitivity to SP sentences was significantly related to the speech behaviors of all children participants. These findings demonstrate the significance of speech prosodic features in children's speech development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Luo
- Department of Chinese Language and Literature, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Foreign Languages, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maojin Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leyan Gao
- Neurolinguistics Teaching Laboratory, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Neurolinguistics Research, Mental and Neurological Diseases Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Feng
- Neurolinguistics Teaching Laboratory, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Hearing and Speech Science Department, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Qiu
- Department of Clinical Neurolinguistics Research, Mental and Neurological Diseases Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Foreign Languages, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Hearing and Speech Science Department, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lu
- School of Foreign Languages, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Neurolinguistics Research, Mental and Neurological Diseases Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pluta R. Alzheimer's Disease Connected Genes in the Post-Ischemic Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1059. [PMID: 35741821 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is considered that brain ischemia can be causative connected to Alzheimer’s disease. In the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and temporal cortex, genes related to Alzheimer’s disease, such as the amyloid protein precursor (APP), β-secretase (BACE1), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2), are deregulated by ischemia. The pattern of change in the CA1 area of the hippocampus covers all genes tested, and the changes occur at all post-ischemic times. In contrast, the pattern of gene changes in the CA3 subfield is much less intense, does not occur at all post-ischemic times, and is delayed in time post-ischemia relative to the CA1 field. Conversely, the pattern of gene alterations in the temporal cortex appears immediately after ischemia, and does not occur at all post-ischemic times and does not affect all genes. Evidence therefore suggests that various forms of dysregulation of the APP, BACE1 and PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes are associated with individual neuronal cell responses in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus and temporal cortex with reversible cerebral ischemia. Scientific data indicate that an ischemic episode of the brain is a trigger of amyloidogenic processes. From the information provided, it appears that post-ischemic brain injury additionally activates neuronal death in the hippocampus and temporal cortex in an amyloid-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kovalenko AA, Zakharova MV, Schwarz AP, Dyomina AV, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Changes in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression in Rat Brain in a Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052752. [PMID: 35269897 PMCID: PMC8910969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing epileptogenesis in people at risk is an unmet medical need. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are promising targets for such therapy. However, drugs acting on mGluRs are not used in the clinic due to limited knowledge of the involvement of mGluRs in epileptogenesis. This study aimed to analyze the changes in gene expression of mGluR subtypes (1-5, 7, 8) in various rat brain regions in the latent and chronic phases of a lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy. For this study, multiplex test systems were selected and optimized to analyze mGluR gene expression using RT-qPCR. Region- and phase-specific changes in expression were revealed. During the latent phase, mGluR5 mRNA levels were increased in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, and expression of group III genes was decreased in the hippocampus and temporal cortex, which could contribute to epileptogenesis. Most of the changes in expression detected in the latent stage were absent in the chronic stage, but mGluR8 mRNA production remained reduced in the hippocampus. Moreover, we found that gene expression of group II mGluRs was altered only in the chronic phase. The study deepened our understanding of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and suggested that agonists of group III mGluRs are the most promising targets for preventing epilepsy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Brašić JR, Goodman JA, Nandi A, Russell DS, Jennings D, Barret O, Martin SD, Slifer K, Sedlak T, Mathur AK, Seibyl JP, Berry-Kravis EM, Wong DF, Budimirovic DB. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein and Cerebral Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 in Men with Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:314. [PMID: 35326270 PMCID: PMC8946825 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a deficiency of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) mediates dysfunction of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in the pathogenesis of fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most commonly known single-gene cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, animal and human studies regarding the link between FMRP and mGluR5 expression provide inconsistent or conflicting findings about the nature of those relationships. Since multiple clinical trials of glutamatergic agents in humans with FXS did not demonstrate the amelioration of the behavioral phenotype observed in animal models of FXS, we sought measure if mGluR5 expression is increased in men with FXS to form the basis for improved clinical trials. Unexpectedly marked reductions in mGluR5 expression were observed in cortical and subcortical regions in men with FXS. Reduced mGluR5 expression throughout the living brains of men with FXS provides a clue to examine FMRP and mGluR5 expression in FXS. In order to develop the findings of our previous study and to strengthen the objective tools for future clinical trials of glutamatergic agents in FXS, we sought to assess the possible value of measuring both FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression in men with FXS. We aimed to show the value of measurement of FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with FXS and related conditions. We administered 3-[18F]fluoro-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB), a specific mGluR5 radioligand for quantitative measurements of the density and the distribution of mGluR5s, to six men with the full mutation (FM) of FXS and to one man with allele size mosaicism for FXS (FXS-M). Utilizing the seven cortical and subcortical regions affected in neurodegenerative disorders as indicator variables, adjusted linear regression of mGluR5 expression and FMRP showed that mGluR5 expression was significantly reduced in the occipital cortex and the thalamus relative to baseline (anterior cingulate cortex) if FMRP levels are held constant (F(7,47) = 6.84, p < 0.001).These findings indicate the usefulness of cerebral mGluR5 expression measured by PET with [18F]FPEB and FMRP values in men with FXS and related conditions for assessments in community facilities within a hundred-mile radius of a production center with a cyclotron. These initial results of this pilot study advance our previous study regarding the measurement of mGluR5 expression by combining both FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression as tools for meaningful clinical trials of glutamatergic agents for men with FXS. We confirm the feasibility of this protocol as a valuable tool to measure FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression in clinical trials of individuals with FXS and related conditions and to provide the foundations to apply precision medicine to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of individuals with FXS and related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Brašić
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - Jack Alexander Goodman
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA;
| | - Ayon Nandi
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - David S. Russell
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Danna Jennings
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Olivier Barret
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Samuel D. Martin
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Keith Slifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Sedlak
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-General Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Mathur
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - John P. Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuropsychopharmacology and Multimodal, Imaging (CNAMI), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dejan B. Budimirovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mushtaq F, Wiggins IM, Kitterick PT, Anderson CA, Hartley DEH. Investigating Cortical Responses to Noise-Vocoded Speech in Children with Normal Hearing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2021; 22:703-717. [PMID: 34581879 PMCID: PMC8599557 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-021-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst functional neuroimaging has been used to investigate cortical processing of degraded speech in adults, much less is known about how these signals are processed in children. An enhanced understanding of cortical correlates of poor speech perception in children would be highly valuable to oral communication applications, including hearing devices. We utilised vocoded speech stimuli to investigate brain responses to degraded speech in 29 normally hearing children aged 6-12 years. Intelligibility of the speech stimuli was altered in two ways by (i) reducing the number of spectral channels and (ii) reducing the amplitude modulation depth of the signal. A total of five different noise-vocoded conditions (with zero, partial or high intelligibility) were presented in an event-related format whilst participants underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging. Participants completed a word recognition task during imaging, as well as a separate behavioural speech perception assessment. fNIRS recordings revealed statistically significant sensitivity to stimulus intelligibility across several brain regions. More intelligible stimuli elicited stronger responses in temporal regions, predominantly within the left hemisphere, while right inferior parietal regions showed an opposite, negative relationship. Although there was some evidence that partially intelligible stimuli elicited the strongest responses in the left inferior frontal cortex, a region previous studies have suggested is associated with effortful listening in adults, this effect did not reach statistical significance. These results further our understanding of cortical mechanisms underlying successful speech perception in children. Furthermore, fNIRS holds promise as a clinical technique to help assess speech intelligibility in paediatric populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Mushtaq
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK.
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Ian M Wiggins
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Pádraig T Kitterick
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Carly A Anderson
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Douglas E H Hartley
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Færøvik U, Specht K, Vikene K. Suppression, Maintenance, and Surprise: Neuronal Correlates of Predictive Processing Specialization for Musical Rhythm. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674050. [PMID: 34512236 PMCID: PMC8429816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory repetition suppression and omission activation are opposite neural phenomena and manifestations of principles of predictive processing. Repetition suppression describes the temporal decrease in neural activity when a stimulus is constant or repeated in an expected temporal fashion; omission activity is the transient increase in neural activity when a stimulus is temporarily and unexpectedly absent. The temporal, repetitive nature of musical rhythms is ideal for investigating these phenomena. During an fMRI session, 10 healthy participants underwent scanning while listening to musical rhythms with two levels of metric complexity, and with beat omissions with different positional complexity. Participants first listened to 16-s-long presentations of continuous rhythms, before listening to a longer continuous presentation with beat omissions quasi-randomly introduced. We found deactivation in bilateral superior temporal gyri during the repeated presentation of the normal, unaltered rhythmic stimulus, with more suppression of activity in the left hemisphere. Omission activation of bilateral middle temporal gyri was right lateralized. Persistent activity was found in areas including the supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, anterior insula, frontal areas, and middle and posterior cingulate cortex, not overlapping with either listening, suppression, or omission activation. This suggests that the areas are perhaps specialized for working memory maintenance. We found no effect of metric complexity for either the normal presentation or omissions, but we found evidence for a small effect of omission position—at an uncorrected threshold—where omissions in the more metrical salient position, i.e., the first position in the bar, showed higher activation in anterior cingulate/medial superior frontal gyrus, compared to omissions in the less salient position, in line with the role of the anterior cingulate cortex for saliency detection. The results are consistent with findings in our previous studies on Parkinson’s disease, but are put into a bigger theoretical frameset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulvhild Færøvik
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Specht
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Education, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjetil Vikene
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biondi M, Hirshkowitz A, Stotler J, Wilcox T. Cortical Activation to Social and Mechanical Stimuli in the Infant Brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:510030. [PMID: 34248512 PMCID: PMC8264292 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.510030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the early days of life infants distinguish between social and non-social physical entities and have different expectations for the way these two entities should move and interact. At the same time, we know very little about the cortical systems that support this early emerging ability. The goal of the current research was to assess the extent to which infant's processing of social and non-social physical entities is mediated by distinct information processing systems in the temporal cortex. Using a cross-sectional design, infants aged 6-9 months (Experiment 1) and 11-18 months (Experiment 2) were presented with two types of events: social interaction and mechanical interaction. In the social interaction event (patterned after Hamlin et al., 2007), an entity with googly eyes, hair tufts, and an implied goal of moving up the hill was either helped up, or pushed down, a hill through the actions of another social entity. In the mechanical interaction event, the googly eyes and hair tufts were replaced with vertical black dots and a hook and clasp, and the objects moved up or down the hill via mechanical interactions. FNIRS was used to measure activation from temporal cortex while infants viewed the test events. In both age groups, viewing social and mechanical interaction events elicited different patterns of activation in the right temporal cortex, although responses were more specialized in the older age group. Activation was not obtained in these areas when the objects moved in synchrony without interacting, suggesting that the causal nature of the interaction events may be responsible, in part, to the results obtained. This is one of the few fNIRS studies that has investigated age-related patterns of cortical activation and the first to provide insight into the functional development of networks specialized for processing of social and non-social physical entities engaged in interaction events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Biondi
- Tobii Pro, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amy Hirshkowitz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jacqueline Stotler
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Wilcox
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walbrin J, Almeida J. High-Level Representations in Human Occipito- Temporal Cortex Are Indexed by Distal Connectivity. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4678-4685. [PMID: 33849949 PMCID: PMC8260247 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2857-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human object recognition is dependent on occipito-temporal cortex (OTC), but a complete understanding of the complex functional architecture of this area must account for how it is connected to the wider brain. Converging functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence shows that univariate responses to different categories of information (e.g., faces, bodies, and nonhuman objects) are strongly related to, and potentially shaped by, functional and structural connectivity to the wider brain. However, to date, there have been no systematic attempts to determine how distal connectivity and complex local high-level responses in occipito-temporal cortex (i.e., multivoxel response patterns) are related. Here, we show that distal functional connectivity is related to, and can reliably index, high-level representations for several visual categories (i.e., tools, faces, and places) within occipito-temporal cortex; that is, voxel sets that are strongly connected to distal brain areas show higher pattern discriminability than less well-connected sets do. We further show that in several cases, pattern discriminability is higher in sets of well-connected voxels than sets defined by local activation (e.g., strong amplitude responses to faces in fusiform face area). Together, these findings demonstrate the important relationship between the complex functional organization of occipito-temporal cortex and wider brain connectivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Human object recognition relies strongly on OTC, yet responses in this broad area are often considered in relative isolation to the rest of the brain. We employ a novel connectivity-guided voxel selection approach with functional magnetic resonance imaging data to show higher sensitivity to information (i.e., higher multivoxel pattern discriminability) in voxel sets that share strong connectivity to distal brain areas, relative to (1) voxel sets that are less strongly connected, and in several cases, (2) voxel sets that are defined by strong local response amplitude. These findings underscore the importance of distal contributions to local processing in OTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Walbrin
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sarkinaite M, Gleizniene R, Adomaitiene V, Dambrauskiene K, Raskauskiene N, Steibliene V. Volumetric MRI Analysis of Brain Structures in Patients with History of First and Repeated Suicide Attempts: A Cross Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030488. [PMID: 33801896 PMCID: PMC8000590 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural brain changes are found in suicide attempters and in patients with mental disorders. It remains unclear whether the suicidal behaviors are related to atrophy of brain regions and how the morphology of specific brain areas is changing with each suicide attempt. The sample consisted of 56 patients hospitalized after first suicide attempt (first SA) (n = 29), more than one suicide attempt (SA > 1) (n = 27) and 54 healthy controls (HC). Brain volume was measured using FreeSurfer 6.0 automatic segmentation technique. In comparison to HC, patients with first SA had significantly lower cortical thickness of the superior and rostral middle frontal areas, the inferior, middle and superior temporal areas of the left hemisphere and superior frontal area of the right hemisphere. In comparison to HC, patients after SA > 1 had a significantly lower cortical thickness in ten areas of frontal cortex of the left hemisphere and seven areas of the right hemisphere. The comparison of hippocampus volume showed a significantly lower mean volume of left and right parts in patients with SA > 1, but not in patients with first SA. The atrophy of frontal, temporal cortex and hippocampus parts was significantly higher in repeated suicide attempters than in patients with first suicide attempt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milda Sarkinaite
- Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-67876580
| | - Rymante Gleizniene
- Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Virginija Adomaitiene
- Psychiatry Clinic of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.A.); (K.D.); (V.S.)
| | - Kristina Dambrauskiene
- Psychiatry Clinic of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.A.); (K.D.); (V.S.)
| | - Nijole Raskauskiene
- Laboratory of Behavioural Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Psychiatry Clinic of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.A.); (K.D.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory of Behavioural Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bogadhi AR, Katz LN, Bollimunta A, Leopold DA, Krauzlis RJ. Midbrain activity shapes high-level visual properties in the primate temporal cortex. Neuron 2020; 109:690-699.e5. [PMID: 33338395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent fMRI experiments identified an attention-related region in the macaque temporal cortex, here called the floor of the superior temporal sulcus (fSTS), as the primary cortical target of superior colliculus (SC) activity. However, it remains unclear which aspects of attention are processed by fSTS neurons and how or why these might depend on SC activity. Here, we show that SC inactivation decreases attentional modulations in fSTS neurons by increasing their activity for ignored stimuli in addition to decreasing their activity for attended stimuli. Neurons in the fSTS also exhibit event-related activity during attention tasks linked to detection performance, and this link is eliminated during SC inactivation. Finally, fSTS neurons respond selectively to particular visual objects, and this selectivity is reduced markedly during SC inactivation. These diverse, high-level properties of fSTS neurons all involve visual signals that carry behavioral relevance. Their dependence on SC activity could reflect a circuit that prioritizes cortical processing of events detected subcortically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarender R Bogadhi
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Leor N Katz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anil Bollimunta
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Inscopix, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gambino G, Giglia G, Schiera G, Di Majo D, Epifanio MS, La Grutta S, Lo Baido R, Ferraro G, Sardo P. Haptic Perception in Extreme Obesity: qEEG Study Focused on Predictive Coding and Body Schema. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120908. [PMID: 33255709 PMCID: PMC7760572 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptic perception (HP) is a perceptual modality requiring manual exploration to elaborate the physical characteristics of external stimuli through multisensory integrative cortical pathways. Cortical areas exploit processes of predictive coding that collect sensorial inputs to build and update internal perceptual models. Modifications to the internal representation of the body have been associated with eating disorders. In the light of this, obese subjects were selected as a valid experimental model to explore predictive coding in haptic perception. To this purpose, we performed electroencephalographic (EEG) continuous recordings during a haptic task in normally weighted versus obese subjects. EEG power spectra were analyzed in different time intervals. The quality of haptic performance in the obese group was poorer than in control subjects, though exploration times were similar. Spectral analysis showed a significant decrease in theta, alpha and beta frequencies in the right temporo-parietal areas of obese group, whereas gamma bands significantly increased in the left frontal areas. These results suggest that severe obesity could be characterized by an impairment in haptic performances and an altered activation of multisensory integrative cortical areas. These are involved in functional coding of external stimuli, which could interfere with the ability to process a predicted condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
- Euro Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology-I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Girolamo Schiera
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
| | - Danila Di Majo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Stella Epifanio
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sabina La Grutta
- Postgraduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosa Lo Baido
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (D.D.M.); (R.L.B.); (G.F.); (P.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aldusary N, Traber GL, Freund P, Fierz FC, Weber KP, Baeshen A, Alghamdi J, Saliju B, Pazahr S, Mazloum R, Alshehri F, Landau K, Kollias S, Piccirelli M, Michels L. Abnormal Connectivity and Brain Structure in Patients With Visual Snow. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:582031. [PMID: 33328934 PMCID: PMC7710971 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.582031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Visual snow (VS) is a distressing, life-impacting condition with persistent visual phenomena. VS patients show cerebral hypermetabolism within the visual cortex, resulting in altered neuronal excitability. We hypothesized to see disease-dependent alterations in functional connectivity and gray matter volume (GMV) in regions associated with visual perception. Methods Nineteen patients with VS and 16 sex- and age-matched controls were recruited. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied to examine resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Volume changes were assessed by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Finally, we assessed associations between MRI indices and clinical parameters. Results Patients with VS showed hyperconnectivity between extrastriate visual and inferior temporal brain regions and also between prefrontal and parietal (angular cortex) brain regions (p < 0.05, corrected for age and migraine occurrence). In addition, patients showed increased GMV in the right lingual gyrus (p < 0.05 corrected). Symptom duration positively correlated with GMV in both lingual gyri (p < 0.01 corrected). Conclusion This study found VS to be associated with both functional and structural changes in the early and higher visual cortex, as well as the temporal cortex. These brain regions are involved in visual processing, memory, spatial attention, and cognitive control. We conclude that VS is not just confined to the visual system and that both functional and structural changes arise in VS patients, be it as an epiphenomenon or a direct contributor to the pathomechanism of VS. These in vivo neuroimaging biomarkers may hold potential as objective outcome measures of this so far purely subjective condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Njoud Aldusary
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghislaine L Traber
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne C Fierz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad P Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arwa Baeshen
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaan Alghamdi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bujar Saliju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shila Pazahr
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Mazloum
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fahad Alshehri
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Radiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Klara Landau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyros Kollias
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Piccirelli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dürschmid S, Reichert C, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, Kirsch HE, Knight RT, Deouell LY. Direct Evidence for Prediction Signals in Frontal Cortex Independent of Prediction Error. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4530-4538. [PMID: 30590422 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding (PC) has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms used by brains to interact with complex environments. PC theories posit top-down prediction signals, which are compared with actual outcomes, yielding in turn prediction error (PE) signals, which are used, bottom-up, to modify the ensuing predictions. However, disentangling prediction from PE signals has been challenging. Critically, while many studies found indirect evidence for PC in the form of PE signals, direct evidence for the prediction signal is mostly lacking. Here, we provide clear evidence, obtained from intracranial cortical recordings in human surgical patients, that the human lateral prefrontal cortex evinces prediction signals while anticipating an event. Patients listened to task-irrelevant sequences of repetitive tones including infrequent predictable or unpredictable pitch deviants. The broadband high-frequency amplitude (HFA) was decreased prior to the onset of expected relative to unexpected deviants in the frontal cortex only, and its amplitude was sensitive to the increasing likelihood of deviants following longer trains of standards in the unpredictable condition. Single-trial HFA predicted deviations and correlated with poststimulus response to deviations. These results provide direct evidence for frontal cortex prediction signals independent of PE signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dürschmid
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reichert
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Hinrichs
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.,Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany.,CBBS-Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Heidi E Kirsch
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leon Y Deouell
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mushtaq F, Wiggins IM, Kitterick PT, Anderson CA, Hartley DEH. The Benefit of Cross-Modal Reorganization on Speech Perception in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients Revealed Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:308. [PMID: 32922273 PMCID: PMC7457128 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CIs) are the most successful treatment for severe-to-profound deafness in children. However, speech outcomes with a CI often lag behind those of normally-hearing children. Some authors have attributed these deficits to the takeover of the auditory temporal cortex by vision following deafness, which has prompted some clinicians to discourage the rehabilitation of pediatric CI recipients using visual speech. We studied this cross-modal activity in the temporal cortex, along with responses to auditory speech and non-speech stimuli, in experienced CI users and normally-hearing controls of school-age, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Strikingly, CI users displayed significantly greater cortical responses to visual speech, compared with controls. Importantly, in the same regions, the processing of auditory speech, compared with non-speech stimuli, did not significantly differ between the groups. This suggests that visual and auditory speech are processed synergistically in the temporal cortex of children with CIs, and they should be encouraged, rather than discouraged, to use visual speech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Mushtaq
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Wiggins
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pádraig T. Kitterick
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carly A. Anderson
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas E. H. Hartley
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Liśkiewicz D, Liśkiewicz A, Marczak Ł, Wojakowska A, Jerzy Barski J, Małecki A. Cerebrocortical proteome profile of female rats subjected to the western diet and chronic social stress. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:567-580. [PMID: 34000981 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1770433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The energy-dense western diet significantly increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular episodes, stroke, and cancer. Recently more attention has been paid to the contribution of an unhealthy lifestyle on the development of central nervous system disorders. Exposure to long-lasting stress is one of the key lifestyle modifications associated with the increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. The main goal of the present study was to verify the hypothesis that exposure to chronic stress modifies alterations in the brain proteome induced by the western diet. Female adult rats were fed with the prepared chow reproducing the human western diet and/or subjected to chronic stress induced by social instability for 6 weeks. A control group of lean rats were fed with a standard diet. Being fed with the western diet resulted in an obese phenotype and induced changes in the serum metabolic parameters. The combination of the western diet and chronic stress exposure induced more profound changes in the rat cerebrocortical proteome profile than each of these factors individually. The down-regulation of proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion (Rph3a, Snap25, Syn1) as well as in learning and memory processes (Map1a, Snap25, Tnr) were identified, while increased expression was detected for 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag) engaged in the modulation of the insulin-signaling cascade in the brain. An analysis of the rat brain proteome reveals important changes that indicate that a combination of the western diet and stress exposure may lead to impairments of neuronal function and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Jerzy Barski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Evgen'ev M, Bobkova N, Krasnov G, Garbuz D, Funikov S, Kudryavtseva A, Kulikov A, Samokhin A, Maltsev A, Nesterova I. The Effect of Human HSP70 Administration on a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Strongly Depends on Transgenicity and Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:1391-1404. [PMID: 30714962 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, heat shock protein 70 is a key component of the machinery that protects neuronal cells from various stress conditions and whose production significantly declines during aging. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of sub-chronic intranasal administration of human Hsp70 on the state of neurons in the temporal cortex and areas of the hippocampus of old transgenic (Tg) 5XFAD mice (11-13 months), representing a late-onset model of hereditary Alzheimer's disease. Quantitative analysis of the various neuronal pathologies between the two groups (Tg versus nTg) revealed maximal levels of abnormalities in the brains of aged Tg mice. Importantly, intranasal application of HSP70 had profound beneficial effects on neuron morphology in the temporal cortex and hippocampal regions when applied to the aged Tg mice but not in the case of age-matched, non-transgenic, littermate animals. Furthermore, the effect of HSP70 administration on neurons in the hippocampus and temporal cortex differed characteristically between the groups. Using RNA-Seq, we identified a lot of differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of old Tg mice compared with those of nTg mice. Most importantly, we observed HSP70-induced upregulation of multiple genes participating in antigen processing and presentation especially the members of major histocompatibility complex (class I and II) in the brains of old 5XFAD Tg animals, suggesting that Hsp70 executes its beneficial role via activation of adaptive immunity. Overall, our data enable to conclude that Hsp70 treatment may be a safe and effective therapeutic application against Alzheimer-type neuropathologies manifested at the late stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - George Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Funikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Maltsev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, RAS, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Inna Nesterova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pearson A, Polly PD, Bruner E. Is the middle cranial fossa a reliable predictor of temporal lobe volume in extant and fossil anthropoids? Am J Phys Anthropol 2020; 172:698-713. [PMID: 32237235 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigate the suitability of middle cranial fossa (MCF) size as a proxy for temporal lobe volume (TLV), examining the strength of the association between TLV and MCF metrics and assess the reliability predicting TLV in fossil anthropoids. The temporal lobe of the primate brain is a multimodal association cortex involved in long-term memory, auditory, and visual processing with unique specializations in modern humans for language comprehension. The MCF is the bony counterpart for the temporal lobe providing inferences for fossil hominin temporal lobe evolution. We now investigate whether the MCF is a suitable proxy for the temporal lobe. METHODS A sample of 23 anthropoid species (n = 232, including 13 fossil species) from computed tomography (CT) scans of ex vivo crania and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the in vivo brain were generated into three-dimensional (3D) virtual models. Seven linear metrics were digitally measured on the right MCF with right TLV calculated from in vivo MRI. RESULTS Regression analyses produced statistically significant correlations between TLV and all MCF metrics (r ≥ 0.85; p ≤ 0.0009) with TLV predictions within ±1 standard error and three MCF metrics (posterior-width, mid-length, and mid-width) the most reliable predictors of TLV with only one metric weakly associated with TLV. DISCUSSION These findings indicate a strong association between the MCF and TLV, provide reliable predictors of fossil TLV that were previously unattainable, allow the inclusion of fragmentary fossil material, and enable inferences into the emergence of modern human temporal lobe morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Pearson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Department of Paleobiology, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sazhina TA, Sitovskaya DA, Zabrodskaya YM, Bazhanova ED. Functional Imbalance of Glutamate- and GABAergic Neuronal Systems in the Pathogenesis of Focal Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Humans. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:529-532. [PMID: 32147766 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the formation of pharmacological resistance in temporal focal epilepsy remain poorly understood, and effective treatment strategies that can suppress epileptogenesis do not currently exist. We studied the imbalance between the glutamatergic (stimulating) and GABAergic (inhibitory) neuronal systems, as well as the role of apoptotic processes in the pathogenesis of drug-resistant epilepsy. To this end, the expression of Gad65, Vglut2, NR2B, Bcl-2, and caspase-8 proteins was analyzed in the gray and white matter of the temporal cortex of human brain. It was shown that pathological processes in the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems related to drug-resistant epilepsy are accompanied by changes in the content of apoptotic proteins, which can be the cause of neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Sazhina
- Laboratory of Morphology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Sitovskaya
- Research Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, A. L. Polenov Russian Research Neurosurgery Institute - Affiliated Branch of V. A. Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu M Zabrodskaya
- Laboratory of Morphology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Research Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, A. L. Polenov Russian Research Neurosurgery Institute - Affiliated Branch of V. A. Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E D Bazhanova
- Laboratory of Morphology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Toxicology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry of Cell Functions, I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. .,Joint Laboratory for Studies of the Role of Apoptosis in Neuroendocrine System Formation, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Walker DG, Tang TM, Mendsaikhan A, Tooyama I, Serrano GE, Sue LI, Beach TG, Lue LF. Patterns of Expression of Purinergic Receptor P2RY12, a Putative Marker for Non-Activated Microglia, in Aged and Alzheimer's Disease Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E678. [PMID: 31968618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered a key pathological process in neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies have defined phenotypes of reactive microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, with different antigenic markers to identify those potentially causing inflammatory damage. We took an alternative approach with the goal of characterizing the distribution of purinergic receptor P2RY12-positive microglia, a marker previously defined as identifying homeostatic or non-activated microglia. We examined the expression of P2RY12 by dual-color light and fluorescence immunohistochemistry using sections of middle temporal gyrus from AD, high plaque and low plaque non-demented cases in relation to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and phosphorylated tau, markers of pathology, and HLA-DR, IBA-1, CD68, and progranulin, microglial phenotype markers. In low plaque cases, P2RY12-positive microglia mostly had non-activated morphologies, while the morphologies of P2RY12-positive microglia in AD brains were highly variable, suggesting its expression could encompass a wider range of phenotypes than originally hypothesized. P2RY12 expression by microglia differed depending on the types of plaques or tangles they were associated with. Areas of inflammation characterized by lack of P2RY12-positive microglia around mature plaques could be observed, but many diffuse plaques showed colocalization with P2RY12-positive microglia. Based on these results, P2RY12 expression by microglia should not be considered solely a marker of resting microglia as P2RY12 immunoreactivity was identifying microglia positive for CD68, progranulin and to a limited extent HLA-DR, markers of activation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Koshiyama D, Miyakoshi M, Tanaka-Koshiyama K, Joshi YB, Molina JL, Sprock J, Braff DL, Light GA. Neurophysiologic Characterization of Resting State Connectivity Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Patients. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:608154. [PMID: 33329160 PMCID: PMC7729083 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.608154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with schizophrenia show abnormal spontaneous oscillatory activity in scalp-level electroencephalographic (EEG) responses across multiple frequency bands. While oscillations play an essential role in the transmission of information across neural networks, few studies have assessed the frequency-specific dynamics across cortical source networks at rest. Identification of the neural sources and their dynamic interactions may improve our understanding of core pathophysiologic abnormalities associated with the neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: A novel multivector autoregressive modeling approach for assessing effective connectivity among cortical sources was developed and applied to resting-state EEG recordings obtained from n = 139 schizophrenia patients and n = 126 healthy comparison subjects. Results: Two primary abnormalities in resting-state networks were detected in schizophrenia patients. The first network involved the middle frontal and fusiform gyri and a region near the calcarine sulcus. The second network involved the cingulate gyrus and the Rolandic operculum (a region that includes the auditory cortex). Conclusions: Schizophrenia patients show widespread patterns of hyper-connectivity across a distributed network of the frontal, temporal, and occipital brain regions. Results highlight a novel approach for characterizing alterations in connectivity in the neuropsychiatric patient populations. Further mechanistic characterization of network functioning is needed to clarify the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koshiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Yash B Joshi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Juan L Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zaitsev AV, Malkin SL, Postnikova TY, Smolensky IV, Zubareva OE, Romanova IV, Zakharova MV, Karyakin VB, Zavyalov V. Ceftriaxone Treatment Affects EAAT2 Expression and Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Exerts a Weak Anticonvulsant Effect in Young Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5852. [PMID: 31766528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder. Despite the availability of a wide range of antiepileptic drugs, these are unsuccessful in preventing seizures in 20–30% of patients. Therefore, new pharmacological strategies are urgently required to control seizures. Modulation of glutamate uptake may have potential in the treatment of pharmacoresistant forms of epilepsy. Previous research showed that the antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTX) increased the expression and functional activity of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and exerted considerable anticonvulsant effects. However, other studies did not confirm a significant anticonvulsant effect of CTX administration. We investigated the impacts of CTX treatment on EAAT expression and glutamatergic neurotransmission, as well its anticonvulsant action, in young male Wistar rats. As shown by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and a Western blot analysis, the mRNA but not the protein level of EAAT2 increased in the hippocampus following CTX treatment. Repetitive CTX administration had only a mild anticonvulsant effect on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions in a maximal electroshock threshold test (MEST). CTX treatment did not affect the glutamatergic neurotransmission, including synaptic efficacy, short-term facilitation, or the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. However, it decreased the field EPSP (fEPSP) amplitudes evoked by intense electrical stimulation. In conclusion, in young rats, CTX treatment did not induce overexpression of EAAT2, therefore exerting only a weak antiseizure effect. Our data provide new insight into the effects of modulation of EAAT2 expression on brain functioning.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rolls ET, Zhou Y, Cheng W, Gilson M, Deco G, Feng J. Effective connectivity in autism. Autism Res 2019; 13:32-44. [PMID: 31657138 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to go beyond functional connectivity, by measuring in the first large-scale study differences in effective, that is directed, connectivity between brain areas in autism compared to controls. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) data set in 394 people with autism spectrum disorder and 473 controls, and effective connectivity (EC) was measured between 94 brain areas. First, in autism, the middle temporal gyrus and other temporal areas had lower effective connectivities to the precuneus and cuneus, and these were correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule total, communication, and social scores. This lower EC from areas implicated in face expression analysis and theory of mind to the precuneus and cuneus implicated in the sense of self may relate to the poor understanding of the implications of face expression inputs for oneself in autism, and to the reduced theory of mind. Second, the hippocampus and amygdala had higher EC to the middle temporal gyrus in autism, and these are thought to be back projections based on anatomical evidence and are weaker than in the other direction. This may be related to increased retrieval of recent and emotional memories in autism. Third, some prefrontal cortex areas had higher EC with each other and with the precuneus and cuneus. Fourth, there was decreased EC from the temporal pole to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and there was evidence for lower activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a brain area implicated in emotion-related decision-making. Autism Res 2020, 13: 32-44. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: To understand autism spectrum disorders better, it may be helpful to understand whether brain systems cause effects on each other differently in people with autism. In this first large-scale neuroimaging investigation of effective connectivity in people with autism, it is shown that parts of the temporal lobe involved in facial expression identification and theory of mind have weaker effects on the precuneus and cuneus implicated in the sense of self. This may relate to the poor understanding of the implications of face expression inputs for oneself in autism, and to the reduced theory of mind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Zhou
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthieu Gilson
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
What is the neurobiological basis of human intelligence? The brains of some people seem to be more efficient than those of others. Understanding the biological foundations of these differences is of great interest to basic and applied neuroscience. Somehow, the secret must lie in the cells in our brain with which we think. However, at present, research into the neurobiology of intelligence is divided between two main strategies: brain imaging studies investigate macroscopic brain structure and function to identify brain areas involved in intelligence, while genetic associations studies aim to pinpoint genes and genetic loci associated with intelligence. Nothing is known about how properties of brain cells relate to intelligence. The emergence of transcriptomics and cellular neuroscience of intelligence might, however, provide a third strategy and bridge the gap between identified genes for intelligence and brain function and structure. Here, we discuss the latest developments in the search for the biological basis of intelligence. In particular, the recent availability of very large cohorts with hundreds of thousands of individuals have propelled exciting developments in the genetics of intelligence. Furthermore, we discuss the first studies that show that specific populations of brain cells associate with intelligence. Finally, we highlight how specific genes that have been identified generate cellular properties associated with intelligence and may ultimately explain structure and function of the brain areas involved. Thereby, the road is paved for a cellular understanding of intelligence, which will provide a conceptual scaffold for understanding how the constellation of identified genes benefit cellular functions that support intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bogadhi AR, Bollimunta A, Leopold DA, Krauzlis RJ. Spatial Attention Deficits Are Causally Linked to an Area in Macaque Temporal Cortex. Curr Biol 2019; 29:726-736.e4. [PMID: 30773369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spatial neglect is a common clinical syndrome involving disruption of the brain's attention-related circuitry, including the dorsocaudal temporal cortex. In macaques, the attention deficits associated with neglect can be readily modeled, but the absence of evidence for temporal cortex involvement has suggested a fundamental difference from humans. To map the neurological expression of neglect-like attention deficits in macaques, we measured attention-related fMRI activity across the cerebral cortex during experimental induction of neglect through reversible inactivation of the superior colliculus and frontal eye fields. During inactivation, monkeys exhibited hallmark attentional deficits of neglect in tasks using either motion or non-motion stimuli. The behavioral deficits were accompanied by marked reductions in fMRI attentional modulation that were strongest in a small region on the floor of the superior temporal sulcus; smaller reductions were also found in frontal eye fields and dorsal parietal cortex. Notably, direct inactivation of the mid-superior temporal sulcus (STS) cortical region identified by fMRI caused similar neglect-like spatial attention deficits. These results identify a putative macaque homolog to temporal cortex structures known to play a central role in human neglect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarender R Bogadhi
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anil Bollimunta
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abe H, Tani T, Mashiko H, Kitamura N, Hayami T, Watanabe S, Sakai K, Suzuki W, Mizukami H, Watakabe A, Yamamori T, Ichinohe N. Axonal Projections From the Middle Temporal Area in the Common Marmoset. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 30425625 PMCID: PMC6218423 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) area is modulated by the direction and speed of motion of visual stimuli. The area is buried in a sulcus in the macaque, but exposed to the cortical surface in the marmoset, making the marmoset an ideal animal model for studying MT function. To better understand the details of the roles of this area in cognition, underlying anatomical connections need to be clarified. Because most anatomical tracing studies in marmosets have used retrograde tracers, the axonal projections remain uncharacterized. In order to examine axonal projections from MT, we utilized adeno-associated viral (AAV) tracers, which work as anterograde tracers by expressing either green or red fluorescent protein in infected neurons. AAV tracers were injected into three sites in MT based on retinotopy maps obtained via in vivo optical intrinsic signal imaging. Brains were sectioned and divided into three series, one for fluorescent image scanning and two for myelin and Nissl substance staining to identify specific brain areas. Overall projection patterns were similar across the injections. MT projected to occipital visual areas V1, V2, V3 (VLP) and V4 (VLA) and surrounding areas in the temporal cortex including MTC (V4T), MST, FST, FSTv (PGa/IPa) and TE3. There were also projections to the dorsal visual pathway, V3A (DA), V6 (DM) and V6A, the intraparietal areas AIP, LIP, MIP, frontal A4ab and the prefrontal cortex, A8aV and A8C. There was a visuotopic relationship with occipital visual areas. In a marmoset in which two tracer injections were made, the projection targets did not overlap in A8aV and AIP, suggesting topographic projections from different parts of MT. Most of these areas are known to send projections back to MT, suggesting that they are reciprocally connected with it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Abe
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tani
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mashiko
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naohito Kitamura
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Hayami
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suzuki
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Villamil-Ortiz JG, Barrera-Ocampo A, Arias-Londoño JD, Villegas A, Lopera F, Cardona-Gómez GP. Differential Pattern of Phospholipid Profile in the Temporal Cortex from E280A-Familiar and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brains. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:209-219. [PMID: 29125487 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are considered important factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we realized a comparative analysis of the phospholipid profile and phospholipid composition of the temporal cortex from E280A-familiar AD (FAD), sporadic AD (SAD), and healthy human brains. Findings showed a significant decrease of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine formed by low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (20 : 4, 22 : 6) in AD brains. However, phosphatidylethanolamine-ceramide and phosphoglycerol were significantly increased in SAD, conformed by high levels of (18 : 0/18 : 1) and (30/32/36 : 0/1/2), respectively. Together, the findings suggest a deficiency in lysophosphacholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and alteration in the balance between poly- and unsaturated fatty acids in both types of AD, and a differential pattern of phospholipid profile and fatty acid composition between E280A FAD and SAD human brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gustavo Villamil-Ortiz
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Andrés Villegas
- Neurobank, Group of Neuroscience, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurobank, Group of Neuroscience, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Donohoe G, Holland J, Mothersill D, McCarthy-Jones S, Cosgrove D, Harold D, Richards A, Mantripragada K, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Gill M, Corvin A, Morris DW. Genetically predicted complement component 4A expression: effects on memory function and middle temporal lobe activation. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1608-1615. [PMID: 29310738 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longstanding association between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus and schizophrenia (SZ) risk has recently been accounted for, partially, by structural variation at the complement component 4 (C4) gene. This structural variation generates varying levels of C4 RNA expression, and genetic information from the MHC region can now be used to predict C4 RNA expression in the brain. Increased predicted C4A RNA expression is associated with the risk of SZ, and C4 is reported to influence synaptic pruning in animal models. METHODS Based on our previous studies associating MHC SZ risk variants with poorer memory performance, we tested whether increased predicted C4A RNA expression was associated with reduced memory function in a large (n = 1238) dataset of psychosis cases and healthy participants, and with altered task-dependent cortical activation in a subset of these samples. RESULTS We observed that increased predicted C4A RNA expression predicted poorer performance on measures of memory recall (p = 0.016, corrected). Furthermore, in healthy participants, we found that increased predicted C4A RNA expression was associated with a pattern of reduced cortical activity in middle temporal cortex during a measure of visual processing (p < 0.05, corrected). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the effects of C4 on cognition were observable at both a cortical and behavioural level, and may represent one mechanism by which illness risk is mediated. As such, deficits in learning and memory may represent a therapeutic target for new molecular developments aimed at altering C4's developmental role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Donohoe
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland
| | - J Holland
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland
| | - D Mothersill
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland
| | - S McCarthy-Jones
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group,Department of Psychiatry & Institute of Molecular Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - D Cosgrove
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland
| | - D Harold
- School of Biotechnology,Dublin City University,Dublin,Ireland
| | - A Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics,Cardiff University School of Medicine,Cardiff,UK
| | - K Mantripragada
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics,Cardiff University School of Medicine,Cardiff,UK
| | - M J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics,Cardiff University School of Medicine,Cardiff,UK
| | - M C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics,Cardiff University School of Medicine,Cardiff,UK
| | - M Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group,Department of Psychiatry & Institute of Molecular Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - A Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group,Department of Psychiatry & Institute of Molecular Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - D W Morris
- The Cognitive Genetics & Cognitive Therapy Group,The School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics,National University of Ireland Galway,University Road,Galway,Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Petry HM, Bickford ME. The Second Visual System of The Tree Shrew. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:679-693. [PMID: 29446088 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a historical account of the discovery of secondary visual pathways (from retina to the superior colliculus to the dorsal thalamus and extrastriate cortex), and Vivien Casagrande's pioneering studies of this system using the tree shrew as a model. Subsequent studies of visual pathways in the tree shrew are also reviewed, beginning with a description of the organization and central projections of the tree shrew retina. The organization and connectivity of second visual system components that include the retino-recipient superior colliculus, tecto-recipient pulvinar nucleus and its projections, and the tecto-recipient dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and its projections are detailed. Potential functions of the second visual system are discussed in the context of this work and in the context of the behavioral studies that initially inspired the secondary visual system concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heywood M Petry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Martha E Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mangelsdorf S, Kelso W, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M. Semantic language deficit developing following herpes simplex encephalitis: reorganization "cannibalising" language centers? Neurocase 2018; 24:72-75. [PMID: 29350572 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2018.1428351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) commonly presents with severe amnesia due to virus-mediated destruction of key regions in the temporal lobes, although language and executive impairment has been described. Little is known however of the long-term cognitive changes in these patients, including changes that may happen with cortical reorganization. We describe a patient with HSVE who presented with a highly unusual late-onset language syndrome, which may reflect distal cortical changes after her original injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mangelsdorf
- a Neuropsychiatry Unit , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,b Movement Disorders Unit , Monash Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Wendy Kelso
- a Neuropsychiatry Unit , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- a Neuropsychiatry Unit , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre , University of Melbourne & North-Western Mental Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- a Neuropsychiatry Unit , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre , University of Melbourne & North-Western Mental Health , Melbourne , Australia.,d Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ułamek-Kozioł M, Kocki J, Bogucka-Kocka A, Petniak A, Gil-Kulik P, Januszewski S, Bogucki J, Jabłoński M, Furmaga-Jabłońska W, Brzozowska J, Czuczwar SJ, Pluta R. Dysregulation of Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Apoptotic Genes in the Medial Temporal Lobe Cortex in an Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:113-21. [PMID: 27472881 PMCID: PMC5008226 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain damage is a pathological incident that is often linked with medial temporal lobe cortex injury and finally its atrophy. Post-ischemic brain injury associates with poor prognosis since neurons of selectively vulnerable ischemic brain areas are disappearing by apoptotic program of neuronal death. Autophagy has been considered, after brain ischemia, as a guardian against neurodegeneration. Consequently, we have examined changes in autophagy (BECN 1), mitophagy (BNIP 3), and apoptotic (caspase 3) genes in the medial temporal lobe cortex with the use of quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR following transient 10-min global brain ischemia in rats with survival 2, 7, and 30 days. The intense significant overexpression of BECN 1 gene was noted on the 2nd day, while on days 7-30 the expression of this gene was still upregulated. BNIP 3 gene was downregulated on the 2nd day, but on days 7-30 post-ischemia, there was a significant reverse tendency. Caspase 3 gene, associated with apoptotic neuronal death, was induced in the same way as BNIP 3 gene after brain ischemia. Thus, the demonstrated changes indicate that the considerable dysregulation of expression of BECN 1, BNIP 3, and caspase 3 genes may be connected with a response of neuronal cells in medial temporal lobe cortex to transient complete brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Judyta Brzozowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hirshkowitz A, Biondi M, Wilcox T. Cortical responses to shape-from-motion stimuli in the infant. Neurophotonics 2018; 5:011014. [PMID: 29057283 PMCID: PMC5635270 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to extract three-dimensional (3-D) object structure from motion-carried information is a basic visual capacity that is fundamental to object perception. Despite a rich body of behavioral work demonstrating that infants are sensitive to motion-carried information from the early months of life, little is known about the cortical networks that support infants' use of motion-carried information to extract 3-D object structure. This study assessed patterns of cortical activation in infants aged 4 to 6 months as they viewed two types of visual stimuli: (a) shape-from-motion (SFM) displays, where coherent motion of randomly distributed dots gave rise to the percept of 3-D shape and (b) random motion (RM) displays, where dots' motions lacked a coherent structure and gave rise to the percept of randomly moving dots. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess activation in occipital, inferior parietal, and posterior temporal cortex. The optical imaging data revealed differential responding to SFM and RM in lower level object processing areas than typically observed in the adult. Possible explanations for this pattern of results are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hirshkowitz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Clinical Care Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Marisa Biondi
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa Wilcox
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Engel S, Markewitz RDH, Langguth B, Schecklmann M. Paired Associative Stimulation of the Temporal Cortex: Effects on the Auditory Steady-State Response. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:227. [PMID: 29167648 PMCID: PMC5682298 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is the repeated combination of a sensory stimulus with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in close temporal association. Recently, a study demonstrated that PAS of an auditory stimulus together with TMS of the temporal cortex is capable of changing the amplitude of auditory evoked potentials (AEP). OBJECTIVE This study examined the influence of tone duration and habituation in temporal cortex PAS as elicited by 40 and 20 Hz amplitude modulated auditory steady-state responses (aSSR). METHODS Eighteen subjects participated in two experiments, including two PAS protocols each, which consisted of 200 auditory stimuli (4 kHz) paired with temporal cortex TMS with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 45 ms between tone onset and TMS pulse, delivered at 0.1 Hz. Experiment 1 compared auditory stimuli with different lengths [PAS (23 ms) vs. PAS (400 ms)]. Experiment 2 investigated verum vs. sham PAS. aSSR for the paired tone (4 kHz) and a control tone (1 kHz) were measured pre- and post-interventional-using 40 Hz aSSR in experiment 1 and both 20 and 40 Hz aSSR in experiment 2. RESULTS A statistically significant, sham-controlled decrease in amplitude was observed for the 20 Hz aSSR using the 4 kHz PAS carrier frequency in experiment 2. CONCLUSION Frequency-specific effects for the 20 Hz aSSR confirm the feasibility of auditory PAS and highlight the secondary auditory cortex as its target site, introducing new possible treatment protocols for patients suffering from tinnitus. The amplitude decrease can be explained by principles of spike timing-dependent plasticity and the superposition model of aSSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Engel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Amakhin DV, Malkin SL, Ergina JL, Kryukov KA, Veniaminova EA, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Alterations in Properties of Glutamatergic Transmission in the Temporal Cortex and Hippocampus Following Pilocarpine-Induced Acute Seizures in Wistar Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:264. [PMID: 28912687 PMCID: PMC5584016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy in humans, and is often developed after an initial precipitating brain injury. This form of epilepsy is frequently resistant to pharmacological treatment; therefore, the prevention of TLE is the prospective approach to TLE therapy. The lithium-pilocarpine model in rats replicates some of the main features of TLE in human, including the pathogenic mechanisms of cell damage and epileptogenesis after a primary brain injury. In the present study, we investigated changes in the properties of glutamatergic transmission during the first 3 days after pilocarpine-induced acute seizures in Wistar rats (PILO-rats). Using RT-PCR and electrophysiological techniques, we compared the changes in the temporal cortex (TC) and hippocampus, brain areas differentially affected by seizures. On the first day, we found a transient increase in a ratio of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the excitatory synaptic response in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the TC. This was accompanied by an increase in the slope of input-output (I/O) curves for fEPSPs recorded in CA1, suggesting an enhanced excitability in AMPARs in this brain area. There was no difference in the AMPA/NMDA ratio in control rats on the third day. We also revealed the alterations in NMDA receptor subunit composition in PILO-rats. The GluN2B/GluN2A mRNA expression ratio increased in the dorsal hippocampus but did not change in the ventral hippocampus or the TC. The kinetics of NMDA-mediated evoked EPSCs in hippocampal neurons was slower in PILO-rats compared with control animals. Ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN2B-containing NMDARs, diminished the area and amplitude of evoked EPSCs in CA1 pyramidal cells more efficiently in PILO-rats compared with control animals. These results demonstrate that PILO-induced seizures lead to more severe alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the dorsal hippocampus than in the TC. Seizures affect the relative contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptor conductances in the synaptic response and increase the proportion of GluN2B-containing NMDARs in CA1 pyramidal neurons. These alterations disturb normal circuitry functions in the hippocampus, may cause neuron damage, and may be one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of TLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Amakhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey L Malkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia L Ergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill A Kryukov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Veniaminova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia.,Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental MedicineSaint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Colibazzi T, Yang Z, Horga G, Chao-Gan Y, Corcoran CM, Klahr K, Brucato G, Girgis R, Abi-Dargham A, Milham MP, Peterson BS. Aberrant Temporal Connectivity in Persons at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017; 2:696-705. [PMID: 29202110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder, involves abnormalities in functional connectivity (FC) across distributed neural networks, which are thought to antedate the emergence of psychosis. In a cohort of adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, we applied data-driven approaches to resting-state fMRI data so as to systematically characterize FC abnormalities during this period and determine whether these abnormalities are associated with psychosis risk and severity of psychotic symptoms. Methods Fifty-one CHR participants and 47 matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in our analyses. Twelve of these CHR participants developed psychosis within 3.9 years. We estimated one multivariate measure of FC and studied its relationship to CHR status, conversion to psychosis and positive symptom severity. Results Multivariate analyses revealed between-group differences in whole-brain connectivity patterns of bilateral temporal areas, mostly affecting their functional connections to the thalamus. Further, more severe positive symptoms were associated with greater connectivity abnormalities in the anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the well-established FC abnormalities of the thalamus and temporal areas observed in schizophrenia are also present in the CHR period, with aberrant connectivity of the temporal cortex most associated with psychosis risk.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pluta R, Kocki J, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Petniak A, Gil-Kulik P, Januszewski S, Bogucki J, Jabłoński M, Brzozowska J, Furmaga-Jabłońska W, Bogucka-Kocka A, Czuczwar SJ. Discrepancy in Expression of β-Secretase and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor in Alzheimer-Related Genes in the Rat Medial Temporal Lobe Cortex Following Transient Global Brain Ischemia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1023-31. [PMID: 26890784 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia may be causally related with Alzheimer's disease. Presumably, β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor gene expression changes may be associated with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Consequently, we have examined quantitative changes in both β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor genes in the medial temporal lobe cortex with the use of quantitative rtPCR analysis following 10-min global brain ischemia in rats with survival of 2, 7, and 30 days. The greatest significant overexpression of β-secretase gene was noted on the 2nd day, while on days 7-30 the expression of this gene was only modestly downregulated. Amyloid-β protein precursor gene was downregulated on the 2nd day, but on days 7-30 postischemia, there was a significant reverse tendency. Thus, the demonstrated alterations indicate that the considerable changes of expression of β-secretase and amyloid-β protein precursor genes may be connected with a response of neurons in medial temporal lobe cortex to transient global brain ischemia. Finally, the ischemia-induced gene changes may play a key role in a late and slow onset of Alzheimer-type pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Petniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Jabłoński
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Judyta Brzozowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Koyano KW, Takeda M, Matsui T, Hirabayashi T, Ohashi Y, Miyashita Y. Laminar Module Cascade from Layer 5 to 6 Implementing Cue-to-Target Conversion for Object Memory Retrieval in the Primate Temporal Cortex. Neuron 2016; 92:518-529. [PMID: 27720482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex computes through the canonical microcircuit that connects six stacked layers; however, how cortical processing streams operate in vivo, particularly in the higher association cortex, remains elusive. By developing a novel MRI-assisted procedure that reliably localizes recorded single neurons at resolution of six individual layers in monkey temporal cortex, we show that transformation of representations from a cued object to a to-be-recalled object occurs at the infragranular layer in a visual cued-recall task. This cue-to-target conversion started in layer 5 and was followed by layer 6. Finally, a subset of layer 6 neurons exclusively encoding the sought target became phase-locked to surrounding field potentials at theta frequency, suggesting that this coordinated cell assembly implements cortical long-distance outputs of the recalled target. Thus, this study proposes a link from local computation spanning laminar modules of the temporal cortex to the brain-wide network for memory retrieval in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji W Koyano
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeda
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Teppei Matsui
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Ohashi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyashita
- Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gold AL, Sheridan MA, Peverill M, Busso DS, Lambert HK, Alves S, Pine DS, McLaughlin KA. Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:1154-64. [PMID: 27647051 PMCID: PMC5031358 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in gray matter development represent a potential pathway through which childhood abuse is associated with psychopathology. Several prior studies find reduced volume and thickness of prefrontal (PFC) and temporal cortex regions in abused compared with nonabused adolescents, although most prior research is based on adults and volume-based measures. This study tests the hypothesis that child abuse, independent of parental education, predicts reduced cortical thickness in prefrontal and temporal cortices as well as reduced gray mater volume (GMV) in subcortical regions during adolescence. METHODS Structural MRI scans were obtained from 21 adolescents exposed to physical and/or sexual abuse and 37 nonabused adolescents (ages 13-20). Abuse was operationalized using dichotomous and continuous measures. We examined associations between abuse and brain structure in several a priori-defined regions, controlling for parental education, age, sex, race, and total brain volume for subcortical GMV. Significance was evaluated at p < .05 with a false discovery rate correction. RESULTS Child abuse exposure and severity were associated with reduced thickness in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), left temporal pole, and bilateral inferior, right middle, and right superior temporal gyri. Neither abuse measure predicted cortical surface area or subcortical GMV. Bilateral PHG thickness was inversely related to externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Child abuse, an experience characterized by a high degree of threat, is associated with reduced cortical thickness in ventromedial and ventrolateral PFC and medial and lateral temporal cortex in adolescence. Reduced PHG thickness may be a mediator linking abuse with externalizing psychopathology, although prospective research is needed to evaluate this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Alves
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mychasiuk R, Rho JM. Genetic modifications associated with ketogenic diet treatment in the BTBR T+Tf/J mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 10:456-471. [PMID: 27529337 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hallmark behavioral features. The spectrum of disorders that fall within the ASD umbrella encompass a distinct but overlapping symptom complex that likely results from an array of molecular and genetic aberrations rather than a single genetic mutation. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat low-carbohydrate anti-seizure and neuroprotective diet that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of ASD-like behaviors in animal and human studies. METHODS We investigated changes in mRNA and gene expression in the BTBR mouse model of ASD that may contribute to the behavioral phenotype. In addition, we sought to examine changes in gene expression following KD treatment in BTBR mice. RESULTS Despite significant behavioral abnormalities, expression changes in BTBR mice did not differ substantially from controls; only 33 genes were differentially expressed in the temporal cortex, and 48 in the hippocampus. Examination of these differentially expressed genes suggested deficits in the stress response and in neuronal signaling/communication. After treatment with the KD, both brain regions demonstrated improvements in ASD deficits associated with myelin formation and white matter development. CONCLUSIONS Although our study supports many of the previously known impairments associated with ASD, such as excessive myelin formation and impaired GABAergic transmission, the RNAseq data and pathway analysis utilized here identified new therapeutic targets for analysis, such as Vitamin D pathways and cAMP signaling. Autism Res 2017, 10: 456-471. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Mychasiuk
- Departments of Psychology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mondino M, Jardri R, Suaud-Chagny MF, Saoud M, Poulet E, Brunelin J. Effects of Fronto-Temporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Left Temporo-Parietal Junction in Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:318-26. [PMID: 26303936 PMCID: PMC4753593 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in patients with schizophrenia are associated with abnormal hyperactivity in the left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and abnormal connectivity between frontal and temporal areas. Recent findings suggest that fronto-temporal transcranial Direct Current stimulation (tDCS) with the cathode placed over the left TPJ and the anode over the left prefrontal cortex can alleviate treatment-resistant AVH in patients with schizophrenia. However, brain correlates of the AVH reduction are unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of tDCS on the resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of the left TPJ. Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia and treatment-resistant AVH were randomly allocated to receive 10 sessions of active (2 mA, 20 min) or sham tDCS (2 sessions/d for 5 d). We compared the rs-FC of the left TPJ between patients before and after they received active or sham tDCS. Relative to sham tDCS, active tDCS significantly reduced AVH as well as the negative symptoms. Active tDCS also reduced rs-FC of the left TPJ with the left anterior insula and the right inferior frontal gyrus and increased rs-FC of the left TPJ with the left angular gyrus, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the precuneus. The reduction of AVH severity was correlated with the reduction of the rs-FC between the left TPJ and the left anterior insula. These findings suggest that the reduction of AVH induced by tDCS is associated with a modulation of the rs-FC within an AVH-related brain network, including brain areas involved in inner speech production and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Mondino
- EA4615, Université de Lyon & CH Le Vinatier, F-69678 Bron, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives & Affectives (SCA-Lab), UMR CNRS 9193, Université de Lille & CURE, Hôpital Fontan, CHRU de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Mohamed Saoud
- EA4615, Université de Lyon & CH Le Vinatier, F-69678 Bron, France
| | - Emmanuel Poulet
- EA4615, Université de Lyon & CH Le Vinatier, F-69678 Bron, France
| | - Jérôme Brunelin
- EA4615, Université de Lyon & CH Le Vinatier, F-69678 Bron, France;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mothes-Lasch M, Becker MPI, Miltner WHR, Straube T. Neural basis of processing threatening voices in a crowded auditory world. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:821-8. [PMID: 26884543 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In real world situations, we typically listen to voice prosody against a background crowded with auditory stimuli. Voices and background can both contain behaviorally relevant features and both can be selectively in the focus of attention. Adequate responses to threat-related voices under such conditions require that the brain unmixes reciprocally masked features depending on variable cognitive resources. It is unknown which brain systems instantiate the extraction of behaviorally relevant prosodic features under varying combinations of prosody valence, auditory background complexity and attentional focus. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of high background sound complexity and attentional focus on brain activation to angry and neutral prosody in humans. Results show that prosody effects in mid superior temporal cortex were gated by background complexity but not attention, while prosody effects in the amygdala and anterior superior temporal cortex were gated by attention but not background complexity, suggesting distinct emotional prosody processing limitations in different regions. Crucially, if attention was focused on the highly complex background, the differential processing of emotional prosody was prevented in all brain regions, suggesting that in a distracting, complex auditory world even threatening voices may go unnoticed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mothes-Lasch
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Münster, Germany and
| | - Michael P I Becker
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Münster, Germany and
| | - Wolfgang H R Miltner
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Steiger 3//1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 52, D-48149 Münster, Germany and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jing Y, Liu P, Leitch B. Region-specific changes in presynaptic agmatine and glutamate levels in the aged rat brain. Neuroscience 2015; 312:10-8. [PMID: 26548412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During the normal aging process, the brain undergoes a range of biochemical and structural alterations, which may contribute to deterioration of sensory and cognitive functions. Age-related deficits are associated with altered efficacy of synaptic neurotransmission. Emerging evidence indicates that levels of agmatine, a putative neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, are altered in a region-specific manner during the aging process. The gross tissue content of agmatine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of aged rat brains is decreased whereas levels in the temporal cortex (TE) are increased. However, it is not known whether these changes in gross tissue levels are also mirrored by changes in agmatine levels at synapses and thus could potentially contribute to altered synaptic function with age. In the present study, agmatine levels in presynaptic terminals in the PFC and TE regions (300 terminals/region) of young (3month; n=3) and aged (24month; n=3) brains of male Sprague-Dawley rats were compared using quantitative post-embedding immunogold electron-microscopy. Presynaptic levels of agmatine were significantly increased in the TE region (60%; p<0.001) of aged rats compared to young rats, however no significant differences were detected in synaptic levels in the PFC region. Double immunogold labeling indicated that agmatine and glutamate were co-localized in the same synaptic terminals, and quantitative analyses revealed significantly reduced glutamate levels in agmatine-immunopositive synaptic terminals in both regions in aged rats compared to young animals. This study, for the first time, demonstrates differential effects of aging on agmatine and glutamate in the presynaptic terminals of PFC and TE. Future research is required to understand the functional significance of these changes and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Jing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B Leitch
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mariotti L, Losi G, Sessolo M, Marcon I, Carmignoto G. The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA evokes long-lasting Ca(2+) oscillations in cortical astrocytes. Glia 2015; 64:363-73. [PMID: 26496414 PMCID: PMC5057345 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade provided evidence that in a dynamic interaction with neurons glial cell astrocytes contribut to fundamental phenomena in the brain. Most of the knowledge on this derives, however, from studies monitoring the astrocyte Ca2+ response to glutamate. Whether astrocytes can similarly respond to other neurotransmitters, including the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, is relatively unexplored. By using confocal and two photon laser‐scanning microscopy the astrocyte response to GABA in the mouse somatosensory and temporal cortex was studied. In slices from developing (P15‐20) and adult (P30‐60) mice, it was found that in a subpopulation of astrocytes GABA evoked somatic Ca2+ oscillations. This response was mediated by GABAB receptors and involved both Gi/o protein and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) signalling pathways. In vivo experiments from young adult mice, revealed that also cortical astrocytes in the living brain exibit GABAB receptor‐mediated Ca2+ elevations. At all astrocytic processes tested, local GABA or Baclofen brief applications induced long‐lasting Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that all astrocytes have the potential to respond to GABA. Finally, in patch‐clamp recordings it was found that Ca2+ oscillations induced by Baclofen evoked astrocytic glutamate release and slow inward currents (SICs) in pyramidal cells from wild type but not IP3R2−/− mice, in which astrocytic GABAB receptor‐mediated Ca2+ elevations are impaired. These data suggest that cortical astrocytes in the mouse brain can sense the activity of GABAergic interneurons and through their specific recruitment contribut to the distinct role played on the cortical network by the different subsets of GABAergic interneurons. GLIA 2016;64:363–373
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mariotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U.Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Gabriele Losi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U.Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U.Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Iacopo Marcon
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U.Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U.Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schecklmann M, Lehner A, Gollmitzer J, Schmidt E, Schlee W, Langguth B. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces oscillatory power changes in chronic tinnitus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:421. [PMID: 26557055 PMCID: PMC4617176 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tinnitus is associated with neuroplastic changes in auditory and non-auditory cortical areas. About 10 years ago, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of auditory and prefrontal cortex was introduced as potential treatment for tinnitus. The resulting changes in tinnitus loudness are interpreted in the context of rTMS induced activity changes (neuroplasticity). Here, we investigate the effect of single rTMS sessions on oscillatory power to probe the capacity of rTMS to interfere with tinnitus-specific cortical plasticity. We measured 20 patients with bilateral chronic tinnitus and 20 healthy controls comparable for age, sex, handedness, and hearing level with a 63-channel electroencephalography (EEG) system. Educational level, intelligence, depressivity and hyperacusis were controlled for by analysis of covariance. Different rTMS protocols were tested: Left and right temporal and left and right prefrontal cortices were each stimulated with 200 pulses at 1 Hz and with an intensity of 60% stimulator output. Stimulation of central parietal cortex with 6-fold reduced intensity (inverted passive-cooled coil) served as sham condition. Before and after each rTMS protocol 5 min of resting state EEG were recorded. The order of rTMS protocols was randomized over two sessions with 1 week interval in between. Analyses on electrode level showed that people with and without tinnitus differed in their response to left temporal and right frontal stimulation. In tinnitus patients left temporal rTMS decreased frontal theta and delta and increased beta2 power, whereas right frontal rTMS decreased right temporal beta3 and gamma power. No changes or increases were observed in the control group. Only non-systematic changes in tinnitus loudness were induced by single sessions of rTMS. This is the first study to show tinnitus-related alterations of neuroplasticity that were specific to stimulation site and oscillatory frequency. The observed effects can be interpreted within the thalamocortical dysrhythmia model assuming that slow waves represent processes of deafferentiation and that high frequencies might be indicators for tinnitus loudness. Moreover our findings confirm the role of the left temporal and the right frontal areas as relevant hubs in tinnitus related neuronal network. Our results underscore the value of combined TMS-EEG measurements for investigating disease related changes in neuroplasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Lehner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Judith Gollmitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eldrid Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Schlee
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Object identification is a fundamental cognitive capacity that forms the basis for complex thought and behavior. The adult cortex is organized into functionally distinct visual object-processing pathways that mediate this ability. Insights into the origin of these pathways have begun to emerge through the use of neuroimaging techniques with infant populations. The outcome of this work supports the view that, from the early days of life, object-processing pathways are organized in a way that resembles that of the adult. At the same time, theoretically important changes in patterns of cortical activation are observed during the first year. These findings lead to a new understanding of the cognitive and neural architecture in infants that supports their emerging object-processing capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wilcox
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Marisa Biondi
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Güven S, Kesebir S, Demirer RM, Bilici M. Electroencephalography Spectral Power Density in First-Episode Mania: A Comparative Study with Subsequent Remission Period. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:194-197. [PMID: 28360703 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.7180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our aim in this study was to investigate spectral power density (PSD) in first-episode mania and subsequent remission period and to evaluate their difference. METHODS Sixty-nine consecutive cases referring to our hospital within the previous 1 year, who were evaluated as bipolar disorder manic episode according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) at the first episode and had the informed consent form signed by first degree relatives, were included in this study. Exclusion criteria included having previous depressive episode, using drugs which could influence electroencephalographic activity before electroencephalography (EEG), and having previous neurological disease, particularly epilepsy, head trauma, and/or loss of consciousness. EEG records were obtained using a digital device in 16 channels; 23 surface electrodes were placed according to the International 10-20 system. Spectral power density (dbμV/Hz) of EEG signal provided information on the power carried out by EEG waves in defined frequancy range per unit frequency in the present study. RESULTS A peak power value detected on the right with FP2P4 and on the left with F7T3 electrodes were found to be higher in the manic episode than in the remission period (p=0.018 and 0.025). In the remission period, in cases with psychotic symptoms during the manic period, F4C4 peak power value was found to be lower than that in cases with no psychotic findings during the manic period (p=0.027). There was no relation was found between YMRS scores and peak power scores. CONCLUSION Electrophysiological corollary of mood episode is present from the onset of the disease, and it differs between the manic and remission periods of bipolar disorder. In the remission period, peak power values of PSD distinguish cases with psychotic findings from cases without psychotic findings when they were manic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Güven
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Sandıklı State Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Sermin Kesebir
- Department of Psychiatry, Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - R Murat Demirer
- Department of Industry and System Engineering, Engineering and Natural Science Faculty, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bilici
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, Gelişim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|