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Khan J, Baatjes KJ, Layman-Lemphane JI, Correia J. Online anatomy education during the Covid-19 pandemic: Opinions of medical, speech therapy, and BSc Anatomy students. Anat Sci Educ 2023; 16:892-906. [PMID: 36924347 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, it was difficult to predict if the "cadaveric-based (golden) standard" of teaching anatomy would be possible in the unforeseeable future. This forced traditional anatomical teaching and learning practices to be transitioned to remote online platforms. This study explored the opinions of anatomy students (n = 51), on their online learning experience of anatomy during the Covid-19 pandemic. A mixed methods approach using a descriptive, exploratory study design was conducted, by use of an online survey. The survey consisted of a six-point Likert scale and was assembled into four sub-categories. Likert scale options ranged from; strongly disagree, to strongly agree, and not applicable. Results obtained seem to tally with expectations, indicating an adequate theoretical course component with room to improve practical online teaching. Most participants had a positive perception of the theoretical course content, duration, and platforms of communication. Virtual classes were simple to navigate with few technical difficulties experienced by the participants. Students also noted having access to sufficient study material, videos, and additional online material. Overall, more than half of all participants reported adapting well to the remote learning environment, however, the greatest challenge experienced highlighted a sense of deprivation from the lack of cadaver exposure and hands-on instruction. This research highlighted the effects of the pandemic on the modality of anatomy education and how it affected students. Although anatomy is multi-modal, it can be concluded that it is possible to achieve academic success by using online learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johara Khan
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karin J Baatjes
- Dean's Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jodie I Layman-Lemphane
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janine Correia
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Rompolski K. Confessions of a Converted Anatomist: Teaching without Anatomical Donors. Adv Physiol Educ 2023. [PMID: 37141435 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00004.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of anatomy education, the debate over the superiority of learning with or without human donors is decades long and ongoing. Arguments for or against the use of human donors in anatomy education varies for different healthcare disciplines. Anatomy education in physical therapy programs has been particularly resistant to the trend away from use of human donors. In this personal view, I present my history of anatomy education and how my perspectives on teaching and learning anatomy have changed dramatically throughout my teaching experiences. The purpose of this article is to support instructors who are creating anatomy courses without donors, inspire those teaching with donors to incorporate other methods of instruction and evaluation, to challenge educators to examine their own biases surrounding anatomy education and provide recommendations for developing an anatomy course without human donors. Included in this article is the perspective of a practicing physical therapist who learned through human dissection and has assisted me in the development and management of the human anatomy course in our physical therapy curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Rompolski
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Moravian University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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3
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Niedermair JF, Antipova V, Manhal S, Siwetz M, Wimmer-Röll M, Hammer N, Fellner FA. On the added benefit of virtual anatomy for dissection-based skills. Anat Sci Educ 2023; 16:439-451. [PMID: 36453060 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Technological approaches deploying three-dimensional visualization to integrate virtual anatomy are increasingly used to provide medical students with state-of-the-art teaching. It is unclear to date to which extent virtual anatomy may help replace the dissection course. Medical students of Johannes Kepler University attend both a dissection and a virtual anatomy course. This virtual anatomy course is based on Cinematic Rendering and radiological imaging and teaches anatomy and pathology. This study aims to substantiate student benefits achieved from this merged teaching approach. Following their dissection course, 120 second-year students took part in objective structured practical examinations (OSPE) conducted on human specimens prior to and following a course on Cinematic Rendering virtual anatomy. Likert-based and open-ended surveys were conducted to evaluate student perceptions of both courses and their utility. Virtual anatomy teaching was found to be unrelated to improvements in student's ability to identify anatomical structures in anatomical prosections, yielding only a 1.5% increase in the OSPE score. While the students rated the dissection course as being more important and impactful, the virtual anatomy course helped them display the learning content in a more comprehensible and clinically applicable way. It is likely that Cinematic Rendering-based virtual anatomy affects knowledge gain in domains other than the recognition of anatomical structures in anatomical prosections. These findings underline students' preference for the pedagogic strategy of the dissection course and for blending this classical approach with novel developments like Cinematic Rendering, thus preparing future doctors for their clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Antipova
- Department of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Manhal
- Office of the Vice Rector for Studies and Teaching, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Monika Wimmer-Röll
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Niels Hammer
- Department of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Branch, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology (IWU), Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Franz A Fellner
- Central Radiology Institute, Johannes Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Division of Virtual Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Pearson A, Bruner E, Polly PD. Updated imaging and phylogenetic comparative methods reassess relative temporal lobe size in anthropoids and modern humans. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 180:768-776. [PMID: 36789740 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two decades ago, Rilling and Seligman, hereafter abbreviated to RAS Study, suggested modern humans had relatively larger temporal lobes for brain size compared to other anthropoids. Despite many subsequent studies drawing conclusions about the evolutionary implications for the emergence of unique cerebral specializations in Homo sapiens, no re-assessment has occurred using updated methodologies. METHODS We reassessed the association between right temporal lobe volume (TLV) and right hemisphere volume (HV) in the anthropoid brain. In a sample compiled de novo by us, T1-weighted in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 11 extant anthropoid species were calculated by-voxel from the MRI and the raw data from RAS Study directly compared to our sample. Phylogenetic Generalized Least-Squares (PGLS) regression and trait-mapping using Blomberg's K (kappa) tested the correlation between HV and TLV accounting for anthropoid phylogeny, while bootstrapped PGLS regressions tested difference in slopes and intercepts between monkey and ape subsamples. RESULTS PGLS regressions indicated statistically significant correlations (r2 < 0.99; p ≤ 0.0001) between TLV and HV with moderate influence from phylogeny (K ≤ 0.42). Bootstrapped PGLS regression did not show statistically significant differences in slopes between monkeys and apes but did for intercepts. In our sample, human TLV was not larger than expected for anthropoids. DISCUSSION Updated imaging, increased sample size and advanced statistical analyses did not find statistically significant results that modern humans possessed a disproportionately large temporal lobe volume compared to the general anthropoid trend. This has important implications for human and non-human primate brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Pearson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Paleoneurobiology of Hominins, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Asad MR, Asghar A, Tadvi N, Ahmed MM, Nazeer M, Amir KM, Nasir N, Shaik RA, Patra A. Medical Faculty Perspectives Toward Cadaveric Dissection as a Learning Tool for Anatomy Education: A Survey Study in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e37713. [PMID: 37206509 PMCID: PMC10191457 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadaveric dissection, as a learning tool, has been a part of Indian medical education. Worldwide, with reforms in medical education and the introduction of new learning modalities, cadaveric dissection has been complemented with other modalities such as living anatomy and virtual anatomy. This study aims to collect the feedback of faculty members regarding the role of dissection in the present context of medical education. The method of the study involved a 32-item questionnaire to collect responses; they were collected using the 5-point Likert scale along with two open-ended questions. In general, the closed questions covered these sections: learning styles, interpersonal skills, teaching and learning, dissection, and other learning modes. The principal component analysis was used to explore the multivariate relationships among the items' perceptions. The multivariate regression analysis was conducted between the construct and the latent variable to develop the structural equation model. Four themes, PC1 (learning ability with structural orientation), PC2 (interpersonal skill), PC3 (multimedia-virtual tool), and PC5 (associated factors) had positive relation and were treated as a latent variable motivation for dissection, and theme 4 (PC4, safety) had a negative correlation and was treated as a latent variable repulsion for dissection. It was found that the dissection room is an important place for learning clinical and personal skills, along with empathy, in anatomy education. Safety issues and implementation of stress-coping activities during the induction phase are required. There is also a need to use mixed-method approaches that integrate technology-enhanced learning such as virtual anatomy, living anatomy, and radiological anatomy with cadaveric dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Asad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Adil Asghar
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Nasir Tadvi
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Telengna, IND
| | - Mohammad M Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Mohammed Nazeer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Khwaja M Amir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Nazim Nasir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU
| | - Riyaz A Shaik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, SAU
| | - Apurba Patra
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, IND
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Attardi SM, Harmon DJ, Barremkala M, Bentley D, Brown KM, Dennis JF, Goldman H, Harrell KM, Klein BA, Ramnanan C, Farkas GJ. An analysis of anatomy education before and during Covid-19: August-December 2020. Anat Sci Educ 2022; 15:5-26. [PMID: 34758206 PMCID: PMC8653345 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) disrupted the in-person teaching format of anatomy. To study changes in gross anatomy education that occurred during August-December, 2020 compared to before the pandemic, an online survey was distributed to anatomy educators. The 191 responses received were analyzed in total and by academic program, geographic region, and institution type. Cadaver use decreased overall (before: 74.1 ± 34.1%, during: 50.3 ± 43.0%, P < 0.0001), as well as across allopathic and osteopathic medicine, therapy, undergraduate, and veterinary programs (P < 0.05), but remained unchanged for other programs (P > 0.05). Cadaver use decreased internationally and in the US (P < 0.0001), at public and private (P < 0.0001) institutions, and among allopathic medical programs in Northeastern, Central, and Southern (P < 0.05), but not Western, US geographical regions. Laboratories during Covid-19 were delivered through synchronous (59%), asynchronous (4%), or mixed (37%) formats (P < 0.0001) and utilized digital resources (47%), dissection (32%), and/or prosection (21%) (P < 0.0001). The practical laboratory examination persisted during Covid-19 (P = 0.419); however, the setting and materials shifted to computer-based (P < 0.0001) and image-based (P < 0.0001), respectively. In-person lecture decreased during Covid-19 (before: 88%, during: 24%, P = 0.003). When anatomy digital resources were categorized, dissection media, interactive software, and open-access content increased (P ≤ 0.008), with specific increases in BlueLink, Acland's Videos, and Complete Anatomy (P < 0.05). This study provided evidence of how gross anatomy educators continued to adapt their courses past the early stages of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M. Attardi
- Department of Foundational Medical StudiesOakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineRochesterMichiganUSA
| | - Derek J. Harmon
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Malli Barremkala
- Department of Foundational Medical StudiesOakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineRochesterMichiganUSA
| | - Danielle C. Bentley
- Division of Anatomy, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kirsten M. Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Jennifer F. Dennis
- Department of AnatomyKansas City University College of MedicineJoplinMissouriUSA
| | - Haviva M. Goldman
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kelly M. Harrell
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Barbie A. Klein
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Gary J. Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
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Harmon DJ, Attardi SM, Barremkala M, Bentley DC, Brown KM, Dennis JF, Goldman HM, Harrell KM, Klein BA, Ramnanan CJ, Richtsmeier JT, Farkas GJ. An Analysis of Anatomy Education Before and During Covid-19: May-August 2020. Anat Sci Educ 2021; 14:132-147. [PMID: 33387389 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) created unparalleled challenges to anatomy education. Gross anatomy education has been particularly impacted given the traditional in-person format of didactic instruction and/or laboratory component(s). To assess the changes in gross anatomy lecture and laboratory instruction, assessment, and teaching resources utilized as a result of Covid-19, a survey was distributed to gross anatomy educators through professional associations and listservs. Of the 67 survey responses received for the May-August 2020 academic period, 84% were from United States (US) institutions, while 16% were internationally based. Respondents indicated that in-person lecture decreased during Covid-19 (before: 76%, during: 8%, P < 0.001) and use of cadaver materials declined (before: 76 ± 33%, during: 34 ± 43%, P < 0.001). The use of cadaver materials in laboratories decreased during Covid-19 across academic programs, stand-alone and integrated anatomy courses, and private and public institutions (P ≤ 0.004). Before Covid-19, cadaveric materials used in laboratories were greater among professional health programs relative to medical and undergraduate programs (P ≤ 0.03) and among stand-alone relative to integrated anatomy courses (P ≤ 0.03). Furthermore, computer-based assessment increased (P < 0.001) and assessment materials changed from cadaveric material to images (P < 0.03) during Covid-19, even though assessment structure was not different (P > 0.05). The use of digital teaching resources increased during Covid-19 (P < 0.001), with reports of increased use of in-house created content, BlueLink, and Complete Anatomy software (P < 0.05). While primarily representing US institutions, this study provided evidence of how anatomy educators adapted their courses, largely through virtual mediums, and modified laboratory protocols during the initial emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Harmon
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Stefanie M Attardi
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Malli Barremkala
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Danielle C Bentley
- Division of Anatomy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | | | - Haviva M Goldman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly M Harrell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Barbie A Klein
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher J Ramnanan
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary J Farkas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Pearson A, Polly PD, Bruner E. Is the middle cranial fossa a reliable predictor of temporal lobe volume in extant and fossil anthropoids? Am J Phys Anthropol 2020; 172:698-713. [PMID: 32237235 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigate the suitability of middle cranial fossa (MCF) size as a proxy for temporal lobe volume (TLV), examining the strength of the association between TLV and MCF metrics and assess the reliability predicting TLV in fossil anthropoids. The temporal lobe of the primate brain is a multimodal association cortex involved in long-term memory, auditory, and visual processing with unique specializations in modern humans for language comprehension. The MCF is the bony counterpart for the temporal lobe providing inferences for fossil hominin temporal lobe evolution. We now investigate whether the MCF is a suitable proxy for the temporal lobe. METHODS A sample of 23 anthropoid species (n = 232, including 13 fossil species) from computed tomography (CT) scans of ex vivo crania and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the in vivo brain were generated into three-dimensional (3D) virtual models. Seven linear metrics were digitally measured on the right MCF with right TLV calculated from in vivo MRI. RESULTS Regression analyses produced statistically significant correlations between TLV and all MCF metrics (r ≥ 0.85; p ≤ 0.0009) with TLV predictions within ±1 standard error and three MCF metrics (posterior-width, mid-length, and mid-width) the most reliable predictors of TLV with only one metric weakly associated with TLV. DISCUSSION These findings indicate a strong association between the MCF and TLV, provide reliable predictors of fossil TLV that were previously unattainable, allow the inclusion of fragmentary fossil material, and enable inferences into the emergence of modern human temporal lobe morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Pearson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Department of Paleobiology, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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Chen J, Xiao L, Hu LP, Cao X, Li SZ, Xie JY. [Application of the interaction teaching mode integrated with virtual anatomy platform in teaching Meridian and Acupoints]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2019; 39:1235-8. [PMID: 31724363 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of the interaction teaching mode integrated with Visible Body virtual anatomy platform in teaching Meridian and Acupoints. METHODS A total of 60 students in the class of 2017 in the discipline of acupuncture-moxibustion and tuina, Xiangnan University were recruited and randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 students in each one. In the control group, the traditional practical teaching mode was used. In the observation group, the interaction teaching mode integrated with virtual anatomy platform was adopted. The teaching duration was 10 class hours in both groups. After accomplishing the teaching schedule, the practical examination was conducted in the localization of commonly-used acupoints, very useful acupoints and the dangerous acupoints as well as acupuncture manipulation techniques. Moreover, the degree of satisfaction was investigated among the students in the two groups and the self-learning ability was evaluated in 3-month follow-up visit. RESULTS In the observation group, the scores for the localization and acupuncture manipulation of commonly-used acupoints, very useful acupoints and the dangerous acupoints, as well as the degree of satisfaction of the 3 items, i.e. interesting, interaction and leaning-assistance were all higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The degree of satisfaction in the acceptance and leaning-participation, as well as the scores of self-learning ability in 3-month follow-up visit were not different statistically between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The interaction teaching mode integrated with virtual anatomy platform improves the effect on teaching Meridian and Acupoints and achieves the high student satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Hu
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xia Cao
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Li
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ju-Ying Xie
- School of Rehabilitation of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan Province, China
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Schanandore JV. Using micro computed tomography to investigate a fetal mummy with possible situs inversus: A case report. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23179. [PMID: 30286523 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to noninvasively examine mummified remains, but can have resolution limitations when analyzing smaller mummified specimens, such as fetal mummies. This short report determines if the enhanced resolution of micro CT improves the anatomical analysis of mummified fetal anatomy. METHODS A fetal mummy from an anatomical collection was scanned by a micro CT at a resolution of 0.08 mm slice thickness. The mummy was also scanned at a resolution of 0.6 mm slice thickness to mimic the approximate minimum resolution of a conventional CT scanner. The anatomy was virtually reconstructed at both resolutions to compare anatomical detail for determining sex, gestation, and the presence of congenital/ pathological conditions. RESULTS The anatomical reconstructions based on the micro CT were significantly more detailed than the conventional CT data. This resulted in improved identification of sex and the presence of a congenital/ pathological condition. CONCLUSION Micro CT should be considered when examining fetal mummies, because of the enhanced resolution resulting in improve anatomical analysis.
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Little WB, Artemiou E, Conan A, Sparks C. Computer Assisted Learning: Assessment of the Veterinary Virtual Anatomy Education Software IVALA™. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E58. [PMID: 29921803 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cadaveric dissection has historically been the cornerstone of anatomical education, it comes at the cost of some emotional, moral, safety, and environmental concerns. Computer assisted learning (CAL) programs are an increasingly common solution to these issues; however, research regarding the efficacy of high fidelity simulation is limited. The traditional first semester veterinary gross anatomy course curriculum at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM) was supplemented with a web based virtual anatomy program, IVALA™ (www.ivalalearn.com). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between supplementary use of the IVALA™ program and student examination scores, and to measure student perception surrounding IVALA™. IVALA™ uses an interactive virtual canine specimen that enables students to identify, move, rotate, magnify, and remove individual anatomic structures while providing a text description of each selected anatomic point. Fifty-six first semester RUSVM students who supplemented their anatomic learning with the IVALA™ program performed significantly higher on examinations compared to students (n = 123) that did not (p = 0.003). Students’ overall perception toward IVALA™ was enjoyable (mean = 3.8 out of a 5-point Likert scale) and beneficial to their knowledge of anatomy (mean = 3.7); however, students did not support replacing cadaveric dissection with CAL (mean = 2.1). CAL can effectively supplement learning outcomes for veterinary anatomy.
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