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Stamegna JC, Sadelli K, Escoffier G, Girard SD, Veron AD, Bonnet A, Khrestchatisky M, Gauthier P, Roman FS. Grafts of Olfactory Stem Cells Restore Breathing and Motor Functions after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1765-1780. [PMID: 29357739 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OEMSCs) could be a helpful therapeutic strategy for spinal cord repair. Using an acute rat model of high cervical contusion that provokes a persistent hemidiaphragmatic and foreleg paralysis, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a delayed syngeneic transplantation (two days post-contusion) of OEMSCs within the injured spinal cord. Respiratory function was assessed using diaphragmatic electromyography and neuroelectrophysiological recordings of phrenic nerves (innervating the diaphragm). Locomotor function was evaluated using the ladder-walking locomotor test. Cellular reorganization in the injured area was also studied using immunohistochemical and microscopic techniques. We report a substantial improvement in breathing movements, in activities of the ipsilateral phrenic nerve and ipsilateral diaphragm, and also in locomotor abilities four months post-transplantation with nasal OEMSCs. Moreover, in the grafted spinal cord, axonal disorganization and inflammation were reduced. Some grafted stem cells adopted a neuronal phenotype, and axonal sparing was observed in the injury site. The therapeutic effect on the supraspinal command is presumably because of both neuronal replacements and beneficial paracrine effects on the injury area. Our study provides evidence that nasal OEMSCs could be a first step in clinical application, particularly in patients with reduced breathing/locomotor movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Stamegna
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | - Kevin Sadelli
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | - Guy Escoffier
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane D Girard
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | - Antoine D Veron
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France .,2 IRSEA, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology , Apt, France
| | - Amandine Bonnet
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrick Gauthier
- 3 Laboratoire de Neurosciences et Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
| | - François S Roman
- 1 Institut de Neurophysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
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Abstract
Olfactory axons project from nasal epithelium to the primitive telencephalon before olfactory bulbs form. Olfactory bulb neurons do not differentiate in situ but arrive via the rostral migratory stream. Synaptic glomeruli and concentric laminar architecture are unlike other cortices. Fetal olfactory maturation of neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination remains incomplete at term and have a protracted course of postnatal development. The olfactory ventricular recess involutes postnatally but dilates in congenital hydrocephalus. Olfactory bulb, tract and epithelium are repositories of progenitor stem cells in fetal and adult life. Diverse malformations of the olfactory bulb can be diagnosed by clinical examination, imaging, and neuropathologically. Cellular markers of neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis demonstrate immaturity of the olfactory system at birth, previously believed by histology alone to occur early in fetal life. Immaturity does not preclude function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Sadelli K, Stamegna JC, Girard SD, Baril N, Escoffier G, Brus M, Véron AD, Khrestchatisky M, Roman FS. Global cerebral ischemia in rats leads to amnesia due to selective neuronal death followed by astroglial scar formation in the CA1 layer. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:168-178. [PMID: 28438578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Global Cerebral Ischemia (GCI) occurs following cardiac arrest or neonatal asphyxia and leads to harmful neurological consequences. In most cases, patients who survive cardiac arrest develop severe cognitive and motor impairments. This study focused on learning and memory deficits associated with brain neuroanatomical reorganization that appears after GCI. The four-vessel occlusion (4VO) model was performed to produce a transient GCI. Hippocampal lesions in ischemic rats were visualized using anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (aMRI). Then, the learning and memory abilities of control and ischemic (bilaterally or unilaterally) rats were assessed through the olfactory associated learning task. Finally, a "longitudinal" histological study was carried out to highlight the cellular reorganizations occurring after GCI. We demonstrated that the imaging, behavioral and histological results are closely related. In fact, aMRI revealed the appearance of hyper-intense signals in the dorsal hippocampus at day 3 post-GCI. Consequently, we showed a rise in cell proliferation (Ki 67+ cells) and endogenous neurogenesis especially in the dentate gyrus (DG) at day 3 post-GCI. Then, hyper-intense signals in the dorsal hippocampus were confirmed by strong neuronal losses in the CA1 layer at day 7 post-GCI. These results were linked with severe learning and memory impairments only in bilaterally ischemic rats at day 14 post-GCI. This amnesia was accompanied by huge astroglial and microglial hyperactivity at day 30 post-GCI. Finally, Nestin+ cells and astrocytes gave rise to astroglial scars, which persisted 60days post-GCI. In the light of these results, the 4VO model appears a reliable method to produce amnesia in order to study and develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalie Baril
- Aix Marseille Univ, Fédération de recherche 3C, FR 3512, Marseille, France
| | | | - Maïna Brus
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, NICN, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine D Véron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, NICN, Marseille, France; IRSEA, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology, 84400 Apt, France
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Ohnishi YI, Iwatsuki K, Ishihara M, Ohkawa T, Kinoshita M, Shinzawa K, Fujimoto Y, Yoshimine T. Promotion of astrocytoma cell invasion by micro RNA–22 targeting of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase–2. J Neurosurg Spine 2017; 26:396-403. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.8.spine16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Diffuse astrocytomas (DAs) have a high recurrence rate due to diffuse infiltration into the brain and spinal cord. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences of target messenger RNA (mRNA). It has been reported that miRNA-22 (miR-22) is involved in the invasion of some cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to identify the biological effects of miR-22 in regard to the invasion of human DAs.
METHODS
The authors evaluated whether the level of miR-22 is elevated in human spinal DAs by using miRNA chips. Next, the role of miR-22 in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells was investigated. Finally, to elucidate whether miR-22 promotes invasion by astrocytoma cells in vivo, the authors transplanted miR-22 overexpressed astrocytoma cells into mouse thoracic spinal cord.
RESULTS
The miR-22 significantly upregulated the invasion capacity of 1321N1 cells. Computational in silico analysis predicted that tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase–2 (TIMP2) is a target gene of miR-22. This was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, which showed that miR-22 inhibited TIMP2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-22 directly bound the 3′-untranslated regions of TIMP2. The authors further showed that miR-22 promoted invasiveness in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells when transplanted into mouse spinal cord.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that miR-22 acts to regulate invasion of 1321N1 astrocytoma cells by targeting TIMP2 expression. Additional studies with more cases and cell lines are required to elucidate the findings of this study for a novel treatment target for spinal DAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Toshika Ohkawa
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Yao Municipal Hospital; and
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koei Shinzawa
- 4Molecular Genetics, Osaka University Medical School
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