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Qirem M, Yaghi S, Okwesili B, Atiyat R, Bains Y. A Rare Case of a Neuroendocrine Tumor at the Duodenum. Cureus 2024; 16:e57696. [PMID: 38711691 PMCID: PMC11070881 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are slow-growing cancers derived from neuroendocrine cells that typically affect the pancreas, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. A rare form can develop in the duodenum and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. The case below describes a rare incidence of a well-differentiated duodenal bulb NET in a 77-year-old man who had early satiety and persistent dyspepsia. Endoscopy, biopsies, and immunohistochemistry staining were used to confirm the diagnosis. According to the features of the tumor, management techniques, including endoscopic, surgical, and medicinal procedures, are being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Qirem
- Internal Medicine, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, USA
| | - Shahd Yaghi
- Internal Medicine, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, USA
| | - Byron Okwesili
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, USA
| | - Raed Atiyat
- Gastroenterology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, USA
| | - Yatinder Bains
- Gastroenterology, Saint Michael's Medical Center, Newark, USA
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2
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Shimazaki T, Iguchi T, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto K, Takahashi N, Mimaki Y. Determination of Structure and Cytotoxicity of Ten Undescribed Steroidal Glycosides from Allium cristophii × A. macleanii 'Globemaster'. Molecules 2023; 28:6248. [PMID: 37687077 PMCID: PMC10488941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
'Globemaster' is an ornamental hybrid cultivar whose parent plants are Allium cristophii and A. macleanii. The chemical constituents of 'Globemaster' bulbs have not yet been examined; thus, a systematic phytochemical investigation was undertaken herein. A series of chromatographic separations of the MeOH extract of 'Globemaster' bulbs afforded 27 steroidal glycosides (1-27), which are classified into 23 spirostanol glycosides (1-8 and 11-25), two furostanol glycosides (9 and 26), a pregnane glycoside (10), and a cholestane glycoside (27). The structures of the hitherto undescribed compounds (1-10) were determined from the two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data and hydrolysis. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds (1-27) toward HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, A549 human adenocarcinoma lung cancer cells, and SBC-3 human small-cell lung cancer cells was evaluated. Compounds 8, 22, 23, 24, and 26 exhibited cytotoxicity toward all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values in the 1.3-49 µM range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoki Iguchi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji 192-0392, Tokyo, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (N.T.); (Y.M.)
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3
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Akinyele ST, Elusiyan CA, Omisore NO, Adewunmi CO. ANTIMALARIAL activities and alkaloids from Crinum jagus (Thomps) DANDY. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 296:115359. [PMID: 35605920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Locally, among the Yoruba speaking people of South Western, Nigeria, the bulb of Crinum jagus (CJ), known as "ogede odo" is used to treat malaria and as an anthelmintic among other uses. AIMS OF THIS STUDY Study aimed at identifying the purified active fractions and constituents of this fraction in an antiplasmodial activity-guided process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiplasmodial activity-guided fractionation of the bulb and leaf extracts of CJ was investigated against chloroquine-sensitive (NK 65) Plasmodium berghei using 4-day suppressive and prophylactic methods. Molluscicidal activity of the extracts was assayed on adult Biomphalaria glabrata molluscs following WHO test protocols. Fractionation and purification of the active bulb extract was achieved using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to isolate its constituents. Isolated compounds were identified using different spectroscopic methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both extracts had oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). The leaf extract had 40% lethality on molluscs while the bulb extract was inactive. The chemosuppressive and prophylactic antimalarial effects of the bulb extract were 76.55 ± 2.76% and 90.49 ± 2.70% (p<0.05) respectively at 1000 mg/kg b. wt. while the reference drugs; chloroquine and pyrimethamine, had 80.26 ± 3.09% and 50.39 ± 6.80% chemosuppressive effects, respectively. Lycorine (1) and crinamine (2) were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction with 71.36 ± 12.54% antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSION The leaf and bulb extracts of Crinum jagus displayed low molluscicidal and moderate antimalarial activities. Lycorine and crinamine were identified from the antiplasmodial alkaloidal active fraction of the bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Toluwani Akinyele
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Christianah Abimbola Elusiyan
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Nusrat Omotayo Omisore
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Clement Oladapo Adewunmi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
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Singiri JR, Swetha B, Ben-Natan A, Grafi G. What Worth the Garlic Peel. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2126. [PMID: 35216242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have two types of reproduction: sexual, resulting in embryo production, and asexual, resulting in vegetative bodies commonly derived from stems and roots (e.g., bulb, tuber). Dead organs enclosing embryos (DOEEs, such as seed coat and pericarp) are emerging as central components of the dispersal unit acting to nurture the embryo and ensure its survival in the habitat. Here we wanted to investigate the properties of dead organs enclosing plant asexual reproductive bodies, focusing on the garlic (Allium sativum) bulb. We investigated the biochemical and biological properties of the outer peel enclosing the bulb and the inner peel enclosing the clove using various methodologies, including bioassays, proteomics, and metabolomics. The garlic peels differentially affected germination and post-germination growth, with the outer peel demonstrating a strong negative effect on seed germination of Sinapis alba and on post-germination growth of Brassica juncea. Proteome analysis showed that dead garlic peels possess 67 proteins, including chitinases and proteases, which retained their enzymatic activity. Among primary metabolites identified in garlic peels, the outer peel accumulated multiple sugars, including rhamnose, mannitol, sorbitol, and trehalose, as well as the modified amino acid 5-hydroxylysine, known as a major component of collagen, at a higher level compared to the clove and the inner peel. Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was promoted by garlic peel extracts but inhibited by clove extract. All extracts strongly inhibited spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis. Thus, the garlic peels not only provide physical protection to vegetative offspring but also appear to function as a refined arsenal of proteins and metabolites for enhancing growth and development, combating potential pathogens, and conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Lee CL, Gao ZA, Jhan YL, Chang YS, Chen CJ. Tuliposides H-J and Bioactive Components from the Bulb of Amana edulis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195907. [PMID: 34641450 PMCID: PMC8512022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new tuliposides H-J (1-3) and 11 known compounds were obtained from the methanolic extracts of the bulbs of Amana edulis for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic data, optical rotation, and Mosher's method. The melanogenesis properties of all the isolates were evaluated in B16 melanoma cells. Consequently, tributyl citrate (9) had anti-melanogenesis activity but was cytotoxic toward B16. (+)-Pyroglutamic acid (4), (+)-butyl 5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (6), (-)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyrolactone (10), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (12) had increased melanin productions and tyrosinase activities. Those active components could be further studied as the candidates against melanoma and vitiligo for skin diseases or whitening/hypopigmentation for hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (Z.-A.G.); (Y.-L.J.)
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5806)
| | - Zhi-An Gao
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (Z.-A.G.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Yun-Lian Jhan
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (Z.-A.G.); (Y.-L.J.)
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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6
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Iguchi T, Kuroda M, Takayama H, Mimaki Y. Three novel furospirostanol glycosides and a steroidal alkaloid glycoside from the bulbs of Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl., and their cytotoxicity. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:3917-3923. [PMID: 33715543 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1897590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three novel steroidal glycosides (1-3) and a previously described steroidal alkaloid glycoside (4) have been isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl. (Liliaceae). The structures of novel compounds 1-3 were characterized based on NMR spectroscopy and chemical transformations. Compounds 1-3 are furospirostanol glycosides bearing a (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl moiety at C-26 in the aglycone. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated in terms of their cytotoxic activities toward HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, and SBC-3 human lung small cell carcinoma cells. Only 4 showed moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60, A549, and SBC-3 cells with IC50 values of 22.9, 13.3, and 11.9 µM, respectively. Compound 4 was found to cause necrotic-like cell death in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iguchi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minpei Kuroda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mimaki
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Tribble CM, Martínez-Gómez J, Howard CC, Males J, Sosa V, Sessa EB, Cellinese N, Specht CD. Get the shovel: morphological and evolutionary complexities of belowground organs in geophytes. Am J Bot 2021; 108:372-387. [PMID: 33760229 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous plants collectively known as geophytes, which regrow from belowground buds, are distributed around the globe and throughout the land plant tree of life. The geophytic habit is an evolutionarily and ecologically important growth form in plants, permitting novel life history strategies, enabling the occupation of more seasonal climates, mediating interactions between plants and their water and nutrient resources, and influencing macroevolutionary patterns by enabling differential diversification and adaptation. These taxa are excellent study systems for understanding how convergence on a similar growth habit (i.e., geophytism) can occur via different morphological and developmental mechanisms. Despite the importance of belowground organs for characterizing whole-plant morphological diversity, the morphology and evolution of these organs have been vastly understudied with most research focusing on only a few crop systems. Here, we clarify the terminology commonly used (and sometimes misused) to describe geophytes and their underground organs and highlight key evolutionary patterns of the belowground morphology of geophytic plants. Additionally, we advocate for increasing resources for geophyte research and implementing standardized ontological definitions of geophytic organs to improve our understanding of the factors controlling, promoting, and maintaining geophyte diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Tribble
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cody Coyotee Howard
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologia AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Emily B Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nico Cellinese
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Beh YH, Farook TH, Jamayet NB, Dudley J, Rashid F, Barman A, Alam MK. Evaluation of the Differences Between Conventional and Digitally Developed Models Used for Prosthetic Rehabilitation in a Case of Untreated Palatal Cleft. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:386-390. [PMID: 32808548 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620950074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The virtual cone beam computed tomography-derived 3-dimensional model was compared with the scanned conventional model used in the fabrication of a palatal obturator for a patient with a large palatal defect. DESIGN A digitally derived 3-dimensional maxillary model incorporating the palatal defect was generated from the patient's existing cone beam computerized tomography data and compared with the scanned cast from the conventional impression for linear dimensions, area, and volume. The digitally derived cast was 3-dimensionally printed and the obturator fabricated using traditional techniques. Similarly, an obturator was fabricated from the conventional cast and the fit of both final obturator bulbs were compared in vivo. RESULTS The digitally derived model produced more accurate volumes and surface areas within the defect. The defect margins and peripheries were overestimated which was reflected clinically. CONCLUSION The digitally derived model provided advantages in the fabrication of the palatal obturator; however, further clinical research is required to refine consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Hin Beh
- Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, 65271Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Centre for Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Taseef Hasan Farook
- Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, 65271Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nafij Bin Jamayet
- Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, 65271Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - James Dudley
- Adelaide Dental School, 1066The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Farah Rashid
- Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, 65271Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aparna Barman
- Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, 65271Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Atif MJ, Amin B, Ghani MI, Ali M, Cheng Z. Variation in Morphological and Quality Parameters in Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Bulb Influenced by Different Photoperiod, Temperature, Sowing and Harvesting Time. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E155. [PMID: 31991938 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod (light) and temperature as abiotic factors having significant impact on the garlic bulb morphology and quality. In various bulb plants including garlic, bulbing is affected by photoperiod, temperature, sowing date and the plant age. In this backdrop experiments were performed to understand the effect of different photoperiods (10 h/14 h, 12 h/12 h and 14 h/10 h (light/dark)), temperatures (25 °C/18 °C and 30 °C/20 °C (light/dark)), sowing dates (D0801: 1st August, D0901: 1st September and D1001: 1st October) and plant ages (A80, A60 and A40: 80, 60 and 40 days after planting) on garlic cultivars viz; G103, G024 and G2011-5. Parameters including morphological (plant height, fresh weight and pseudostem diameter), bulb attributes (diameter, weight, height and bulbing index), growth period and bulb quality related traits (total soluble solid (TSS), contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, total sugar, glucose, sucrose, fructose, starch, total phenol and total flavonoid) were assayed. Longer photoperiod (14 h), higher temperature (30 °C), early sowing (D0801) and maximum plant age (A80) had maximum morphological and bulb quality related traits for cv. G103. These results showed that early sowing, maximum plant age, longer photoperiod and higher temperature are important for garlic bulb formation and quality. Moreover, the regulation of garlic bulb morphology and quality is achievable over the switch of sowing date, plant age, light and growth temperature.
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10
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He Y, Bonnema G, Xiao H, Zhao Y. Editorial: Organ Modification for Edible Parts of Horticultural Crops. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31396254 PMCID: PMC6664054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Han Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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11
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Lazare S, Bechar D, Fernie AR, Brotman Y, Zaccai M. The proof is in the bulb: glycerol influences key stages of lily development. Plant J 2019; 97:321-340. [PMID: 30288818 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A bulb is a whole plant condensed into an underground organ. A geophyte's bulb comprises both food reserves and important developmental history that may affect its whole growth. In Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum), bulb size is associated with the plant's flowering pathway - vernalization or photoperiod - and also affects sprouting, flower quality and abortion rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons for the major physiological differences between large and small bulbs. Lily bulbs start their development from secondary meristems along the stem, with large bulbs being heavier and bear more scales than small ones. Peeling the outer scales of a large bulb converts its physiological responses into those of a small bulb, implying that the physiological discrepancies in plants developing from large or small bulbs are mediated by factors inherent to the bulb. We therefore performed broad analyses of the metabolite composition in the scales of bulbs subjected to temperature regimes affecting further plant development. We found a striking association between the level of glycerol, a primary metabolite mostly synthesized in the outer scales, and a delay in sprouting and flowering time, and reduction in abortion rate. Exogenous glycerol application to the bulbs before planting corroborated these results. Moreover, transcriptome analyses showed that flowering-promoting gene expression was downregulated in the bulb after glycerol treatment, while potential flowering inhibitor as well as a dormancy-related gene expressions were upregulated. Based on these studies, we postulate that glycerol is a major factor influencing both vegetative and reproductive development in lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silit Lazare
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Bechar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Abstract
Olfactory axons project from nasal epithelium to the primitive telencephalon before olfactory bulbs form. Olfactory bulb neurons do not differentiate in situ but arrive via the rostral migratory stream. Synaptic glomeruli and concentric laminar architecture are unlike other cortices. Fetal olfactory maturation of neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination remains incomplete at term and have a protracted course of postnatal development. The olfactory ventricular recess involutes postnatally but dilates in congenital hydrocephalus. Olfactory bulb, tract and epithelium are repositories of progenitor stem cells in fetal and adult life. Diverse malformations of the olfactory bulb can be diagnosed by clinical examination, imaging, and neuropathologically. Cellular markers of neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis demonstrate immaturity of the olfactory system at birth, previously believed by histology alone to occur early in fetal life. Immaturity does not preclude function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- 1 Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Khazaei S, Esa NM, Ramachandran V, Hamid RA, Pandurangan AK, Etemad A, Ismail P. In vitro Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Inducing Effect of Allium atroviolaceum Bulb Extract on Breast, Cervical, and Liver Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:5. [PMID: 28197098 PMCID: PMC5281556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are considered potent sources for novel drug discovery and development. The multiple therapeutic effects of natural compounds in traditional medicine motivate us to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of bulb of Allium atroviolaceum in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. The bulb methanol extract of A. atroviolaceum was found to be an active cell proliferation inhibitor at the time and dose dependent manner. Determination of DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated S and G2/M phase arrest of MCF-7 cell, correlated to Cdk1 downregulation, S phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 which is p53 and Cdk1-dependent, sub-G0 cell cycle arrest in HeLa aligned with Cdk1 downregulation, G0/G1, S, G2/M phase arrest in HepG2 which is p53-dependent. Apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death was confirmed by morphology study, caspases activity assay, as well as apoptosis related gene expression, Bcl-2. Caspase-8, -9, and -3 activity with downregulation of Bcl-2 illustrated occurrence of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in MCF7, while caspase-3 and -8 activity revealed extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, although Bcl-2 downregulated. In HeLa cells, the activity of caspase-9 and -3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 shows intrinsic pathway or mitochondrial pathway, whereas HepG2 shows caspase independent apoptosis. Further, the combination of the extract with tamoxifen against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 and combination with doxorubicin against HeLa and HeG2 demonstrated synergistic effect in most concentrations, suggests that the bulb of A. atroviolaceum may be useful for the treatment of cancer lonely or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khazaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan M Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ashok K Pandurangan
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Etemad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
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Zapiec B, Bressel OC, Khan M, Walz A, Mombaerts P. Neuropilin-1 and the Positions of Glomeruli in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO. [PMID: 27844052 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0123-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known since 1996 that mouse odorant receptors (ORs) are involved in determining the positions of the sites of coalescence of axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)—the thousands of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. But the molecular and cellular mechanisms of OR-mediated axonal coalescence into glomeruli remain unclear. A model was proposed in 2006–2009 whereby OR-derived cAMP signals, rather than direct action of OR molecules, determine the target destinations (glomeruli) of OSNs in the bulb. This model hypothesizes that OR-derived cAMP signals determine the expression levels of neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) in OSN axon termini; that levels of Nrp1 in glomeruli form a gradient from anterior-low to posterior-high throughout the bulb; and that these Nrp1 levels mechanistically determine anterior-posterior patterning of glomeruli. Here, we describe the first independent evaluation of the Nrp1 model since it was formulated a decade ago. We tested the model for the well-characterized mouse OR M71 using our gene-targeted mouse strains, which are publicly available. In contradiction to the model, we observed a variety of configurations for the M71 glomeruli in the conditional Nrp1 knockout. We then reassessed the model for the original OR transgene with which the model was developed, using the same publicly available mouse strains. We discovered that glomerular positions do not undergo the simple anterior shift that has been reported in the conditional Nrp1 knockout for this OR transgene. Taken together, our findings do not support the Nrp1 model for the anterior-posterior patterning of glomerular positions in the olfactory bulb.
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CARDELLI P, BIGELLI E, VERTUCCI V, BALESTRA F, MONTANI M, DE CARLI S, ARCURI C. Palatal obturators in patients after maxillectomy. Oral Implantol (Rome) 2014; 7:86-92. [PMID: 25992263 PMCID: PMC4402688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prosthodontic management of palatal defects is fundamental to improve patient's life undergoing to a maxillary surgical treatment. A lot of maxillary defects are a direct consequence of surgical treatment of malformations, neoplasms or trauma. The obturators are prosthesis used to close palatal defects after maxillectomy, to restore masticatory function and to improve speech. The primary goals of the obturator prosthesis are to preserve the remaining teeth and tissue and to provide comfort, function, and aesthetics to the patients. Different materials and retention methods are a characteristic of new types of obturators.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. CARDELLI
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - E. BIGELLI
- Graduate School in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - V. VERTUCCI
- Graduate School in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - F. BALESTRA
- Graduate School in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - M. MONTANI
- Graduate School in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - S. DE CARLI
- Graduate School in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - C. ARCURI
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Khodorova NV, Boitel-Conti M. The Role of Temperature in the Growth and Flowering of Geophytes. Plants (Basel) 2013; 2:699-711. [PMID: 27137399 PMCID: PMC4844387 DOI: 10.3390/plants2040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among several naturally occurring environmental factors, temperature is considered to play a predominant role in controlling proper growth and flowering in geophytes. Most of them require a "warm-cold-warm" sequence to complete their annual cycle. The temperature optima for flower meristem induction and the early stages of floral organogenesis vary between nine and 25 °C, followed, in the autumn, by a several-week period of lower temperature (4-9 °C), which enables stem elongation and anthesis. The absence of low temperature treatment leads to slow shoot growth in spring and severe flowering disorders. Numerous studies have shown that the effects of the temperature surrounding the underground organs during the autumn-winter period can lead to important physiological changes in plants, but the mechanism that underlies the relationship between cold treatment and growth is still unclear. In this mini-review, we describe experimental data concerning the temperature requirements for flower initiation and development, shoot elongation, aboveground growth and anthesis in bulbous plants. The physiological processes that occur during autumn-winter periods in bulbs (water status, hormonal balance, respiration, carbohydrate mobilization) and how these changes might provoke disorders in stem elongation and flowering are examined. A model describing the relationship between the cold requirement, auxin and gibberellin interactions and the growth response is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda V Khodorova
- Unité de Recherche EA 3900 BIOPI "Biologie des Plantes et Innovations", UFR des Sciences, Ilôt des Poulies, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 33 rue St-Leu, Amiens 80039, France.
| | - Michèle Boitel-Conti
- Unité de Recherche EA 3900 BIOPI "Biologie des Plantes et Innovations", UFR des Sciences, Ilôt des Poulies, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 33 rue St-Leu, Amiens 80039, France.
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17
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Jin L, Zhang Y, Yan L, Guo Y, Niu L. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bulb extracts of six Lilium species native to China. Molecules 2012; 17:9361-78. [PMID: 22864243 PMCID: PMC6269050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lily (Lilium) is used as an important edible and medical plant species with a vague taxonomic classification and a long history in China. Bulbs of six Lilium species (L. regale, L. concolor, L. pumilum, L. leucanthum, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium) native to China were investigated with a view to their exploitation as a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their phenolic composition and dietary antioxidant potential. The results showed that all bulb extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which generally correlated positively with the total phenolic contents (r = 0.68 to 0.94), total flavonoid contents (r = 0.51 to 0.89) and total flavanol contents (r = 0.54 to 0.95). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that rutin and kaempferol were the major phenolic components in the extracts. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that L. regale belonged to the group with high phenolic content and strong antioxidant power. L. concolor and L. pumilum were arranged in one group characterized by moderate phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, while L. leucanthum, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium were clustered in the third group with low phenolic content and weak antioxidant activity. These strongly suggest that lily bulbs may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (Y.G.)
| | - Linmao Yan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yulong Guo
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mail:
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18
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Gandin A, Gutjahr S, Dizengremel P, Lapointe L. Source-sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:3467-79. [PMID: 21335435 PMCID: PMC3130172 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spring geophytes produce larger storage organs and present delayed leaf senescence under lower growth temperature. Bulb and leaf carbon metabolism were investigated in Erythronium americanum to identify some of the mechanisms that permit this improved growth at low temperature. Plants were grown under three day/night temperature regimes: 18/14 °C, 12/8 °C, and 8/6 °C. Starch accumulated more slowly in the bulb at lower temperatures probably due to the combination of lower net photosynthetic rate and activation of a 'futile cycle' of sucrose synthesis and degradation. Furthermore, bulb cell maturation was delayed at lower temperatures, potentially due to the delayed activation of sucrose synthase leading to a greater sink capacity. Faster starch accumulation and the smaller sink capacity that developed at higher temperatures led to early starch saturation of the bulb. Thereafter, soluble sugars started to accumulate in both leaf and bulb, most probably inducing decreases in fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity, triose-phosphate utilization in the leaf, and the induction of leaf senescence. Longer leaf life span and larger bulbs at lower temperature appear to be due to an improved equilibrium between carbon fixation capacity and sink strength, thereby allowing the plant to sustain growth for a longer period of time before feedback inhibition induces leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gandin
- Département de biologie et Centre d'étude de forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Abstract
Bulbil formation in vitro by single leaf explains from shoot clump cultures was investigated for Narcissus cultivars St Keverne and Havera. Single leaf explants (30-50 mm leaf with attached basal plate tissue) formed bulbils very infrequently unless cultured on media containing both auxin and a high concentration of sucrose whereas auxin was not necessary for bulbil formation by shoot dump cultures. As well as showing much stronger stimulation by auxin, bulbil initiation and development were more strongly inhibited In BA in single leaf cultures than in shoot dump cultures. Partitioning of dry matter into bulbils was generally lower in single lent cultures than in shoot clump cultures but was more sensitive to growth regulators. Optimal sucrose and auxin concentrations for bulbil development by single leaf cultures were investigated. Bulbil formation in the presence of NAA was strongly stimulated by 176 mM sucrose for both cultivars but there were genotypie differences in auxin responses, St Keverne showing good bulbil development with 0.54 μM NAA, 5.4 μ 1AA and 5.4 μM 1BA und Hawera responding only to 27 μM LAA. It is concluded that single leaf cultures could provide a simple system for investigation of the regulation of the regulation of Narcissus bulb initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Staikidou
- Department of Applied Plant Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, Newforge Lane. Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - C Selby
- Department of Applied Plant Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, Newforge Lane. Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - B M R Arvey
- Department of Applied Plant Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, Newforge Lane. Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
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