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Nolte DD. Coherent light scattering from cellular dynamics in living tissues. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:036601. [PMID: 38433567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the biological physics of intracellular transport probed by the coherent optics of dynamic light scattering from optically thick living tissues. Cells and their constituents are in constant motion, composed of a broad range of speeds spanning many orders of magnitude that reflect the wide array of functions and mechanisms that maintain cellular health. From the organelle scale of tens of nanometers and upward in size, the motion inside living tissue is actively driven rather than thermal, propelled by the hydrolysis of bioenergetic molecules and the forces of molecular motors. Active transport can mimic the random walks of thermal Brownian motion, but mean-squared displacements are far from thermal equilibrium and can display anomalous diffusion through Lévy or fractional Brownian walks. Despite the average isotropic three-dimensional environment of cells and tissues, active cellular or intracellular transport of single light-scattering objects is often pseudo-one-dimensional, for instance as organelle displacement persists along cytoskeletal tracks or as membranes displace along the normal to cell surfaces, albeit isotropically oriented in three dimensions. Coherent light scattering is a natural tool to characterize such tissue dynamics because persistent directed transport induces Doppler shifts in the scattered light. The many frequency-shifted partial waves from the complex and dynamic media interfere to produce dynamic speckle that reveals tissue-scale processes through speckle contrast imaging and fluctuation spectroscopy. Low-coherence interferometry, dynamic optical coherence tomography, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffuse-correlation spectroscopy, differential dynamic microscopy and digital holography offer coherent detection methods that shed light on intracellular processes. In health-care applications, altered states of cellular health and disease display altered cellular motions that imprint on the statistical fluctuations of the scattered light. For instance, the efficacy of medical therapeutics can be monitored by measuring the changes they induce in the Doppler spectra of livingex vivocancer biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Nolte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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Braz SO, Morgado MM, Pereira MI, Monteiro AC, Golonzhka O, Jarpe M, Brites P, Sousa MM, Nogueira-Rodrigues J. HDAC-6 inhibition ameliorates the early neuropathology in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1231659. [PMID: 37588057 PMCID: PMC10426153 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1231659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Krabbe disease (KD), mutations in β-galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the catabolism of galactolipids, leads to the accumulation of its substrates galactocerebroside and psychosine. This neurologic condition is characterized by a severe and progressive demyelination together with neuron-autonomous defects and degeneration. Twitcher mice mimic the infantile form of KD, which is the most common form of the human disease. The Twitcher CNS and PNS present demyelination, axonal loss and neuronal defects including decreased levels of acetylated tubulin, decreased microtubule stability and impaired axonal transport. Methods We tested whether inhibiting the α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 with a specific inhibitor, ACY-738, was able to counteract the early neuropathology and neuronal defects of Twitcher mice. Results Our data show that delivery of ACY-738 corrects the low levels of acetylated tubulin in the Twitcher nervous system. Furthermore, it reverts the loss myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve and in the optic nerve when administered from birth to postnatal day 9, suggesting that the drug holds neuroprotective properties. The extended delivery of ACY-738 to Twitcher mice delayed axonal degeneration in the CNS and ameliorated the general presentation of the disease. ACY-738 was effective in rescuing neuronal defects of Twitcher neurons, stabilizing microtubule dynamics and increasing the axonal transport of mitochondria. Discussion Overall, our results support that ACY-738 has a neuroprotective effect in KD and should be considered as an add-on therapy combined with strategies targeting metabolic correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra O. Braz
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene M. Morgado
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I. Pereira
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Monteiro
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Jarpe
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brites
- NeuroLipid Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica M. Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Oliveira Miranda C. Mesenchymal stem cells for lysosomal storage and polyglutamine disorders: Possible shared mechanisms. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13707. [PMID: 34751953 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells' (MSC) therapeutic potential has been investigated for the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. The fact these cells can mediate a beneficial effect in different neurodegenerative contexts strengthens their competence to target diverse mechanisms. On the other hand, distinct disorders may share similar mechanisms despite having singular neuropathological characteristics. METHODS We have previously shown that MSC can be beneficial for two disorders, one belonging to the groups of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) - the Krabbe Disease or Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, and the other to the family of Polyglutamine diseases (PolyQs) - the Machado-Joseph Disease or Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. We gave also input into disease characterization since neuropathology and MSC's effects are intrinsically associated. This review aims at describing MSC's multimode of action in these disorders while emphasizing to possible mechanistic alterations they must share due to the accumulation of cellular toxic products. RESULTS Lysosomal storage disorders and PolyQs have different aetiology and associated symptoms, but both result from the accumulation of undegradable products inside neuronal cells due to inefficient clearance by the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. Moreover, numerous cellular mechanisms that become compromised latter are also shared by these two disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Here, we emphasize MSC's effect in improving proteostasis and autophagy cycling turnover, neuronal survival, synaptic activity and axonal transport. LSDs and PolyQs, though rare in their predominance, collectively affect many people and require our utmost dedication and efforts to get successful therapies due to their tremendous impact on patient s' lives and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Oliveira Miranda
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
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Prokop A. A common theme for axonopathies? The dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:52-63. [PMID: 33713552 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of acquired or inherited conditions leading to axon degeneration (from now on referred to as axonopathies) is vast. To diagnose patients, clinicians use a range of indicators including physiology, morphology, family and patient history, as well as genetics, with the specific location of the lesion within the nervous system being a prominent feature. For the neurobiologist, these criteria are often unsatisfactory, and key questions remain unanswered. For example, does it make sense that different axonopathies affect distinct neuron groups through distinct mechanisms? Would it not be more likely that there are common routes to axon degeneration? In this opinion piece, I shall pose this fundamental question and try to find answers that are hopefully thought-provoking and trigger some conceptual rethinking in the field. I will conclude by describing the 'dependency cycle of axon homeostasis' as a new approach to make sense of the intricate connections of axon biology and physiology, also suggesting that different axonopathies might share common paths to axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Igarashi M, Honda A, Kawasaki A, Nozumi M. Neuronal Signaling Involved in Neuronal Polarization and Growth: Lipid Rafts and Phosphorylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:150. [PMID: 32922262 PMCID: PMC7456915 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization and growth are developmental processes that occur during neuronal cell differentiation. The molecular signaling mechanisms involved in these events in in vivo mammalian brain remain unclear. Also, cellular events of the neuronal polarization process within a given neuron are thought to be constituted of many independent intracellular signal transduction pathways (the "tug-of-war" model). However, in vivo results suggest that such pathways should be cooperative with one another among a given group of neurons in a region of the brain. Lipid rafts, specific membrane domains with low fluidity, are candidates for the hotspots of such intracellular signaling. Among the signals reported to be involved in polarization, a number are thought to be present or translocated to the lipid rafts in response to extracellular signals. As part of our analysis, we discuss how such novel molecular mechanisms are combined for effective regulation of neuronal polarization and growth, focusing on the significance of the lipid rafts, including results based on recently introduced methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuko Honda
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nozumi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Goins L, Spassieva S. Sphingoid bases and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 70:65-73. [PMID: 30377075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases (also known as long-chain bases) form the backbone of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids comprise a large group of lipid molecules, which function as the building blocks of biological membranes and play important signaling and regulatory roles within cells. The roles of sphingoid bases in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration have yet to be fully elucidated, as they are complex and multi-faceted. This comprises a new frontier of research that may provide us with important clues regarding their involvement in neurological health and disease. This paper explores various neurological diseases and conditions which result when the metabolism of sphingoid bases and some of their derivatives, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and psychosine, becomes compromised due to the inhibition or mutation of key enzymes. Dysregulation of sphingoid base metabolism very often manifests with neurological symptoms, as sphingolipids are highly enriched in the nervous system, where they play important signaling and regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goins
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stefka Spassieva
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Laule C, Vavasour IM, Shahinfard E, Mädler B, Zhang J, Li DKB, MacKay AL, Sirrs SM. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Late‐Onset Krabbe Disease: No Evidence of Worsening Demyelination and Axonal Loss 4 Years Post‐allograft. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:252-255. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Laule
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physics & AstronomyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Elham Shahinfard
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - David K. B. Li
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology)University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Alex L. MacKay
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physics & AstronomyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Sandra M. Sirrs
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology)University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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Dodge JC. Lipid Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Motor System: Insights from Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:356. [PMID: 29163032 PMCID: PMC5675881 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare inherited metabolic diseases that are frequently triggered by the accumulation of lipids inside organelles of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system (EALS). There is now a growing realization that disrupted lysosomal homeostasis (i.e., lysosomal cacostasis) also contributes to more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD). Lipid deposition within the EALS may also participate in the pathogenesis of some additional neurodegenerative diseases of the motor system. Here, I will highlight the lipid abnormalities and clinical manifestations that are common to LSDs and several diseases of the motor system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), atypical forms of spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), PD and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Elucidating the underlying basis of intracellular lipid mislocalization as well as its consequences in each of these disorders will likely provide innovative targets for therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Dodge
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
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