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Arturo Tozzi, Minella R. Dynamics and metabolic effects of intestinal gases in healthy humans. Biochimie 2024; 221:81-90. [PMID: 38325747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Many living beings use exogenous and/or endogenous gases to attain evolutionary benefits. We make a comprehensive assessment of one of the major gaseous reservoirs in the human body, i.e., the bowel, providing extensive data that may serve as reference for future studies. We assess the intestinal gases in healthy humans, including their volume, composition, source and local distribution in proximal as well as distal gut. We analyse each one of the most abundant intestinal gases including nitrogen, oxygen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and cyanide. For every gas, we describe diffusive patterns, active trans-barrier transport dynamics, chemical properties, intra-/extra-intestinal metabolic effects mediated by intracellular, extracellular, paracrine and distant actions. Further, we highlight the local and systemic roles of gasotransmitters, i.e., signalling gaseous molecules that can freely diffuse through the intestinal cellular membranes. Yet, we provide testable hypotheses concerning the still unknown effects of some intestinal gases on the myenteric and submucosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Tozzi
- Center for Nonlinear Science, Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311427, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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Shadrin KV, Pakhomova VG, Kryukova OV, Rupenko AP, Yaroslavtsev RN. Influence of oxygen uptake through the liver surface on the metabolism of ex vivo perfused liver during hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130429. [PMID: 37532088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The low quality of transplants having undergone hypoxic injury can lead to postoperative complications. The aim of the present research is to estimate, by means of mathematical modeling, how the process of oxygen uptake through the liver surface influences the metabolism of ex vivo perfused liver under hypoxia. The value of oxygen uptake through the surface was established to depend on the degree of oxygenation of the perfusion medium. A decrease in the oxygenation of the perfusion medium resulted in a decreased oxygen uptake through the liver surface. Stoichiometric modeling of the liver metabolism shows that upon the decreased oxygenation of the perfusion medium more energy is required for the process of oxygen uptake through the surface even at a lower level as compared to the normal oxygen supply. The application of the Pareto optimality allows estimating the optimum distribution of the energy resources in liver under ex vivo conditions. Both upon the normal and decreased oxygenation of the perfusion medium, the phenomenon of "free competition" for the resource was observed, with the energy being optimally distributed among all the metabolic fluxes. Moreover, this energy is also spent on the accompanying processes, e.g. for the transport of interstitial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shadrin
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - V G Pakhomova
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - O V Kryukova
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A P Rupenko
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - R N Yaroslavtsev
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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Mahan VL. Effects of lactate and carbon monoxide interactions on neuroprotection and neuropreservation. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:158-173. [PMID: 34213499 PMCID: PMC8374456 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, historically considered a waste product of anerobic metabolism, is a metabolite in whole-body metabolism needed for normal central nervous system (CNS) functions and a potent signaling molecule and hormone in the CNS. Neuronal activity signals normally induce its formation primarily in astrocytes and production is dependent on anerobic and aerobic metabolisms. Functions are dependent on normal dynamic, expansive, and evolving CNS functions. Levels can change under normal physiologic conditions and with CNS pathology. A readily combusted fuel that is sshuttled throughout the body, lactate is used as an energy source and is needed for CNS hemostasis, plasticity, memory, and excitability. Diffusion beyond the neuron active zone impacts activity of neurons and astrocytes in other areas of the brain. Barriergenesis, function of the blood-brain barrier, and buffering between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis and brain metabolism are affected by lactate. Important to neuroprotection, presence or absence is associated with L-lactate and heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (a gasotransmitter) neuroprotective systems. Effects of carbon monoxide on L-lactate affect neuroprotection - interactions of the gasotransmitter with L-lactate are important to CNS stability, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang Y, Xu K, Liu Y, Erokwu BO, Zhao P, Flask CA, Ramos-Estebanez C, Farr GW, LaManna JC, Boron WF, Yu X. Increased cerebral vascularization and decreased water exchange across the blood-brain barrier in aquaporin-4 knockout mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218415. [PMID: 31220136 PMCID: PMC6586297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays an important role in regulating water exchange across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain-cerebrospinal fluid interface. Studies on AQP-4 knockout mice (AQP4-KO) have reported considerable protection from brain edema induced by acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke, identifying AQP4 as a potential target for therapeutic interventions. However, the long-term effects of chronic AQP4 suppression are yet to be elucidated. In the current study, we evaluated the physiological and structural changes in adult AQP4-KO mice using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemical analysis. Water exchange across BBB was assessed by tracking an intravenous bolus injection of oxygen-17 (17O) water (H217O) using 17O-MRI. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was quantified using arterial spin-labeling (ASL) MRI. Capillary density was determined by immunohistochemical staining for glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1). Compared to wildtype control mice, AQP4-KO mice showed a significant reduction in peak and steady-state H217O uptake despite unaltered CBF. Interestingly, a 22% increase in cortical capillary density was observed in AQP4-KO mice. These results suggest that increased cerebral vascularization may be an adaptive response to chronic reduction in water exchange across BBB in AQP4-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (XY)
| | - Kui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Yuchi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Bernadette O. Erokwu
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Pan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Flask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - George W. Farr
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Aeromics, LLC, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. LaManna
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Walter F. Boron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (XY)
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Clément T, Rodriguez-Grande B, Badaut J. Aquaporins in brain edema. J Neurosci Res 2018; 98:9-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tifenn Clément
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Department of Basic Science; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
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Del-Bel E, De-Miguel FF. Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission Mediated by Exocytosis and Diffusive Release of Transmitter Substances. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:13. [PMID: 29937726 PMCID: PMC6003215 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article deals with the mechanisms of extrasynaptic release of transmitter substances, namely the release from the soma, axon and dendrites in the absence of postsynaptic counterparts. Extrasynaptic release occurs by exocytosis or diffusion. Spillover from the synaptic cleft also contributes to extrasynaptic neurotransmission. Here, we first describe two well-known examples of exocytosis from the neuronal soma, which may release copious amounts of transmitter for up to hundreds of seconds after electrical stimulation. The mechanisms for somatic exocytosis of the low molecular weight transmitter serotonin, and the peptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been studied in detail. Serotonin release from leech neurons and oxytocin and vasopressin from rodent neurons have a common multi-step mechanism, which is completely different from that for exocytosis from presynaptic endings. Most transmitters and peptides released extrasynaptically seem to follow this same mechanism. Extrasynaptic exocytosis may occur onto glial cells, which act as intermediaries for long-term and long-distance transmission. The second part of this review article focuses on the release upon synthesis of the representative diffusible molecules nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids. Diffusible molecules are synthesized “on demand” from postsynaptic terminals in response to electrical activity and intracellular calcium elevations. Their effects include the retrograde modulation of presynaptic electrical activity and transmitter release. Extrasynaptic neurotransmission is well exemplified in the retina. Light-evoked extrasynaptic communication sets the gain for visual responses and integrates the activity of neurons, glia and blood vessels. Understanding how extrasynaptic communication changes the function of hard-wired circuits has become fundamental to understand the function of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, USP-Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco F De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Friscourt F, Badaut J. Aquaporins through the brain in health and disease: From water to gas movements. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:177-179. [PMID: 28960397 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Friscourt
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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