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Schwarz AP, Zakharova MV, Kovalenko AA, Dyomina AV, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Time- and Region-Specific Selection of Reference Genes in the Rat Brain in the Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Acquired Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1100. [PMID: 38791067 PMCID: PMC11117783 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a commonly used tool for gene expression analysis. The selection of stably expressed reference genes is required for accurate normalization. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization in various brain regions of rats at different stages of the lithium-pilocarpine model of acquired epilepsy. We tested the expression stability of nine housekeeping genes commonly used as reference genes in brain research: Actb, Gapdh, B2m, Rpl13a, Sdha, Ppia, Hprt1, Pgk1, and Ywhaz. Based on four standard algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta-Ct), we found that after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, the stability of the tested reference genes varied significantly between brain regions and depended on time after epileptogenesis induction (3 and 7 days in the latent phase, and 2 months in the chronic phase of the model). Pgk1 and Ywhaz were the most stable, while Actb, Sdha, and B2m demonstrated the lowest stability in the analyzed brain areas. We revealed time- and region-specific changes in the mRNA expression of the housekeeping genes B2m, Actb, Sdha, Rpl13a, Gapdh, Hprt1, and Sdha. These changes were more pronounced in the hippocampal region during the latent phase of the model and are thought to be related to epileptogenesis. Thus, RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression in acquired epilepsy models requires careful selection of reference genes depending on the brain region and time of analysis. For the time course study of epileptogenesis in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model, we recommend the use of the Pgk1 and Ywhaz genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aleksey V. Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Toreza Prospekt, 44, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.Z.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.D.); (O.E.Z.)
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Nadei OV, Agalakova NI. Optimal Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Experiments in Hippocampus and Cortex of Rats Chronically Exposed to Excessive Fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:199-209. [PMID: 37010724 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Normalization of the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) data to the stably expressed reference genes is critically important for obtaining reliable results. However, all previous studies focused on F- toxicity for brain tissues used a single, non-validated reference gene, what might be a cause of contradictory or false results. The present study was designed to analyze the expression of a series of reference genes to select optimal ones for RT-qPCR analysis in cortex and hippocampus of rats chronically exposed to excessive fluoride (F-) amounts. Six-week-old male Wistar rats randomly assigned to four groups consumed regular tap water with 0.4 (control), 5, 20, and 50 ppm F- (NaF) for 12 months. The expression of six genes (Gapdh, Pgk1, Eef1a1, Ppia, Tbp, Helz) was compared by RT-qPCR in brain tissues from control and F--exposed animals. The stability of candidate reference genes was evaluated by coefficient of variation (CV) analysis and RefFinder online program summarizing the results of four well-acknowledged statistical methods (Delta-Ct, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GeNorm). In spite of some discrepancies in gene ranking between these algorisms, Pgk1, Eef1a1, and Ppia were found to be most valid in cortex, while Ppia, Eef1a1, and Helz showed the greatest expression stability in hippocampus. Tbp and Helz were identified as the least stable genes in cortex, whereas Gapdh and Tbp are unsuitable for hippocampus. These data indicate that reliable mRNA quantification in the cortex and hippocampus of F--poisoned rats is possible using normalization to geometric mean of Pgk1+Eef1a1 or Ppia+Eef1a1 expression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Nadei
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia I Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Liu Z, Huang W, Zhu M, Xu Z, Xu Z, Yu C, Huang H. Mechanism of Robo1 in the pentylenetetrazol-kindled epilepsy mouse model. IBRAIN 2023; 9:369-380. [PMID: 38680506 PMCID: PMC11045194 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The neural network hypothesis is one of the important pathogenesis of drug-resistant epilepsy. Axons guide molecules through synaptic remodeling and brain tissue remodeling, which may result in the formation of abnormal neural networks. Therefore, axon guidance plays a crucial role in disease progression. However, although Robo1 is one of the important components of axon guidance, the role of Robo1 in epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of Robo1 in epilepsy. Male adult C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with pentylenetetrazol to establish an epilepsy model. Lentivirus (LV) was given via intracranial injection 2 weeks before pentylenetetrazol injection. Different expressions of Robo1 between the control group, LV-mediated Robo1 short hairpin RNA group, empty vector control LV group, and normal saline group were analyzed using Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, Golgi staining, and video monitoring. Robo1 was increased in the hippocampus in the pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy mouse model; lentiviral Robo1 knockdown prolonged the latency of seizure and reduced the seizure grade in mice and resulted in a decrease in dendritic spine density, while the number of mature dendritic spines was maintained. We speculate that Robo1 has been implicated in the development and progression of epilepsy through its effects on dendritic spine morphology and density. Epileptic mice with Robo1 knockdown virus intervention had lower seizure grade and longer latency. Follow-up findings suggest that Robo1 may modulate seizures by affecting dendritic spine density and morphology. Downregulation of Robo1 may negatively regulate epileptogenesis by decreasing the density of dendritic spines and maintaining a greater number of mature dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Man‐Min Zhu
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhong‐Xiang Xu
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zu‐Cai Xu
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chang‐Yin Yu
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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Precise measurement of gene expression changes in mouse brain areas denervated by injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22530. [PMID: 36581670 PMCID: PMC9800364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a widely used method to study gene expression changes following brain injury. The accuracy of this method depends on the tissue harvested, the time course analyzed and, in particular on the choice of appropriate internal controls, i.e., reference genes (RGs). In the present study we have developed and validated an algorithm for the accurate normalization of qPCR data using laser microdissected tissue from the mouse dentate gyrus after entorhinal denervation at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days postlesion. The expression stabilities of ten candidate RGs were evaluated in the denervated granule cell layer (gcl) and outer molecular layer (oml) of the dentate gyrus. Advanced software algorithms demonstrated differences in stability for single RGs in the two layers at several time points postlesion. In comparison, a normalization index of several stable RGs covered the entire post-lesional time course and showed high stability. Using these RGs, we validated our findings and quantified glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) mRNA and allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Aif1/Iba1) mRNA in the denervated oml. We compared the use of single RGs for normalization with the normalization index and found that single RGs yield variable results. In contrast, the normalization index gave stable results. In sum, our study shows that qPCR can yield precise, reliable, and reproducible datasets even under such complex conditions as brain injury or denervation, provided appropriate RGs for the model are used. The algorithm reported here can easily be adapted and transferred to any other brain injury model.
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Schwarz AP, Dyomina AV, Zakharova MV, Kovalenko AA, Gryaznova MO, Ischenko AM, Zaitsev AV. The Reference Gene Validation in the Brain of Rats during Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment in the Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Epilepsy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schlabitz S, Monni L, Ragot A, Dipper-Wawra M, Onken J, Holtkamp M, Fidzinski P. Spatiotemporal Correlation of Epileptiform Activity and Gene Expression in vitro. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:643763. [PMID: 33859552 PMCID: PMC8042243 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.643763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptiform activity alters gene expression in the central nervous system, a phenomenon that has been studied extensively in animal models. Here, we asked whether also in vitro models of seizures are in principle suitable to investigate changes in gene expression due to epileptiform activity and tested this hypothesis mainly in rodent and additionally in some human brain slices. We focused on three genes relevant for seizures and epilepsy: FOS proto-oncogene (c-Fos), inducible cAMP early repressor (Icer) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor). Seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat entorhinal-hippocampal slices and by 4-AP/8 mM potassium in human temporal lobe slices obtained from surgical treatment of epilepsy. SLEs were monitored simultaneously by extracellular field potentials and intrinsic optical signals (IOS) for 1–4 h, mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR. In rat slices, both duration of SLE exposure and SLE onset region were associated with increased expression of c-Fos and Icer while no such association was shown for mTor expression. Similar to rat slices, c-FOS induction in human tissue was increased in slices with epileptiform activity. Our results indicate that irrespective of limitations imposed by ex vivo conditions, in vitro models represent a suitable tool to investigate gene expression. Our finding is of relevance for the investigation of human tissue that can only be performed ex vivo. Specifically, it presents an important prerequisite for future studies on transcriptome-wide and cell-specific changes in human tissue with the goal to reveal novel candidates involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and possibly other CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schlabitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Monni
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alienor Ragot
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Dipper-Wawra
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Onken
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurosurgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Holtkamp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany.,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Fidzinski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany.,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
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Liu L, Han H, Li Q, Chen M, Zhou S, Wang H, Chen L. Selection and Validation of the Optimal Panel of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in the Developing Rat Cartilage. Front Genet 2020; 11:590124. [PMID: 33391345 PMCID: PMC7772434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.590124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely used to detect gene expression levels, and selection of reference genes is crucial to the accuracy of RT-qPCR results. Minimum Information for Publication of RT-qPCR Experiments (MIQE) proposes that using the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR is conducive to obtaining accurate experimental results. However, the selection of the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR in rat developing cartilage has not been well documented. In this study, we selected eight reference genes commonly used in rat cartilage from literature (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, GUSB, HPRT1, RPL4, RPL5, and SDHA) as candidates. Then, we screened out the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat cartilage of fetus (GD20), juvenile (PW6), and puberty (PW12) in physiology with stability analysis software of genes expression. Finally, we verified the reliability of the selected panel of reference genes with the rat model of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE). The results showed that the optimal panel of reference genes in cartilage at GD20, PW6, and PW12 in physiology was RPL4 + RPL5, which was consistent with the IUGR model, and there was no significant gender difference. Further, the results of standardizing the target genes showed that RPL4 + RPL5 performed smaller intragroup differences than other panels of reference genes or single reference genes. In conclusion, we found that the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat developing cartilage was RPL4 + RPL5, and there was no noticeable difference before and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxian Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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Schwarz AP, Kovalenko AA, Malygina DA, Postnikova TY, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Reference Gene Validation in the Brain Regions of Young Rats after Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080239. [PMID: 32717922 PMCID: PMC7460155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful and commonly used tool for gene expression analysis. It requires the right choice of stably expressed reference genes for accurate normalization. In this work, we aimed to select the optimal reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization within different brain areas during the first week following pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in immature (P20–22) Wistar rats. We have tested the expression stability of a panel of nine housekeeping genes: Actb, Gapdh, B2m, Rpl13a, Sdha, Ppia, Hprt1, Pgk1, and Ywhaz. Based on geometric averaging of ranks obtained by four common algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Comparative Delta-Ct), we found that the stability of tested reference genes varied significantly between different brain regions. The expression of the tested panel of genes was very stable within the medial prefrontal and temporal cortex, and the dorsal hippocampus. However, within the ventral hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and amygdala expression levels of most of the tested genes were not steady. The data revealed that in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model in juvenile rats, Pgk1, Ppia, and B2m expression are the most stable within the medial prefrontal cortex; Ppia, Rpl13a, and Sdha within the temporal cortex; Pgk1, Ppia, and Rpl13a within the entorhinal cortex; Gapdh, Ppia, and Pgk1 within the dorsal hippocampus; Rpl13a, Sdha, and Ppia within the ventral hippocampus; and Sdha, Pgk1, and Ppia within the amygdala. Our data indicate the need for a differential selection of reference genes across brain regions, including the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Schwarz
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Anna A. Kovalenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Daria A. Malygina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Tatiana Y. Postnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Olga E. Zubareva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Aleksey V. Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 2 Akkuratova Street, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Zhou L, Chen F, Ye J, Pan H. Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Gene Expression From Different Habitats and Developmental Stages. Front Genet 2018; 9:269. [PMID: 30083182 PMCID: PMC6064934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), a sensitive technique for gene expression analysis, depends on the stability of the reference genes used for data normalization under different experimental conditions. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, a pine-parasitic nematode varying in virulence, is widely distributed in natural pine forests throughout the northern hemisphere, but has not been investigated with respect to the identification of reference genes suitable for the normalization of RT-qPCR data. In the present study, eight candidate reference genes were analyzed in B. mucronatus under different habitat conditions and at different developmental stages. The expression stability of these genes was assessed by geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, delta Cq, and RefFinder algorithms. In general, our results identified encoding beta-tubulin as the most stable gene. Moreover, pairwise analysis showed that three reference genes were sufficient to normalize the gene expression data under each set of conditions, with genes encoding beta-tubulin, 18S ribosomal RNA and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme being the most suitable reference genes for different habitat conditions, whereas genes encoding beta-tubulin, histone, and 18S ribosomal RNA exhibited the most stable expression at different developmental stages. Validation of the selected reference genes was performed by profiling the expression of the fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein gene in different habitats, and by profiling the expression of the arginine kinase gene at different developmental stages. This first systematic analysis for the selection of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR in B. mucronatus will facilitate future functional analyses and deep mining of genetic resources in this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengmao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianren Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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