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Gründemann J, Bitterman Y, Lu T, Krabbe S, Grewe BF, Schnitzer MJ, Lüthi A. Amygdala ensembles encode behavioral states. Science 2019; 364:364/6437/eaav8736. [PMID: 31000636 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Internal states, including affective or homeostatic states, are important behavioral motivators. The amygdala regulates motivated behaviors, yet how distinct states are represented in amygdala circuits is unknown. By longitudinally imaging neural calcium dynamics in freely moving mice across different environments, we identified opponent changes in activity levels of two major, nonoverlapping populations of basal amygdala principal neurons. This population signature does not report global anxiety but predicts switches between exploratory and nonexploratory, defensive states. Moreover, the amygdala separately processes external stimuli and internal states and broadcasts state information via several output pathways to larger brain networks. Our findings extend the concept of thalamocortical "brain-state" coding to include affective and exploratory states and provide an entry point into the state dependency of brain function and behavior in defined circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gründemann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yael Bitterman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tingjia Lu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Krabbe
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University and ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNC Program, James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
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Devi RS, Namasivayam A, Prabhakaran K. Modulation of non-specific immunity by hippocampal stimulation. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 42:193-7. [PMID: 8429104 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90010-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rats subjected to electrical stimulation of hippocampus (30 min/day for 4 days) showed an increase in the neutrophils in the peripheral blood when compared to sham (P < 0.01) and controls (P < 0.001). They also showed a significant decrease in lymphocytes, when compared to control rats (P < 0.001). Both sham and stimulated animals showed a significant decrease in total white blood cell count when compared to controls (P < 0.001). The phagocytic index of stimulated animals showed a significant increase from control (P < 0.001) and sham (P < 0.001). In addition, the stimulated animals showed a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in plasma corticosterone level when compared to sham and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Devi
- Department of Physiology, Dr. A.L.M.P.G. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, India
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Weidenfeld J, Chowers I, Conforti N, Feldman S. Deafferentation reduces the hypothalamic cell nuclear binding of corticosterone. Brain Res 1984; 292:186-9. [PMID: 6697208 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic or hippocampal slices and adenohypophyseal lobes taken from adrenalectomized male rats either intact or with complete hypothalamic deafferentation (CHD) were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer in the presence of either 10-50 nM [3H]corticosterone or [3H]dexamethasone with or without 500-fold excess of unlabeled steroid for 15-60 min. The cell nuclear binding in the hypothalamic slices from the CHD rats, was markedly reduced by approximately 50% but remained unchanged in the hippocampi and in the pituitaries. These results suggest that brain sites outside the mediobasal hypothalamus are important for the regulation of corticosterone binding in the hypothalamus.
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Neurotransmitter-controlled steroid hormone receptors in the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 1983; 5:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(83)90113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/1982] [Accepted: 09/24/1982] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cardinali DP. Molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine integration in the central nervous system: an approach through the study of the pineal gland and its innervating sympathetic pathway. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1983; 8:3-30. [PMID: 6136057 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(83)90038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the brain specialized cells known as 'neuroendocrine transducers' translate an input of neural activity into a hormonal output, e.g. oxytocin released into the blood stream. Other, more typical neurons make the reverse conversion constituting chemoreceptors which transform the hormonal 'language' into changes in their firing rate ('endocrine-neural' transduction). 'Endocrine-endocrine' transducing events occur at the level of the neurosecretory cells that translate a hormonal signal into another, different, hormone output. This article reviews the molecular aspects of several neuroendocrine integrative processes in the hypothalamus, the pineal gland and the cervical sympathetic pathway. The discussed results indicate that the pineal gland and its innervating sympathetic neurons located in the superior cervical ganglia constitute an easy-to-manipulate model system for the study of basic neuroendocrine mechanisms because: (i) receptors for various hormones exist in the mammalian pineal and sympathetic ganglia; (ii) the pattern of pineal steroid metabolism resembles that of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus; (iii) pineal estrophilic and androphilic receptors as well as the pattern of steroid metabolism are modulated by the sympathetic nerves; (iv) neuronal activity in the cervical sympathetic pathway is modified by hormone treatment at preganglionic, ganglionic and postganglionic sites.
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Nock B, Feder HH. Neurotransmitter modulation of steroid action in target cells that mediate reproduction and reproductive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1981; 5:437-47. [PMID: 6119663 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(81)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two major functional interactions between steroid hormones and neurotransmitters are generally recognized. First, steroids affect neurotransmission, and second, through effects on hypothalamic peptides that regulate anterior pituitary function neurotransmitters affect steroid secretion. In recent years, evidence has accumulated which indicates that neurotransmitters can also affect steroid action within postsynaptic steroid target cells. We review evidence for this relationship in pineal, uterus and hypothalamus and propose that the modulation of target cell responsiveness to steroids is an important mechanism by which neurotransmitters affect steroid-dependent processes. The operation of such a mechanism provides a means for environmental, behavioral and emotional events to rapidly and selectively alter steroid effects on behavior and physiology.
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