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Yue X, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhao C. Multidisciplinary management strategies for atrial fibrillation. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102514. [PMID: 38518845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) over the past 30 years. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an effective treatment for AF, but research investigations have shown that AF recurrence still occurs in a significant number of patients after ablation. Heart rhythm outcomes following catheter ablation are correlated with numerous clinical factors, and researchers developed predictive models by integrating risk factors to predict the risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this article is to outline the risk scores for predicting cardiac rhythm outcomes after PVI and to discuss the modifiable factors that increase the risk of recurrence of AF, with the hope of further improving catheter ablation efficacy through preoperative identification of high-risk populations and postoperative management of modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Yue
- Division of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Waranugraha Y, Hsu JC, Lin TT, Ho LT, Yu CC, Liu YB, Lin LY. Novel scoring system derived from meta-analysis and validated in cohort population for predicting 1-year atrial fibrillation recurrence after cryoballoon catheter ablation: The HeLPS-Cryo score. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2024; 47:462-473. [PMID: 38400710 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rates in 1 year after cryoballoon ablation catheter (CBCA) are still high. We purposed to identify strong predictors for AF recurrence after the successful CBCA procedure and develop a new scoring system based only on pre-procedural parameters. METHODS In the derivation phase, a systematic review and meta-analysis identified the strong predictors of AF recurrence after the CBCA. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) was used to create the new scoring system. The second phase validated the new scoring system in the cohort population. RESULTS A meta-analysis including 29 cohort studies with 16196 participants confirmed that persistent AF, stroke, heart failure, and left atrial diameter (LAD) >40 mm were powerful predictors for AF recurrence after the CBCA procedure. The HeLPS-Cryo (heart failure [1], left atrial dilatation [1], persistent AF [2], and stroke [2]) was developed based on those pre-procedural predictors. It was validated in 140 patients receiving CBCA procedures and revealed excellent predictive performance for 1-year AF recurrence (AUC = 0.8877; 95% CI = 0.8208 to 0.9546). The HeLPS-Cryo score of ≥3 could predict 1-year AF recurrence with sensitivity and specificity of 78.9% and 87.9%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 66.7%, and the negative predictive value was 93.1%. CONCLUSION The HeLPS-Cryo score can help the physician estimate the probability of 1-year AF recurrence after the successful CBCA procedure. Patients with HeLPS-Cryo score <3 are good candidates for the CBCA procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Waranugraha
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Universitas Brawijaya Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Jung-Chi Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Jinshan Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tse Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Ho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Bin Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Nayak T, Peigh G, Chicos AB, Arora R, Kim S, Lin A, Verma N, Pfenniger A, Patil KD, Knight BP, Passman RS. Validation of the SCALE-CryoAF risk model to predict very late return of atrial fibrillation after cryoballoon ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2023; 66:1859-1865. [PMID: 36754907 PMCID: PMC9908502 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-023-01494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, few risk models have been validated to predict recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) >1 year after ablation. The SCALE-CryoAF score was previously derived to predict very late return of AF (VLRAF) >1 year following cryoballoon ablation (CBA), with strong predictive ability. In this study, we aim to validate the SCALE-CryoAF score for VLRAF after CBA in a novel patient cohort. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained single-center database was performed. Inclusion criteria were pulmonary vein isolation using CBA 2017-2020. Exclusion criteria included prior ablation, <1-year follow-up, lack of pre-CBA echocardiogram, additional ablation lesion sets, and documented AF recurrence 90-365 days post-CBA. The area under the curve (AUC) of SCALE-CryoAF was compared to the derivation value and other established risk models. RESULTS Among 469 CBA performed, 241 (61% male, 62.8 ±11.7 years old) cases were included in analysis. There were 37 (15.4%) patients who developed VLRAF. Patients with VLRAF had a higher SCALE-CryoAF score (VLRAF 5.4 ± 2.7; no VLRAF 3.1 ± 2.9; p<0.001). SCALE-CryoAF was linearly associated with VLRAF (y=14.35x-11.72, R2=0.99), and a score > 5 had a 32.7% risk of VLRAF. The SCALE-CryoAF risk model predicted VLRAF with an AUC of 0.74, which was similar to the derivation value (AUCderivation: 0.73) and statistically superior to MB-LATER, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHADS2 scores. CONCLUSIONS The current analysis validates the ability of SCALE-CryoAF to predict VLRAF after CBA in a novel patient cohort. Patients with a high SCALE-CryoAF score should be monitored closely for recurrent AF >1 year following CBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Nayak
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graham Peigh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandru B Chicos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rishi Arora
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Albert Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nishant Verma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Pfenniger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaustubha D Patil
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley P Knight
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rod S Passman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Fan X, Li Y, He Q, Wang M, Lan X, Zhang K, Ma C, Zhang H. Predictive Value of Machine Learning for Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation after Catheter Ablation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:315. [PMID: 39076446 PMCID: PMC11272879 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2411315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation is crucial. In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review of machine-learning-based recurrence detection in the relevant literature. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases from 1980 to December 31, 2022 to identify studies on prediction models for AF recurrence risk after catheter ablation. We used the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) to assess the risk of bias, and R4.2.0 for meta-analysis, with subgroup analysis based on model type. Results After screening, 40 papers were eligible for synthesis. The pooled concordance index (C-index) in the training set was 0.760 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.739 to 0.781), the sensitivity was 0.74 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.77), and the specificity was 0.76 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.80). The combined C-index in the validation set was 0.787 (95% CI 0.752 to 0.821), the sensitivity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.83), and the specificity was 0.75 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.82). The subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in the pooled C-index between models constructed based on radiomics features and those based on clinical characteristics. However, radiomics based showed a slightly higher sensitivity (training set: 0.82 vs. 0.71, validation set: 0.83 vs. 0.73). Logistic regression, one of the most common machine learning (ML) methods, exhibited an overall pooled C-index of 0.785 and 0.804 in the training and validation sets, respectively. The Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models outperformed these results with an overall pooled C-index of 0.862 and 0.861. Age, radiomics features, left atrial diameter, AF type, and AF duration were identified as the key modeling variables. Conclusions ML has demonstrated excellent performance in predicting AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Logistic regression (LR) being the most widely used ML algorithm for predicting AF recurrence, also showed high accuracy. The development of risk prediction nomograms for wide application is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingman Fan
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, 075000 Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical
University, PLA,100142 Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical
University, PLA,100142 Beijing, China
| | - Qiongyi He
- Air Force Clinical medical college, Fifth Clinical College of Anhui
Medical University, 230032 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, 075000 Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical
University, PLA,100142 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Lan
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, 075000 Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Kaijie Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, 075000 Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Chenyue Ma
- Air Force Clinical medical college, Fifth Clinical College of Anhui
Medical University, 230032 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, 075000 Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical
University, PLA,100142 Beijing, China
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Wei Y, Lin C, Xie Y, Bao Y, Luo Q, Zhang N, Wu L. Development and validation of a novel nomogram for predicting recurrent atrial fibrillation after cryoballoon ablation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1073108. [PMID: 37636306 PMCID: PMC10453796 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1073108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have explored the use of machine learning models to predict the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who have undergone cryoballoon ablation (CBA). We aimed to explore the risk factors for the recurrence of AF after CBA in order to construct a nomogram that could predict this risk. Methods Data of 498 patients who had undergone CBA at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, were retrospectively collected. Factors such as clinical characteristics and biophysical parameters during the CBA procedure were collected for the selection of variables. Scores for all the biophysical factors-such as time to pulmonary vein isolation (TTI) and balloon temperature-were calculated to enable construction of the model, which was then calibrated and compared with the risk scores. Results A 36-month follow-up showed that 177 (35.5%) of the 489 patients experienced AF recurrence. The left atrial volume, TTI, nadir cryoballoon temperature, and number of unsuccessful freezes were related to the recurrence of AF (P < .05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram's time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve was 77.6%, 71.6%, and 71.0%, respectively, for the 1-, 2-, and 3-year prediction of recurrence in the training cohort and 77.4%, 74.7%, and 68.7%, respectively, for the same characteristics in the validation cohort. Calibration and data on the nomogram's clinical effectiveness showed it to be accurate for the prediction of recurrence in both the training and validation cohorts as compared with established risk scores. Conclusion Biophysical parameters such as TTI and cryoballoon temperature have a great impact on AF recurrence. The predictive accuracy for recurrence of our nomogram was superior to that of conventional risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Karlo F, Daniel S, Arian S, van den Bruck JH, Jonas W, Cornelia S, Sebastian D, Jakob L. Validation of seven risk scores in an independent cohort: the challenge of predicting recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARRHYTHMIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42444-022-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Several predictive scores for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after AF ablation have been developed. We compared the predictive value of seven previously described risk scores ((CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASC, HATCH, APPLE, CAAP-AF, BASE-AF2, MB-LATER) for prediction of AF recurrence risk at 12 months after AF ablation in our patient cohort. Further, we aimed to identify additional variables to predict recurrences after AF ablation.
Methods
We used data from our digital AF ablation registry to compare the previously published scores in an independent cohort (n = 883, 50.8% with paroxysmal AF). The scores were chosen based on earlier publications and availability of relevant data.
Results
The BASE-AF2 (AUC 0.630, p < 0.001), MB-LATER (AUC 0.612, p < 0.001), CAAP-AF (AUC 0.591, p < 0.001), APPLE (AUC 0.591, p < 0.001) and CHA2DS2-VASC (AUC 0.547, p = 0.018) scores had a statistically significant but modest predictive value for 12-month AF recurrence. None of the scores were significantly superior. Other analyzed scores had no predictive value. There was no difference in the predictive value for 12-month recurrence of AF between first procedure vs. redo procedure and RF ablation vs. cryoablation. Unlike other scores, MB-LATER showed better predictive value for paroxysmal vs. persistent AF (AUC 0.632 vs. 0.551, p = 0.038). In the multivariate logistic regression, only age (p = 0.006), number of prior electrical cardioversions (p < 0.001) and early AF recurrence (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of AF recurrence.
Conclusion
Despite numerous available scores, predicting recurrences after AF ablation remains challenging. New predictors are needed, potentially based on interventions, as well as novel genetic, functional and anatomic parameters.
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Tachmatzidis D, Tsarouchas A, Mouselimis D, Filos D, Antoniadis AP, Lysitsas DN, Mezilis N, Sakellaropoulou A, Giannopoulos G, Bakogiannis C, Triantafyllou K, Fragakis N, Letsas KP, Asvestas D, Efremidis M, Lazaridis C, Chouvarda I, Vassilikos VP. P-Wave Beat-to-Beat Analysis to Predict Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040830. [PMID: 35453877 PMCID: PMC9028701 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of patients prone to atrial fibrillation (AF) relapse after catheter ablation is essential for better patient selection and risk stratification. The current prospective cohort study aims to validate a novel P-wave index based on beat-to-beat (B2B) P-wave morphological and wavelet analysis designed to detect patients with low burden AF as a predictor of AF recurrence within a year after successful catheter ablation. From a total of 138 consecutive patients scheduled for AF ablation, 12-lead ECG and 10 min vectorcardiogram (VCG) recordings were obtained. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with higher B2B P-wave index had a two-fold risk for AF recurrence (HR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.24–4.44, p: 0.010), along with prolonged P-wave, interatrial block, early AF recurrence, female gender, heart failure history, previous stroke, and CHA2DS2-VASc score. Multivariate analysis of assessable predictors before ablation revealed that B2B P-wave index, along with heart failure history and a history of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, are independent predicting factors of atrial fibrillation recurrence. Further studies are needed to assess the predictive value of the B2B index with greater accuracy and evaluate a possible relationship with atrial substrate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tachmatzidis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasios Tsarouchas
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Dimitrios Mouselimis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Dimitrios Filos
- Lab of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.F.); (I.C.)
| | - Antonios P. Antoniadis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | | | - Nikolaos Mezilis
- St. Luke’s Hospital Thessaloniki, 552 36 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.N.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Antigoni Sakellaropoulou
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (K.P.L.); (D.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Georgios Giannopoulos
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Constantinos Bakogiannis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Fragakis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Konstantinos P. Letsas
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (K.P.L.); (D.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Asvestas
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (K.P.L.); (D.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Michael Efremidis
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (K.P.L.); (D.A.); (M.E.)
| | - Charalampos Lazaridis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
| | - Ioanna Chouvarda
- Lab of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical Imaging Technologies, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.F.); (I.C.)
| | - Vassilios P. Vassilikos
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Hippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (D.M.); (A.P.A.); (G.G.); (C.B.); (K.T.); (N.F.); (C.L.); (V.P.V.)
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