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Pradhan J, Pradhan D, Sahu JK, Mishra S, Mallick S, Das S, Negi VD. A novel rspA gene regulates biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106432. [PMID: 37926364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although much has been known about Salmonella pathogenesis, the functional characterizations of certain genes are yet to be explored. The rspA (STM14_1818) is one such gene with putative dehydratase function, and its role in pathogenesis is unknown. The background information showed that rspA gene is upregulated in Salmonella when it resides inside macrophages, which led us to investigate its role in Salmonella pathogenesis. We generated the rspA knockout strain and complement strain in S. Typhimurium 14028. Ex-vivo and in-vivo infectivity was looked at macrophage and epithelial cell lines and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The mutant strain differentially formed the biofilm at different temperatures by altering the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli. Besides, the mutant strain is hyperproliferative intracellularly and showed increased bacterial burden in C. elegans. The mutant strain became more infectious and lethal, causing faster death of the worms than the wild type, and also modulates the worm's innate immunity. Thus, we found that the rspA deletion mutant was more pathogenic. In this study, we concluded that the rspA gene differentially regulates the biofilm formation in a temperature dependent manner by modulating the genes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and curli and negatively regulates the Salmonella virulence for longer persistence inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Diana Pradhan
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Jugal Kishor Sahu
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Satyajit Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Ravindran DR, Kannan S, Jeyakumar D, Marudhamuthu M. Characterization of phenyl propiolic acid from Proteus mirabilis DMTMMR-11 and Evaluation of its mode of action against Yersinia enterocolitica (MTCC-840) an in-Vitro and in-Vivo based approach. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106258. [PMID: 37482115 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses are pervasive in raising public health concerns in both developed and developing nations. Yersinia enterocolitica a zoonotic bacterial species that causes food-transmitted infections, and gastroenteritis, is its most prevalent clinical manifestation. This study aims to investigate the differences, dependencies, and inhibitory mechanisms between the host and the microbiome. Proteus mirabilis DMTMMR-11, the bacterium found in the human gastrointestinal tract was used for the extraction of intracellular metabolite, because of its beneficial effects on the normal flora of the human gut. Phenyl propiolic acid was identified as the dominant compound in the metabolite after characterization using FT-IR, NMR, and LC-MS-MS. To assess its inhibitory mechanism against Yersinia enterocolitica, the pathogen was subjected to biological characterization by MBC and MIC, resulting in the rate of inhibition at 50 μg/ml. Anti-bacterial curve supports the inhibited growth of Y. enterocolitica. Mechanism of inhibition at its cellular level was indicated by the increase in alkaline phosphate content, which drastically reduced the cell membrane and cell wall potential expanding its permeability by intruding the membrane proteins, which was observed in SEM Imaging. Phenyl propiolic acid efficiently disrupts the biofilm formation by reducing the adherence and increasing the eradication property of the pathogen by exhibiting 65% of inhibition at the minimal duration of 12h. In-vivo study was carried out through host-pathogen interaction in C. elegans, an efficient model organism assessed for its life-span, physiological, and behavioral assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramya Ravindran
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, TamilNadu, 625021, India
| | - Suganya Kannan
- Central Research Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be university), Karaikal, Puducherry, 609609, India
| | - Deepika Jeyakumar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Serology, and Molecular Biology, Vadamalayan Hospitals Private Limited, Madurai, TamilNadu, 625002, India
| | - Murugan Marudhamuthu
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, TamilNadu, 625021, India.
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Norfolk WA, Lipp EK. Use and Evaluation of a pES213-Derived Plasmid for the Constitutive Expression of gfp Protein in Pathogenic Vibrios: a Tagging Tool for In Vitro Studies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0249022. [PMID: 36507673 PMCID: PMC9927583 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02490-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) into bacterial cells for constitutive expression is a powerful tool for the localization of species of interest within complex mixtures. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate the efficacy of the pES213-derived donor plasmid pVSV102 (gfp Knr) as a conjugative tool for the tagging of Vibrio and related species (termed vibrios). Using a triparental mating assay assisted by the helper plasmid pEVS104 (tra trb Knr), we successfully tagged 12 species within the Vibrionaceae family representing 8 of the proposed clades. All transconjugant strains demonstrated bright fluorescence and were readily differentiable within complex mixtures of nontagged cells. Plasmid retention was assessed using persistence and subculture experimentation. Persistence experiments evaluated plasmid loss over time for nonsubcultured samples inoculated into antibiotic-free media and sterile artificial seawater, whereas subculture trials evaluated plasmid loss following one to four subculture passages. Strong plasmid retention (≥80%) was observed in persistence experiments for all transconjugant strains for up to 48 h in both antibiotic-free media and artificial seawater with the exception of Vibrio cholerae, which showed a substantial decline in media after 24 h. Subculturing experiments also demonstrated strong plasmid stability, with all transconjugant strains showing ≥80% retention after four subculture passages. The results of this research suggest that pVSV102 is a stable GFP plasmid for the tagging of a broad range of vibrios. IMPORTANCE Prior research has suggested that the use of Aliivibrio fischeri-derived donor plasmids with the pES213 origin of replication may provide increased plasmid stability for the tagging of vibrios compared to Escherichia coli-derived p15A plasmids. Here, we present a structured protocol for conjugation-based tagging of vibrios using the pES213-derived plasmid pVSV102 and evaluate the plasmid stability of tagged strains. These methods and the resulting transconjugant strains provide important standardized tools to facilitate experimentation requiring the use of traceable vibrio strains. Furthermore, the determination of the species-specific plasmid stability provides an estimation of the anticipated level of plasmid loss under the given set of culture conditions. This estimation can be used to reduce the occurrence of experimental biases introduced by plasmid drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Norfolk
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Sikdar R, Elias MH. Evidence for Complex Interplay between Quorum Sensing and Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0126922. [PMID: 36314960 PMCID: PMC9769976 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01269-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-density-dependent, intercellular communication system mediated by small diffusible signaling molecules. QS regulates a range of bacterial behaviors, including biofilm formation, virulence, drug resistance mechanisms, and antibiotic tolerance. Enzymes capable of degrading signaling molecules can interfere in QS-a process termed as quorum quenching (QQ). Remarkably, previous work reported some cases where enzymatic interference in QS was synergistic to antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The premise of combination therapy is attractive to fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria, yet comprehensive studies are lacking. Here, we evaluate the effects of QS signal disruption on the antibiotic resistance profile of P. aeruginosa by testing 222 antibiotics and antibacterial compounds from 15 different classes. We found compelling evidence that QS signal disruption does indeed affect antibiotic resistance (40% of all tested compounds; 89/222), albeit not always synergistically (not synergistic for 19% of compounds; 43/222). For some tested antibiotics, such as sulfathiazole and trimethoprim, we were able to relate the changes in resistance caused by QS signal disruption to the modulation of the expression of key genes of the folate biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, using a P. aeruginosa-based Caenorhabditis elegans killing model, we confirmed that enzymatic QQ modulates the effects of antibiotics on P. aeruginosa's pathogenicity in vivo. Altogether, these results show that signal disruption has profound and complex effects on the antibiotic resistance profile of P. aeruginosa. This work suggests that combination therapy including QQ and antibiotics should be discussed not globally but, rather, in case-by-case studies. IMPORTANCE Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-density-dependent communication system used by a wide range of bacteria to coordinate behaviors. Strategies pertaining to the interference in QS are appealing approaches to control microbial behaviors that depend on QS, including virulence and biofilms. Interference in QS was previously reported to be synergistic with antibiotics, yet no systematic assessment exists. Here, we evaluate the potential of combination treatments using the model opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. In this model, collected data demonstrate that QS largely modulates the antibiotic resistance profile of PA14 (for more than 40% of the tested drugs). However, the outcome of combination treatments is synergistic for only 19% of them. This research demonstrates the complex relationship between QS and antibiotic resistance and suggests that combination therapy including QS inhibitors and antibiotics should be discussed not globally but, rather, in case-by-case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sikdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mikael H. Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Das S, Vishakha K, Banerjee S, Nag D, Ganguli A. Tetracycline-loaded magnesium oxide nanoparticles with a potential bactericidal action against multidrug-resistant bacteria: In vitro and in vivo evidence. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112688. [PMID: 35841801 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the emergence of diarrhoea-causing multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a crucial problem in everyday life. Tetracycline (TC) is a bacteriostatic agent that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. One potential strategy to enhance the penetration and antibacterial activity of antibiotics is the use of nanotechnology. In this context, this study dealt with the synthesis of TC loading in biocompatible magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs), its characterization, and the potency of killing against diarrhoea-causing MDR bacteria E. coli and S. flexneri. TC loaded- MgONPs (MgONPs-TC) were characterized by DLS, SEM-EDS, UV-vis spectroscopy, and FTIR techniques with adequate physical properties. Antibacterial and antibiofilm studies indicate that this nanoparticle successfully eradicated both planktonic and sessile forms of those bacteria. It also significantly reduced the production of bacterial EPS, different levels of antioxidant enzymes, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacterial cell as a mode of antibacterial action. In particular, MgONPs-TC were efficient in reducing the colonization of MDR E. coli and S. flexneri in the C. elegans model. Therefore, all these data suggest that MgONPs-TC are a highly promising approach to combating diseases associated with diarrhoea-causing MDR bacteria in the medical field with limited health care budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatabdi Das
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Kumari Vishakha
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Debasish Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India.
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Mallick S, Mishra N, Barik BK, Negi VD. Salmonella Typhimurium fepB negatively regulates C. elegans behavioral plasticity. J Infect 2022; 84:518-530. [PMID: 34990707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dauer is an alternative developmental stage of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) that gives survival benefits under unfavorable environmental conditions. Our study aims to decipher C. elegans dauer larvae development upon Salmonella Typhimurium infection and how the bacterial gene regulating the worm's behavioural plasticity for better survival. METHODS Age-synchronized L4 C. elegans worms were infected with Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s (WT-STM) strain and mutant strains to check the dauer larvae development using 1% SDS. Besides, bacterial load in animals' gut, pharyngeal pumping rate and viability were checked. Worm's immune genes (e.g., ilys-3, lys-7, pmk-1, abf-2, clec-60) and dauer regulatory genes (e.g., daf-7, daf-11, daf-12, daf-16, daf-3) were checked by performing qRT-PCR under infection conditions. RESULTS We found that deletion of the fepB gene in S. Typhimurium strain became less pathogenic with reduced flagellar motility and biofilm-forming ability. Besides, there was decreased bacterial burden in the worm's gut with no damage to their pharynx. The fepB mutant strain was also able to enhance the immune responses for better survival of worms. Infection with mutant strain could activate dauer signaling via the TGF-β pathway leading to a significant increase in dauer formation than WT-STM infection. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the bacteria act as a food source for the growth of C. elegans and development and can act as a signal that might be playing an essential role in regulating the host physiology for their survival. Such a study can help us in understanding the complex host-pathogen interaction benefiting pathogen in host dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Mallick
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Neha Mishra
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Bedanta Kumar Barik
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Vidya Devi Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Das S, Vishakha K, Banerjee S, Nag D, Ganguli A. Exploring the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence activities of tea tree oil-containing nanoemulsion against carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens associated infections. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:100-117. [PMID: 35012385 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.2022125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens (CRE-S. marcescens) has recently emerged as an opportunistic human pathogen that causes various nosocomial and respiratory tract infections. The prognosis for CRE-S. marcescens-related infections is very poor and these infections are difficult to treat. This study investigated the synthesis of tea tree oil nanoemulsion (TTO-NE) and its impact on CRE-S. marcescens both in vitro and in vivo. TTO-NE was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and effectively eradicated bacterial planktonic and sessile forms, reduced bacterial virulence factors, and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacterial cell. Notably, TTO-NE was efficient in reducing the colonization of CRE-S. marcescens in a C. elegans in vivo model. The data suggest that TTO-NE might be an excellent tool to combat infections associated with CRE-S. marcescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatabdi Das
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kumari Vishakha
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Ryu S, Park WS, Yun B, Shin M, Go GW, Kim JN, Oh S, Kim Y. Diversity and characteristics of raw milk microbiota from Korean dairy farms using metagenomic and culturomic analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jin X, He Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Lee YK, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. Lactic acid bacteria that activate immune gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans can antagonise Campylobacter jejuni infection in nematodes, chickens and mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:169. [PMID: 34090326 PMCID: PMC8180125 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the major micro-bacillary pathogen responsible for human coloenteritis. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to protect against Campylobacter infection. However, LAB with a good ability to inhibit the growth of C. jejuni in vitro are less effective in animals and animal models, and have the disadvantages of high cost, a long cycle, cumbersome operation and insignificant immune response indicators. Caenorhabditis elegans is increasingly used to screen probiotics for their anti-pathogenic properties. However, no research on the use of C. elegans to screen for probiotic candidates antagonistic to C. jejuni has been conducted to date. RESULTS This study established a lifespan model of C. elegans, enabling the preselection of LAB to counter C. jejuni infection. A potential protective mechanism of LAB was identified. Some distinct LAB species offered a high level of protection to C. elegans against C. jejuni. The LAB strains with a high protection rate reduced the load of C. jejuni in C. elegans. The transcription of antibacterial peptide genes, MAPK and Daf-16 signalling pathway-related genes was elevated using the LAB isolates with a high protection rate. The reliability of the lifespan model of C. elegans was verified using mice and chickens infected with C. jejuni. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that different LAB had different abilities to protect C. elegans against C. jejuni. C. elegans provides a reliable model for researchers to screen for LAB that are antagonistic to C. jejuni on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China.
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Proteomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans against Salmonella Typhi toxic proteins. Genes Immun 2021; 22:75-92. [PMID: 33986511 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial effector molecules are crucial infectious agents that can cause pathogenesis. In the present study, the pathogenesis of toxic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) proteins on the model host Caenorhabditis elegans was investigated by exploring the host's regulatory proteins during infection through the quantitative proteomics approach. Extracted host proteins were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) and differentially regulated proteins were identified using MALDI TOF/TOF/MS analysis. Of the 150 regulated proteins identified, 95 were downregulated while 55 were upregulated. The interaction network of regulated proteins was predicted using the STRING tool. Most downregulated proteins were involved in muscle contraction, locomotion, energy hydrolysis, lipid synthesis, serine/threonine kinase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and protein unfolding. Upregulated proteins were involved in oxidative stress pathways. Hence, cellular stress generated by S. Typhi proteins in the model host was determined using lipid peroxidation as well as oxidant and antioxidant assays. In addition, candidate proteins identified via extract analysis were validated by western blotting, and the roles of several crucial molecules were analyzed in vivo using transgenic strains (myo-2 and col-19) and mutant (ogt-1) of C. elegans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report protein regulation in host C. elegans exposed to toxic S. Typhi proteins. It highlights the significance of p38 MAPK and JNK immune pathways.
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Li YX, Wang NN, Zhou YX, Lin CG, Wu JS, Chen XQ, Chen GJ, Du ZJ. Planococcus maritimus ML1206 Isolated from Wild Oysters Enhances the Survival of Caenorhabditis elegans against Vibrio anguillarum. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030150. [PMID: 33809116 PMCID: PMC7999227 DOI: 10.3390/md19030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the widespread occurrence of aquaculture diseases and the broad application of antibiotics, drug-resistant pathogens have increasingly affected aquatic animals’ health. Marine probiotics, which live under high pressure in a saltwater environment, show high potential as a substitute for antibiotics in the field of aquatic disease control. In this study, twenty strains of non-hemolytic bacteria were isolated from the intestine of wild oysters and perch, and a model of Caenorhabditis elegans infected by Vibrio anguillarum was established. Based on the model, ML1206, which showed a 99% similarity of 16S rRNA sequence to Planococcus maritimus, was selected as a potential marine probiotic, with strong antibacterial capabilities and great acid and bile salt tolerance, to protect Caenorhabditis elegans from being damaged by Vibrio anguillarum. Combined with plate counting and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that strain ML1206 could significantly inhibit Vibrio anguillarum colonization in the intestinal tract of Caenorhabditis elegans. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice showed that ML1206 was safe and non-toxic. The real-time qPCR results showed a higher expression level of genes related to the antibacterial peptide (ilys-3) and detoxification (ugt-22, cyp-35A3, and cyp-14A3) in the group of Caenorhabditis elegans protected by ML1206 compared to the control group. It is speculated that ML1206, as a potential probiotic, may inhibit the infection caused by Vibrio anguillarum through stimulating Caenorhabditis elegans to secrete antibacterial effectors and detoxification proteins. This paper provides a new direction for screening marine probiotics and an experimental basis to support the potential application of ML1206 as a marine probiotic in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Yan-Xia Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Chun-Guo Lin
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Jing-Shan Wu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Xin-Qi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Guan-Jun Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (Z.-J.D.)
| | - Zong-Jun Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (Z.-J.D.)
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12
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Kavita S, Pooranachithra M, Singh N, Prasanth MI, Balamurugan K, Goel G. Lactobacillus gastricus BTM 7 prevents intestinal colonization by biofilm forming Cronobacter sakazakii in Caenorhabditis elegans model host. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1587-1600. [PMID: 32918643 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study reports protective role of potential probiotic cultures against infection by biofilm forming Cronobacter sakazakii in Caenorhabditis elegans model system. Among the fifteen indigenous potential probiotics, the cell free supernatant of Lactobacillus gastricus BTM7 possessed highest antimicrobial action and biofilm inhibition against C. sakazakii. The competitive exclusion assays revealed that preconditioning with probiotics resulted in increased mean life span of the nematode to 12-13 days as compared to 5-6 days when the pathogen was administered alone. Enhanced expression of the marker genes (pmk-1, daf-16 and skn-1) was observed during the administration of probiotic cultures. The highest expression of pmk-1 (2.5 folds) was observed with administration of L. gastricus BTM7. The principal component analysis on selected variables revealed that L. gastricus BTM7 has the potential to limit the infection of C. sakazakii in C. elegans and enhance the expression of key genes involved in extending life span of the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma Kavita
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India
| | | | - Niharika Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, 209217, India
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, India.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India.
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13
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Sharma K, Pooranachithra M, Balamurugan K, Goel G. Multivariate Analysis of Increase in Life Span of Caenorhabditis elegans Through Intestinal Colonization by Indigenous Probiotic Strains. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:865-873. [PMID: 29717419 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the colonization potential of indigenous probiotic strains and to assess their effects on physiology of Caenorhabditis elegans. The protective effect of probiotics was evaluated in terms of increase in life span of the worm through colonization in the intestine. A total of 15 probiotic cultures were evaluated for their effect on mean life span, pharyngeal pumping, and normal reproduction behavior in the worms. The chemotactic behavior in terms of binary choice index was also evaluated. The adherence and colonization of the intestine of the worm by probiotics were monitored at different time intervals by enumerating the microbial population and fluorescent microscopic observations. The survival analysis-based Kaplan-Meier method indicated that the probiotic cultures increased the survival probability as compared to control strain E. coli OP50. There was no effect of feeding probiotics on physiological responses of the worm such as pharyngeal pumping and reproduction. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the results indicated Lactobacillus plantarum K90 and L. paracasei CD4 as potential probiotics with binary choice index of 0.8 as food preference of C. elegans. The strains exhibit higher adherence and colonization in the gut of worms and increased the life span by 5 days as compared to control E. coli OP50. In conclusion, feeding with probiotic cultures is effective in extending the lifespan of C. elegans; however, the colonization ability differs among the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India
| | | | | | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India.
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14
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Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans phosphoproteome reveals the involvement of a molecular chaperone, HSP-90 protein during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:620-646. [PMID: 31252012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Being a primary and prerequisite Post Translational Modification (PTM), protein phosphorylation mediates the defense mechanisms that presides host defense against a pathogen attack. Hence, the current study was intended to uncover the role of regulatory proteins and their PTMs with special attention to phosphorylation during pathogen attack, using C. elegans as a host and S. Typhi as an interacting pathogen. The study was initiated with the identification of differential regulation of the crucial immune regulatory kinases such as PMK-1, JNK-1 and SGK-1 through immunoblotting analysis, which revealed up-regulation of kinases during 48 h of S. Typhi infection. Subsequent the phosphoproteome profiling of S. Typhi infected C. elegans, using TiO2 Column Chromatography followed by MALDI-ToF-ToF-MS, uncovered the regulated phosphoprotein players resulting in the identification of 166 and 54 proteins from gel-free and gel-based analysis, respectively. HSP-90 was found to be a central player from the interactome analyses and its role during pathogenic defense was validated using immunoblotting. Furthermore, the protein disorders of the identified phosphoproteins have been extensively analysed in silico. This study suggests that S. Typhi interferes with the homeostasis of chaperone molecules by kinetically interfering with the phosphorylation of the downstream pathway players of MAPK and JNK.
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15
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Mir DA, Balamurugan K. A proteomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondria during bacterial infection. Mitochondrion 2019; 48:37-50. [PMID: 30926536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in a variety of cellular metabolic processes and their functions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Recent studies have revealed functional diversity and importance of mitochondria in many cellular processes, including the innate immune response. This study evaluated the specific response and proteomic changes in host Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondria during Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 infection. We performed an inclusive approach to determine the C. elegans mitochondria proteome. The protein fractions of mitochondria were analysed by tandem LC-MS/MS, 129 differentially regulated proteins were identified, indicating an involvement of various mitochondrial processes. The several known components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and stable mitochondria-encoded proteins were found to be differentially expressed. Our results in-depth provide new horizons for mitochondria-associated protein functions and the classification of mitochondrial diseases during host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
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16
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Liu J, Wang H, Liu X, Zhang G, Pingchang Yang, Liu Z. Chinese liquor extract enhances inflammation resistance in RAW 264.7 and reduces aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38529-38537. [PMID: 35559102 PMCID: PMC9090560 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that the ingredients in Chinese liquor possess multiple bioactivities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of Chinese liquor extract (CME) on the resistance to inflammation in mononuclear macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line) and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The results showed that CME suppressed key lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide in vitro. Furthermore, CME inhibited activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways in LPS-stimulated cells. Further studies also showed that CME improved stress resistance of nematodes under infection conditions. Moreover, CME increased the expression of immune-related genes, such as lys-7. Based on these results, our findings provide mechanistic insights about the protection provided by CME against LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, namely, inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, as well as its capability against Pseudomonas aeruginosa- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced aging in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518020 China +86-0755-86671907 +86-0755-86671907.,The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Huailing Wang
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518020 China +86-0755-86671907 +86-0755-86671907.,The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518020 China +86-0755-86671907 +86-0755-86671907.,The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Guohao Zhang
- The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518020 China +86-0755-86671907 +86-0755-86671907.,The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518020 China +86-0755-86671907 +86-0755-86671907.,The Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine Shenzhen 518060 China
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17
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Khan F, Jain S, Oloketuyi SF. Bacteria and bacterial products: Foe and friends to Caenorhabditis elegans. Microbiol Res 2018; 215:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Studies on reproductive stress caused by candidate Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria using model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 2018; 649:113-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Kamaladevi A, Balamurugan K. Lactobacillus casei triggers a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans to resist Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Food Funct 2018; 7:3211-23. [PMID: 27338631 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was investigated at the molecular level using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of the 13 LAB screened, Lactobacillus casei displayed excellent protective efficacy by prolonging the survival of K. pneumoniae-infected nematodes. Pretreatment with L. casei significantly decreased bacterial colonization and rescued K. pneumoniae-infected C. elegans from various physiological impairments. The concomitant upregulation of key immune genes that regulate the TLR, RACK-1 as well as the p38 MAPK pathway rather than the IIS and ERK pathway suggested that the plausible immunomodulatory mechanism of L. casei could be by triggering the TLR, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway. Furthermore, the hyper-susceptibility of L. casei treated loss-of-function mutants of the tol-1, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway (sek-1 and pmk-1) to K. pneumoniae infection and gene expression analysis suggested that L. casei triggered a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway to increase host resistance and protect nematodes against K. pneumoniae infection.
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20
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Vanillic acid from Actinidia deliciosa impedes virulence in Serratia marcescens by affecting S-layer, flagellin and fatty acid biosynthesis proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16328. [PMID: 29180790 PMCID: PMC5703977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is one of the important nosocomial pathogens which rely on quorum sensing (QS) to regulate the production of biofilm and several virulence factors. Hence, blocking of QS has become a promising approach to quench the virulence of S. marcescens. For the first time, QS inhibitory (QSI) and antibiofilm potential of Actinidia deliciosa have been explored against S. marcescens clinical isolate (CI). A. deliciosa pulp extract significantly inhibited the virulence and biofilm production without any deleterious effect on the growth. Vanillic acid was identified as an active lead responsible for the QSI activity. Addition of vanillic acid to the growth medium significantly affected the QS regulated production of biofilm and virulence factors in a concentration dependent mode in S. marcescens CI, ATCC 14756 and MG1. Furthermore vanillic acid increased the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans upon S. marcescens infection. Proteomic analysis and mass spectrometric identification of differentially expressed proteins revealed the ability of vanillic acid to modulate the expression of proteins involved in S-layers, histidine, flagellin and fatty acid production. QSI potential of the vanillic acid observed in the current study paves the way for exploring it as a potential therapeutic candidate to treat S. marcescens infections.
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21
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Short term memory of Caenorhabditis elegans against bacterial pathogens involves CREB transcription factor. Immunobiology 2016; 222:684-692. [PMID: 28069295 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the key issues pertaining to the control of memory is to respond to a consistently changing environment or microbial niche present in it. Human cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor which plays a crucial role in memory has a homolog in C. elegans, crh-1. crh-1 appears to influence memory processes to certain extent by habituation of the host to a particular environment. The discrimination between the pathogen and a non-pathogen is essential for C. elegans in a microbial niche which determines its survival. Training the nematodes in the presence of a virulent pathogen (S. aureus) and an opportunistic pathogen (P. mirabilis) separately exhibits a different behavioural paradigm. This appears to be dependent on the CREB transcription factor. Here we show that C. elegans homolog crh-1 helps in memory response for a short term against the interacting pathogens. Following conditioning of the nematodes to S. aureus and P. mirabilis, the wild type nematodes exhibited a positive response towards the respective pathogens which diminished slowly after 2h. By contrast, the crh-1 deficient nematodes had a defective memory post conditioning. The molecular data reinforces the importance of crh-1 gene in retaining the memory of nematode. Our results also suggest that involvement of neurotransmitters play a crucial role in modulating the memory of the nematode with the assistance of CREB. Therefore, we elucidate that CREB is responsible for the short term memory response in C. elegans against bacterial pathogens.
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22
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Zhao G, Ding J, Yu H, Yin T, Qin W. Potentiometric Aptasensing of Vibrio alginolyticus Based on DNA Nanostructure-Modified Magnetic Beads. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E2052. [PMID: 27918423 PMCID: PMC5191033 DOI: 10.3390/s16122052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric aptasensing assay that couples the DNA nanostructure-modified magnetic beads with a solid-contact polycation-sensitive membrane electrode for the detection of Vibrio alginolyticus is herein described. The DNA nanostructure-modified magnetic beads are used for amplification of the potential response and elimination of the interfering effect from a complex sample matrix. The solid-contact polycation-sensitive membrane electrode using protamine as an indicator is employed to chronopotentiometrically detect the change in the charge or DNA concentration on the magnetic beads, which is induced by the interaction between Vibrio alginolyticus and the aptamer on the DNA nanostructures. The present potentiometric aptasensing method shows a linear range of 10-100 CFU mL-1 with a detection limit of 10 CFU mL-1, and a good specificity for the detection of Vibrio alginolyticus. This proposed strategy can be used for the detection of other microorganisms by changing the aptamers in the DNA nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiawang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Han Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tanji Yin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Marudhupandiyan S, Balamurugan K. Intrinsic JNK-MAPK pathway involvement requires daf-16-mediated immune response during Shigella flexneri infection in C. elegans. Immunol Res 2016; 65:609-621. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Prithika U, Deepa V, Balamurugan K. External induction of heat shock stimulates the immune response and longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans towards pathogen exposure. Innate Immun 2016; 22:466-78. [PMID: 27317398 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916654557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly chaperonic molecules that give immediate response during any stress, tissue damage or bacterial infections. In the present study, the role of HSPs upon bacterial encounter is studied by applying external heat induction to live Caenorhabditis elegans Heat shock was observed to increase the life span of wild type C. elegans upon pathogenic encounter, indicating a role of HSPs in bacterial infection and immunity. Similar increase in resistance towards pathogenesis observed in long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants and the increase in the lifespan indicated a role for the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway in HSP-mediated pathogenic resistance. The microscopic observation of C. elegans after external heat induction and sequential exposure of pathogens indicated reduction of egg viability. Results of Real-time PCR and immunoblotting analysis of candidate genes revealed that heat shock and IIS pathways collaborate in the observed pathogenic resistance and further suggested SGK-1 to be the possible factor linking both these pathways. In addition, survival assays carried out using mutants equips us with supporting evidence that HSP and HSF-1 are necessary for the accelerated lifespan of C. elegans Our findings thus confirm that crosstalk between HSPs and SGK-1 influences C. elegans longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Prithika
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veerappan Deepa
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Nuidate T, Tansila N, Saengkerdsub S, Kongreung J, Bakkiyaraj D, Vuddhakul V. Role of Indole Production on Virulence of Vibrio cholerae Using Galleria mellonella Larvae Model. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:368-74. [PMID: 27407302 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell to cell communication facilitated by chemical signals plays crucial roles in regulating various cellular functions in bacteria. Indole, one such signaling molecule has been demonstrated to control various bacterial phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence in diverse bacteria including Vibrio cholerae. The present study explores some key factors involved in indole production and the subsequent pathogenesis of V. cholerae. Indole production was higher at 37 °C than at 30 °C, although the growth at 37 °C was slightly higher. A positive correlation was observed between indole production and biofilm formation in V. cholerae. Maximum indole production was detected at pH 7. There was no significant difference in indole production between clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolates, although indole production in one environmental isolate was significantly different. Both growth and indole production showed relevant changes with differences in salinity. An indole negative mutant strain was constructed using transposon mutagenesis and the direct effect of indole on the virulence of V. cholerae was evaluated using Galleria mellonella larvae model. Comparison to the wild type strain, the mutant significantly reduced the mortality of G. mellonella larvae which regained its virulence after complementation with exogenous indole. A gene involved in indole production and the virulence of V. cholerae was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyeebah Nuidate
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Natta Tansila
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Suwat Saengkerdsub
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agroindustry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Jetnaphang Kongreung
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Dhamodharan Bakkiyaraj
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
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Role of DAF-21protein in Caenorhabditis elegans immunity against Proteus mirabilis infection. J Proteomics 2016; 145:81-90. [PMID: 27072109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as one of the handy model for proteome related studies due to its simplest system biology. The present study, deals with changes in protein expression in C. elegans infected with Proteus mirabilis. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and identified using MALDI-TOF. Twelve distinctly regulated proteins identified in the infected worms, included heat shock proteins involved stress pathway (HSP-1 and HSP-6), proteins involved in immune response pathway (DAF-21), enzymes involved in normal cellular process (Eukaryotic translation Elongation Factor, actin family member, S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase ortholog, glutamate dehydrogenase and Vacuolar H ATPase family member) and few least characterized proteins (H28O16.1 and H08J11.2). The regulation of selected players at the transcriptional level during Proteus mirabilis infection was analyzed using qPCR. Physiological experiments revealed the ability of P. mirabilis to kill daf-21 mutant C. elegans significantly compared with the wild type. This is the first report studying proteome changes in C. elegans and exploring the involvement of MAP Kinase pathway during P. mirabilis infection. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report studying proteome changes in C. elegans during P. mirabilis infection. The present study explores the role and contribution of MAP Kinase pathway and its regulator protein DAF-21 involvement in the immunity against opportunistic pathogen P. mirabilis infection. Manipulation of this DAF-21 protein in host, may pave the way for new drug development or disease control strategy during opportunistic pathogen infections.
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27
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Prasanth MI, Santoshram GS, Bhaskar JP, Balamurugan K. Ultraviolet-A triggers photoaging in model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in a DAF-16 dependent pathway. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:27. [PMID: 26873884 PMCID: PMC5005890 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiations (UV) are the primary causative agent for skin aging (photoaging) and cancer, especially UV-A. The mode of action and the molecular mechanism behind the damages caused by UV-A is not well studied, in vivo. The current study was employed to investigate the impact of UV-A exposure using the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Analysis of lifespan, healthspan, and other cognitive behaviors were done which was supported by the molecular mechanism. UV-A exposure on collagen damages the synthesis and functioning which has been monitored kinetically using engineered strain, col-19:: GFP. The study results suggested that UV-A accelerated the aging process in an insulin-like signaling pathway dependent manner. Mutant (daf-2)-based analysis concrete the observations of the current study. The UV-A exposure affected the usual behavior of the worms like pharyngeal movements and brood size. Quantitative PCR profile of the candidate genes during UV-A exposure suggested that continuous exposure has damaged the neural network of the worms, but the mitochondrial signaling and dietary restriction pathway remain unaffected. Western blot analysis of HSF-1 evidenced the alteration in protein homeostasis in UV-A exposed worms. Outcome of the current study supports our view that C. elegans can be used as a model to study photoaging, and the mode of action of UV-A-mediated damages can be elucidated which will pave the way for drug developments against photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, -630 004, India
| | | | - James Prabhanand Bhaskar
- ITC - Life Sciences and Technology Centre, ITC Limited, No. 3, 1st Main, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560058, India
| | - Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, -630 004, India.
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Durai S, Singh N, Kundu S, Balamurugan K. Proteomic investigation of Vibrio alginolyticus challenged Caenorhabditis elegans revealed regulation of cellular homeostasis proteins and their role in supporting innate immune system. Proteomics 2014; 14:1820-32. [PMID: 25044714 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has been the preferred model system for many investigators to study pathogenesis. In the present investigation, regulation of C. elegans proteome was explored against V. alginolyticus infection using quantitative proteomics approach. Proteins were separated using 2D-DIGE and the differentially regulated proteins were identified using PMF and MALDI TOF/TOF analysis. The results thus obtained were validated using Western blotting for candidate proteins. The corresponding transcriptional regulation was quantified subsequently using real-time PCR. Interaction network for candidate proteins was predicted using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) and functional validation was performed using respective mutant strains. Out of the 25 proteins identified, 21 proteins appeared to be upregulated while four were downregulated. Upregulated proteins included those involved in stress-response (PDI-2, HSP-6), immune-response (protein kinase -18, GST-8) and energy-production (ATP-2) while proteins involved in structural maintenance (IFB-2) and lipid metabolism (SODH-1) were downregulated. The roles of these players in the host system during Vibrio infection was analyzed in vivo using wild type and mutant C. elegans. Survival assays using mutants lacking pdi-2, ire-1, and xbp-1 displayed enhanced susceptibility to V. alginolyticus. Cellular stress generated by V. alginolyticus was determined using ROS assay. This is the first report of proteome changes in C. elegans against V. alginolyticus challenge and highlights the significance of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway during bacterial infection.
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Durai S, Vigneshwari L, Balamurugan K. Caenorhabditis elegans-based in vivo screening of bioactives from marine sponge-associated bacteria against Vibrio alginolyticus. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1329-42. [PMID: 24034129 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To establish Caenorhabditis elegans based in vivo method for screening bioactives from marine sponge associated bacteria (SAB) against Vibrio species. METHODS AND RESULTS About 256 SAB isolates were screened for their ability to rescue C. elegans infected with Vibrio species. The chloroform extract of the positive isolate was subjected to column fractionation and purity of the active fraction was analysed using HPLC. Further, the components were elucidated using GC/MS. The active fraction was tested for its in vivo rescue activity, antibacterial and anti-QS activity. In vivo colonization reduction and biofilm inhibition efficiency were assessed using GFP-tagged V. alginolyticus using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The ability of the active fraction in modulating expression of V. alginolyticus quorum sensing (QS) regulators luxT and lafK was measured using real-time PCR. The results indicated that the chloroform extract of SAB4.2 displayed significant rescue activity against V. alginolyticus by inhibiting the QS pathway. HPLC analysis of the active fraction revealed a single major peak and GC/MS analysis suggested Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) as the major constituent. The potent bacterial isolate was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis. CONCLUSIONS In vivo screening using C. elegans identified a marine isolate that inhibits the virulence of V. alginolyticus by interrupting the QS pathway. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides a C. elegans based in vivo screening method for identifying bioactives from natural resources by overcoming the disadvantages of traditional in vitro plate assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Durai
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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JebaMercy G, Vigneshwari L, Balamurugan K. A MAP Kinase pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans is required for defense against infection by opportunistic Proteus species. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:550-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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JebaMercy G, Balamurugan K. Effects of sequential infections of Caenorhabditis elegans with Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 56:825-35. [PMID: 22957781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans can be used to study the dynamics of polymicrobial infections, specifically those between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. With C. elegans, Proteus mirabilis acts as an opportunistic pathogen and does not kill this host. Hence, in the present study, C. elegans was immunochallenged by pre-infecting it with the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in order to study the subsequent effect of P. mirabilis on the host. It was found that 12 hrs of S. aureus and 80 hrs of subsequent P. mirabilis infection significantly reduced the life span of exposed C. elegans by 80%. However, preinfection with S. aureus for 8 and 4 hrs reduced the life span of C. elegans by only 60 and 30%, respectively. Further, there was greater production of reactive oxygen species in the sequentially infected samples than in the S. aureus and P. mirabilis controls. Real time PCR analysis indicated regulation of candidate immune regulatory genes, lysozyme (lys-7), CUB-like proteins (F08G5.6), neuropeptide-like factors (nlp-29), transcription factors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ATF-7) and daf-2-daf-16 (daf-16), insulin-like signaling pathways and C-type lectin (clec-60 and clec-87) family members during S. aureus and subsequent P. mirabilis-mediated infections, indicating possible roles of, and contributions by, the above factors during host immune responses against these sequential infections. The present findings demonstrate that S. aureus infections increase the vulnerability of the C. elegans host by subverting its immune system, which then permits the opportunistic pathogen P. mirabilis to be pathogenic to this host.
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