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Jeon SH, Seong HJ, Kim H, Kim D, Yang KY, Nam SH. Improvement of branched-chain amino acid production by isolated high-producing protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NY130 on isolated soy/whey proteins and their muscle cell protection. Food Chem 2024; 450:139327. [PMID: 38636380 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are vital components of human and animal nutrition that contribute to the building blocks of proteins. In this study, 170 protease-producing strains were isolated and screened from soy-fermented foods. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NY130 was obtained from Cheonggukjang with high production of BCAAs. Optimal production of protease from B. amyloliquefaciens NY130 (protease NY130) was achieved at 42 °C and pH 6.0 for 21 h. It was purified and determined as 27- and 40 kDa. Protease NY130 showed maximum activity at pH 9.0 and 45 °C with Km value of 10.95 mg for ISP and 1.69 mg for WPI. Protease-treated ISP and WPI showed increased sweetness and saltiness via electronic tongue analysis and enhanced the protective effect against oxidative stress in C2C12 myocytes by increasing p-mTOR/mTOR protein expression to 160%. This work possesses potential in producing BCAAs by using protease for utilization in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Hyun Jeon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jun Seong
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Kim
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea; Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bioscience & Technology, Center for Food and Bioconvergece, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Yeol Yang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Nam
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agricultural and Life Science Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Khadka DB, Pahadi T, Aryal S, Karki DB. Partial purification and characterization of protease extracted from kinema. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27173. [PMID: 38463843 PMCID: PMC10923713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from kinema, partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The kinema having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30-70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed kinema protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5-9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens' plots showed the protease had Vmax of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding Km value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from kinema could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambar Bahadur Khadka
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Tikaram Pahadi
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sunil Aryal
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur Karki
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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Khan Z, Shafique M, Tanoeyadi S, Solangi BA, Khan SA, Jabeen N, Nawaz HR, Naz SA, Mahmud T. Characterization and Pilot-Scale Application of the ZMS-2 Serine Protease with Novel Properties for the Eco-friendly Leather Processing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04790-6. [PMID: 37999897 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbial alkaline proteases are dominating the global enzyme market with a share of over 65% due to their multifarious catalytic potentials. Hence, production of proteases with novel properties of commercial significance is highly desirable to meet the global enzyme demand. Here, we report the purification, characterization, and pilot-scale application of a serine protease from the desert soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis ZMS-2 with novel properties as dehairing agent in leather processing. The enzyme was purified 16.5-fold with a specific activity of 1543.5 U mg-1 and recovery percentage of 33.6% using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was characterized as a metal ion-, surfactant-, and denaturant-compatible alkaline serine protease having a molecular weight of 36.1 kDa with an optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 60 °C. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was enhanced by Zn+2 (204%), Ag+ (110%), H2O2 (123%), Triton X-100 (110%), iso-octane (109%), chloroform (110%), ethanol (105%), ethyl acetate (110%), and acetonitrile (128%). During pilot-scale applications, the optimum condition was found to be a combination of enzyme (1.5%, 460 U mL-1), sodium sulfide (2%), and calcium hydroxide (lime) (3%). Under this condition, the time required for complete dehairing was 90 min. Chemoenzymatically processed skins exhibited better physical properties than chemically processed skin, including tensile strength (16.35 ± 6.68 N/mm), ball burst (452.88 ± 6.06 N/mm), percent elongation (38.85 ± 1.06 N), tear strength (50.16 ± 4.42 N/mm), and softness (6.5 mm). Electron microscopy analysis of the treated skin showed complete removal of hairs with roots, confirming the keratin specificity of the enzyme. Moreover, the enzyme-assisted dehairing process reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) by 68, 77, 34, and 39%, respectively. Thus, the alkaline serine protease from B. subtilis ZMS-2 is a potential dehairing agent for the eco-friendly processing of animal skins on industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
| | - Maryam Shafique
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan.
| | - Samuel Tanoeyadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
| | | | - Sumera Afzal Khan
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Jabeen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Rub Nawaz
- Leather Research Centre, PCSIR, SITE, Karachi, D-102, 75700, Pakistan
| | - Sehar Afshan Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA.
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Adetunji AI, Olaniran AO. Biocatalytic Profiling of Free and Immobilized Partially Purified Alkaline Protease from an Autochthonous Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially purified alkaline protease produced by an indigenous bacterial strain, Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES, was insolubilized in alginate beads using an entrapment technique. Maximum entrapped enzyme activities of 68.76% and 71.06% were recorded at optimum conditions of 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride. Biochemical profiling of free and immobilized proteases was investigated by determining their activity and stability as well as kinetic properties. Both enzyme preparations exhibited maximum activity at the optimum pH and temperature of 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, in comparison to the free enzyme, the immobilized protease showed improved pH stability at 8.0–9.0 and thermal stability at 40–50 °C. In addition, the entrapped protease exhibited a higher Vmax and increased affinity to the substrate (1.65-fold) than the soluble enzyme. The immobilized protease was found to be more stable than the free enzyme, retaining 80.88% and 38.37% of its initial activity when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, for 30 d. After repeated use seven times, the protease entrapped in alginate beads maintained 32.93% of its original activity. These findings suggest the efficacy and sustainability of the developed immobilized catalytic system for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summit University, Offa 250101, Nigeria
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9031, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Chen H, Wu J, Huang X, Feng X, Ji H, Zhao L, Wang J. Overexpression of Bacillus circulans alkaline protease in Bacillus subtilis and its potential application for recovery of protein from soybean dregs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:968439. [PMID: 36090104 PMCID: PMC9459226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.968439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important for decomposition of proteins to generate peptides or amino acids and have a broad range of applications in different industries. Herein, a gene encoding an alkaline protease (AprBcp) from Bacillus circulans R1 was cloned and bioinformatics analyzed. In addition, a series of strategies were applied to achieve high-level expression of AprBcp in Bacillus subtilis. The maximum activity of AprBcp reached 165,870 U/ml after 60 h fed-batch cultivation in 50 l bioreactor. The purified recombinant AprBcp exhibited maximum activity at 60°C and pH 10.0, and remained stable in the range from pH 8.0 to 11.0 and 30 to 45°C. Metal ions Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ could improve the stability of AprBcp. Furthermore, the recombinant AprBcp displayed great potential application on the recovery of protein from soybean dregs. The results of this study will provide an effective method to prepare AprBcp in B. subtilis and its potential application on utilization of soybean dregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Shanggutang Food Development Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwu Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Liangzhong Zhao,
| | - Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
- Jianrong Wang,
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6
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Li X, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Jiang G, Gan L, Tian Y, Shi B. High-expression and characterization of a novel serine protease from Ornithinibacillus caprae L9 T with eco-friendly applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35996-36012. [PMID: 35060042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, a novel thermophilic serine protease gene (P3862) from Ornithinibacillus caprae L9T was functionally expressed in Bacillus subtilis SCK6. The monomeric enzyme of about 29 kDa was purified to homogeneity with 43.91% of recovery and 2.81-folds of purification. Characterization of the purified protease revealed the optimum activity at pH 7 and 65 °C. The protease exhibited excellent activity and stability in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, ethanediol, n-hexane, Tween-20, Tween-80 and Triton X-100. P3862 displayed favorable caseinolytic activity, moderate keratinolytic activity but no collagenolytic activity. Besides, the homology model of P3862 possessed a globular configuration and characteristic of α/β hydrolase fold, and displayed stable interactions with casein, glycoprotein and keratin rather than collagen. Moreover, the crude enzyme could completely dehair goatskin within 6 h, resulting in decrease in BOD5, COD and TSS loads by 72.86, 74.07, and 73.79%, respectively, as compared with Na2S treatment. Biocatalytic applications revealed that it could effectively remove egg-stains from fabrics at 37 °C for 30 min with low supplementation (300 U/mL), and was able to degrade the feathers of duck and chicken. Overall, these outstanding properties make P3862 valuable in the development of environmentally friendly biotechnologies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Gan L, Jiang G, Tian Y, Shi B. Characterization and application of a novel halotolerant protease with no collagenase activity for cleaner dehairing of goatskin. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Compatibility and Washing Performance of Compound Protease Detergent. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease is the main enzyme of detergent. Through the combination of different proteases and the combination of protease and detergent additives, it can adapt to different washing conditions to improve the washing effect. In this experiment, whiteness determination, microscope scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to detect the whiteness values of the cloth pieces before and after washing, as well as the stain residue between the fibers on the surface of the cloth pieces. The protease detergent formula with better decontamination and anti-deposition effects was selected. The combination of alkaline protease, keratinase, and trypsin was cost-effective in removing stains. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the protein significantly changed after adding the enzyme preparation during washing, and the molecular weight of the protein was directly proportional to protein redeposition. The composite protease had a better comprehensive decontamination effect, and when compatible with suitable surfactants, anti-redeposition agents, and water-softening agents, the compound protease detergent exhibited a stronger decontamination ability than commercial detergents.
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9
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Harnessing the Keratinolytic Activity of Bacillus licheniformis Through Random Mutagenesis Using Ultraviolet and Laser Irradiations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:1546-1565. [PMID: 34806139 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is one of the important proteases, which is widely used for converting keratin of the keratinaceous materials into various value-added products. In this study, a popular keratinase producer, Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1, was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) and He-Ne laser irradiations to develop high keratinase-producing mutants. Laser irradiation showed a higher lethality of cells (94%) than UV treatment (92%), whereas laser treatment required a longer time (75 min) than UV treatment (20 min). A total of 58 mutants were selected from 176 isolates to study protein and keratinase production capability of the mutants. The highest keratin-to-casein (K:C) ratio (1.43) was exhibited by LU11 mutant, which was obtained from the combined laser and UV irradiations. The purified keratinase (65 kDa) of LU11 showed 40% yield 1.7-fold purity, while the respective value for wild enzyme was 29% and 1.3-fold. Both enzymes showed optimal activity at 55 ℃ and pH 8, with a Z value of 15.78 ℃ for LU11 and 19.72 ℃ for wild strain. The Vmax and specific constant (Kcat/Km) of the mutant enzyme were 357.17 U/ml and 33.11 min-1 mM-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the respective values of wild enzyme (102.04 U/ml and 28.36 min-1 mM-1).
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Wang X, He L, Zhao Q, Shi Y, Chen Y, Huang A. Structural Analysis of a Novel Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase from Moringa oleifera Seeds and Its Milk-Clotting Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7377-7387. [PMID: 34180221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel aspartic-type endopeptidase was previously obtained from Moringa oleifera seeds; however, its specific milk-clotting properties have remained unclear. Here, we used various biophysical and molecular simulation approaches for characterizing the structure and function of the aspartic-type endopeptidase. The endopeptidase was preferentially active toward κ-casein (CN) and hydrolyzed it more than calf rennet; however, its ability to hydrolyze α-CN and β-CN was weaker than that of calf rennet. The endopeptidase cleaved κ-CN at Gln135-Asp136 and generated a 15 588.18 Da peptide with 135 amino acids. We further simulated the docking complex of the endopeptidase and κ-CN and found out that they possibly combined with each other via hydrogen bonds. The flocculation reaction between the endopeptidase and κ-CN indicated that milk coagulation occurred within 60 min. Overall, our observations suggest that the aspartic-type endopeptidase can be a potential rennet alternative for cheese making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanan Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Aixiang Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Identification of a Novel Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Bacillus megaterium-TK1 for the Detergent and Leather Industry. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120472. [PMID: 33339223 PMCID: PMC7765983 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the current investigation, we describe the characteristic features of a novel Bacillus megaterium bacterium-derived protease with excellent thermostable enzyme activity under stringent alkaline conditions. The protease is highly compatible with various detergents and thus appears to be an eco-friendly additive for a variety of industrial applications. Abstract An increased need by the green industry for enzymes that can be exploited for eco-friendly industrial applications led us to isolate and identify a unique protease obtained from a proteolytic Bacillus megaterium-TK1 strain from a seawater source. The extracellular thermostable serine protease was processed by multiple chromatography steps. The isolated protease displayed a relative molecular weight (MW) of 33 kDa (confirmed by zymography), optimal enzyme performance at pH 8.0, and maximum enzyme performance at 70 °C with 100% substrate specificity towards casein. The proteolytic action was blocked by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine hydrolase inactivator. Protease performance was augmented by several bivalent metal cations. The protease tolerance was studied under stringent conditions with different industrial dispersants and found to be stable with Surf Excel, Tide, or Rin detergents. Moreover, this protease could clean blood-stained fabrics and showed dehairing activity for cow skin with significantly reduced pollution loads. Our results suggest that this serine protease is a promising additive for various eco-friendly usages in both the detergent and leather industries.
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12
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Chauhan JV, Mathukiya RP, Singh SP, Gohel SD. Two steps purification, biochemical characterization, thermodynamics and structure elucidation of thermostable alkaline serine protease from Nocardiopsis alba strain OM-5. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:39-50. [PMID: 33316342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Nocardiopsis alba strain OM-5 showed maximum protease production in submerged culture. The OM-5 protease was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified protease of 68 kDa showed maximum activity (3312 ± 1.64 U/mL) at 70 °C and was quite stable at 80 °C up to 4 M NaCl (w/v) at pH 9. The purified protease showed significant activity and stability in different cations, denaturing agents, metal ions, and osmolytes. The thermodynamic parameters including deactivation rate constant (Kd) and half lives (t1/2) at 50-80 °C were in the range of 2.50 × 10-3 to 5.50 × 10-3 and 277.25-111.25 min respectively at 0-4 M NaCl. The structural stability of the OM-5 protease under various harsh conditions was elucidated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy followed by K2D3 analysis revealed that the native structure of OM-5 protease was stable even in sodium dodecyl sulfate and Tween 20 indicated by increased α-helices content assisted with decreased β-sheets content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagruti V Chauhan
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Riddhi P Mathukiya
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Sangeeta D Gohel
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India.
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13
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Zhang RX, Gong JS, Su C, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Recombinant expression and molecular engineering of the keratinase from Brevibacillus parabrevis for dehairing performance. J Biotechnol 2020; 320:57-65. [PMID: 32569793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is capable of distinctive degradation of keratin, which provides an eco-friendly approach for keratin waste management towards sustainable development. In this study, the recombinant keratinase (KERBP) from Brevibacillus parabrevis was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified KERBP had the specific activity of 6005.3 U/mg. It showed remarkable tolerance to various surfactants and also no collagenolytic activity. However, the moderate thermal stability limited its further application. Thus, protein engineering was further adopted to improve its stability. The variants of T218S, S236C and N181D were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis. Compared with the wild type, the t1/2 at 60 °C for the variants T218S, S236C and N181D were 3.05-, 1.18- and 1-fold increase, respectively. Moreover, the double variants N181D-T218S and N181D-S236C significantly improved thermostability with 5.1 and 2.9 °C increase of T50, and prolonging t1/2 at 60 °C with 4.09 and 1.54-fold, respectively. And the catalytic efficiency of the T218S and N181D-T218S variants was also significantly improved. Furthermore, the keratinase displayed favorable ability to dehair wool from skin within 7 h, which showed potential in leather dehairing. Our work contributes to a further insight into the thermostability of keratinase and offers a promising alternative for industrial leather application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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14
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Immobilization of Alkaline Protease From Bacillus brevis Using Ca-Alginate Entrapment Strategy for Improved Catalytic Stability, Silver Recovery, and Dehairing Potentialities. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Priyadarshini S, Ray P. Exploration of detergent-stable alkaline α-amylase AA7 from Bacillus sp strain SP-CH7 isolated from Chilika Lake. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:825-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Bhari R, Kaur M, Singh RS. Thermostable and halotolerant keratinase fromBacillus aeriusNSMk2 with remarkable dehairing and laundary applications. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:555-568. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Bhari
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Ram S. Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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17
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Li Z, Scott K, Hemar Y, Zhang H, Otter D. Purification and characterisation of a protease (tamarillin) from tamarillo fruit. Food Chem 2018; 256:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Erdyneeva EB, Radnagurueva AA, Dunaevsky YE, Belkova NL, Namsaraev ZB, Lavrentieva EV. Aminopeptidase Activity of Haloalkalophilic Bacteria of the Genus Halomonas Isolated from the Soda-Saline Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Boulkour Touioui S, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Bouacem K, Ben Ayed R, Rekik H, Zenati B, Kourdali S, Boudjella H, Sabaou N, Bejar S, El Hattab M, Badis A, Annane R, Jaouadi B. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel metalloprotease from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain TBS09. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2351-2363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Vidmar B, Vodovnik M. Microbial Keratinases: Enzymes with Promising Biotechnological Applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:312-328. [PMID: 30510475 PMCID: PMC6233012 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a complex and structurally stable protein found in human and animal hard tissues, such as feathers, wool, hair, hoof and nails. Some of these, like feathers and wool, represent one of the main sources of protein-rich waste with significant potential to be transformed into value-added products such as feed, fertilizers or bioenergy. A major limitation impeding valorization of keratinous substrates is their recalcitrant structure and resistance to hydrolysis by common proteases. However, specialized keratinolytic enzymes produced by some microorganisms can efficiently degrade these substrates. Keratinases have already found a purpose in pharmaceutical, textile and leather industries. However, their wider implementation in other processes, such as cost-effective (pre)treatment of poultry waste, still requires optimization of production and performance of the available enzymes. Here we present a comprehensive review covering molecular properties and characteristics of keratinases, their classification, traditional and novel approaches in discovery of novel enzymes, production, characterization, improvement and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Vidmar
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3,
SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Maša Vodovnik
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3,
SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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21
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Contesini FJ, Melo RRD, Sato HH. An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:321-334. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1354354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jares Contesini
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues de Melo
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélia Harumi Sato
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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22
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Mechri S, Ben Elhoul Berrouina M, Omrane Benmrad M, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Rekik H, Moujehed E, Chebbi A, Sayadi S, Chamkha M, Bejar S, Jaouadi B. Characterization of a novel protease from Aeribacillus pallidus strain VP3 with potential biotechnological interest. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:221-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Takenaka S, Umeda M, Senba H, Koyama D, Tanaka K, Yoshida KI, Doi M. Heterologous expression and characterisation of the Aspergillus aspartic protease involved in the hydrolysis and decolorisation of red-pigmented proteins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:95-101. [PMID: 26919469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus repens strain MK82 produces an aspartic protease (PepA_MK82) that efficiently decolorises red-pigmented proteins during dried bonito fermentation. However, further expansion of the industrial applications of PepA_MK82 requires the high-level production and efficient preparation of the recombinant enzyme. RESULTS The genomic DNA and cDNA fragments encoding the protease were cloned from strain MK82 and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of PepA_MK82 and comparisons with previously reported fungal aspartic proteases showed that PepA_MK 82 clusters with different groups of these enzymes. Heterologous expression of PepA_MK82 in Pichia pastoris yielded preparations of higher purity than obtained with an Escherichia coli expression system. Total protease activity in a 100-mL culture of the P. pastoris transformant was 14 times higher than that from an equivalent culture of A. repense MK82. The recombinant PepA_MK82 was easily obtained via acetone precipitation; the final recovery was 83%. PepA_MK82 and its recombinant had similar characteristics in terms of their optimal pH, thermostability, and decolorisation activity. The recombinant was also able to decolorise flaked, dried bonito and to bleach a blood-stained cloth. CONCLUSION Given its ability to hydrolyse and decolorise red-pigmented proteins, recombinant PepA_MK8 can be exploited in the food industry and as a stain-removal agent in laundry applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takenaka
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mayo Umeda
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hisanori Senba
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Dai Koyama
- Marutomo Co., Ltd, 1696 Kominato, Iyo, Ehime, 799-3192, Japan
| | - Kosei Tanaka
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshida
- Division of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mikiharu Doi
- Marutomo Co., Ltd, 1696 Kominato, Iyo, Ehime, 799-3192, Japan
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24
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Maruthiah T, Somanath B, Jasmin JV, Immanuel G, Palavesam A. Production, purification and characterization of halophilic organic solvent tolerant protease from marine crustacean shell wastes and its efficacy on deproteinization. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:157. [PMID: 28330229 PMCID: PMC4961627 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum of marine fish wastes produced by fish processing industries has necessitated to search new methods for its disposal. Hence, this study is focused on production and purification of halophilic organic solvent tolerant protease (HOSP) from marine Alcaligenes faecalis APCMST-MKW6 using marine shell wastes as substrate. The candidate bacterium was isolated from the marine sediment of Manakudi coast and identified as A. faecalis APCMST-MKW6. The purified protease showed 16.39-fold purity, 70.34 U/mg specific activity with 21.67 % yield. The molecular weight of the purified alkaline protease was 49 kDa. This purified protease registered maximum activity at pH 9 and it was stable between pH 8–9 after 1.30 h of incubation. The optimum temperature registered was 60 °C and it was stable between 50 and 60 °C even after 1.30 h of incubation. This enzyme also showed maximum activity at 20 % NaCl concentration. Further, manganese chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and barium chloride influenced this enzyme activity remarkably and it was also found to be enhanced by many of the tested surfactants and solvents. The candidate bacterium effectively deproteinized the shrimp shell waste compared to the other tested crustaceans shell wastes and also attained maximum antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai Maruthiah
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629 502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Beena Somanath
- Department of Zoology, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627 012, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Grasian Immanuel
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari, 629 502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arunachalam Palavesam
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627 012, Tamilnadu, India.
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25
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Biochemical characterization of a novel surfactant-stable serine keratinase with no collagenase activity from Brevibacillus parabrevis CGMCC 10798. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:843-851. [PMID: 27651275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehairing is a high pollution process in leather industry. Conventionally, the lime-sulfide mediated chemical process for dehairing would lead to the discharge of pollutants and corrosion of industrial equipment. Concerning these problems, keratinase has become a promising candidate for dehairing process in recent years. In this study, a keratinase-producing bacterium was isolated from sheepfold soil and identified as Brevibacillus parabrevis CGMCC 10798 based on the biochemical characteristics and molecular identification. The keratinase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity with 17.19% of recovery, 13.18 folds of purification and an estimated molecular weight of 28kDa. The enzyme exhibited high keratinase activity and no collagenase activity. Besides, the keratinase showed optimal activity at 60°C and pH 8.0. The enzyme activity could be significantly increased in the presence of Na+ and Ca2+. And it was inhibited by EDTA, and PMSF, which indicated that the keratinase belongs to serine-metallo protease. The enzyme could remain stable in the presence of surfactants. Especially, 5mM Tween 40 and Triton 100 could improve the activity by 11% and 30%, respectively. Moreover, B. parabrevis keratinase could completely dehair goat wool within 7h, which indicated its application potential in leather industry.
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26
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Embaby AM, Saeed H, Hussein A. SHG10 keratinolytic alkaline protease fromBacillus licheniformisSHG10 DSM 28096: Robust stability and unusual non-cumbersome purification. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1317-1330. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira M. Embaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research; Alexandria University; Egypt
| | - Hesham Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research; Alexandria University; Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research; Alexandria University; Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas USA
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27
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Salihi A, Asoodeh A, Aliabadian M. Production and biochemical characterization of an alkaline protease from Aspergillus oryzae CH93. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 94:827-835. [PMID: 27293035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Aspergillus oryzae CH93 was isolated from soil sample and examined using molecular analysis. Following culture of A. oryzae CH93 under optimal enzyme production, a 47.5kDa extracellular protease was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Q-Sepharose chromatography. The optimal pH 8 and temperature of 50°C obtained for the isolated protease. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), H2O2 decreased activity, while Triton X-100 and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) had no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity; meanwhile, 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) declined the protease activity. Isoamyl alcohol and acetone (30%) enhanced activity whereas 2-propanol, isopropanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (30%) reduced protease activity. The enzyme exhibited a half-life of 100min at its optimum temperature. Among five substrates of bovine serum albumin (BSA), N-acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester monohydrate (ATEE), casein, azocasein and gelatin results showed that casein is the best substrate with Vmax of 0.1411±0.004μg/min and Km of 2.432±0.266μg/ml. In conclusion, the extracted protease from A. oryzae CH93 as a fungal source possessed biochemical features which could be useful in some application usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Salihi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Production, purification and characterization of a thermotolerant alkaline serine protease from a novel species Bacillus caseinilyticus. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:53. [PMID: 28330122 PMCID: PMC4752951 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline proteases are important enzymes in many industrial applications, especially as additives in laundry detergent industry. Though there
are a number of Bacillus species which are reported to be producing proteases, the efficiency of a protease produced by a novel strain has to be studied in comparison to the others. Hence, in this study, an alkaline serine protease produced by a novel species Bacilluscaseinilyticus was purified and characterized for its possible usage in detergent industry. Ammonium sulphate, dialysis and DEAE column chromatographic methods were used for purification of the isolated alkaline protease. The molecular weight of the protease was determined by SDS-PAGE and it was found to be 66 kDa. Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) was carried out using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry and the peptides were found to be similar to that of subtilisin protease. Specific activity of purified protein was found to be 89.2 U/mg. Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were at pH 8 and 60 °C, respectively, showing stability with 10 mM CaCl2. Phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) at both 5 and 10 mM concentrations completely inhibited the enzyme activity suggesting its serine nature. EDTA, metal ions Mg2+ and Ca2+ increased the enzyme activity. The one factor at a time optimisation of the protease production was carried to identify the important factors that affect its production. After optimisation, the protease was produced at lab scale, purified and characterised. This alkali, thermotolerant serine protease was found to be significantly stable in the presence of various surfactants and H2O2. Also, it was successfully able to remove blood stain when used as an additive along with commercial detergent suggesting its potential application in the laundry detergent industry.
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29
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Zhang RX, Gong JS, Zhang DD, Su C, Hou YS, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. A metallo-keratinase from a newly isolated Acinetobacter sp. R-1 with low collagenase activity and its biotechnological application potential in leather industry. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 39:193-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Purification and biochemical characterization of two detergent-stable serine alkaline proteases from Streptomyces sp. strain AH4. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1079-92. [PMID: 26002109 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. strain AH4 exhibited a high ability to produce two extracellular proteases when cultured on a yeast malt-extract (ISP2)-casein-based medium. Pure proteins were obtained after heat treatment (30 min at 70 °C) and ammonium sulphate fractionation (30-60 %), followed by size exclusion HPLC column. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the purified enzymes (named SAPS-P1 and SAPS-P2) were monomers with molecular masses of 36,417.13 and 21,099.10 Da, respectively. Their identified N-terminal amino acid displayed high homologies with those of Streptomyces proteases. While SAPS-P1 was optimally active at pH 12.0 and 70 °C, SAPS-P2 showed optimum activity at pH 10.0 and 60 °C. Both enzymes were completely stable within a wide range of temperature (45-75 °C) and pH (8.0-11.5). They were noted to be completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl fluorophosphates, which confirmed their belonging to the serine proteases family. Compared to SAPS-P2, SAPS-P1 showed high thermostability and excellent stability towards bleaching, denaturing, and oxidizing agents. Both enzymes displayed marked stability and compatibility with a wide range of commercial laundry detergents and significant catalytic efficiencies compared to Subtilisin Carlsberg and Protease SG-XIV. Overall, the results indicated that SAPS-P1 and SAPS-P2 can be considered as potential promising candidates for future application as bioadditives in detergent formulations.
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Purification, biochemical characterization and structural modeling of a potential htrA-like serine protease from Bacillus subtilis DR8806. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Microorganisms living on macroalgae: diversity, interactions, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2917-35. [PMID: 24562178 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms play key roles in every marine ecological process, hence the growing interest in studying their populations and functions. Microbial communities on algae remain underexplored, however, despite their huge biodiversity and the fact that they differ markedly from those living freely in seawater. The study of this microbiota and of its relationships with algal hosts should provide crucial information for ecological investigations on algae and aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, because these microorganisms interact with algae in multiple, complex ways, they constitute an interesting source of novel bioactive compounds with biotechnological potential, such as dehalogenases, antimicrobials, and alga-specific polysaccharidases (e.g., agarases, carrageenases, and alginate lyases). Here, to demonstrate the huge potential of alga-associated organisms and their metabolites in developing future biotechnological applications, we first describe the immense diversity and density of these microbial biofilms. We further describe their complex interactions with algae, leading to the production of specific bioactive compounds and hydrolytic enzymes of biotechnological interest. We end with a glance at their potential use in medical and industrial applications.
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33
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Vijayaraghavan P, Lazarus S, Vincent SGP. De-hairing protease production by an isolated Bacillus cereus strain AT under solid-state fermentation using cow dung: Biosynthesis and properties. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 21:27-34. [PMID: 24596497 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial residues and cow dung were used as the substrate for the production of alkaline protease by Bacillus cereus strain AT. The bacterial strain Bacillus cereus strain AT produced a high level of protease using cow dung substrate (4813 ± 62 U g(-1)). Physiological fermentation factors such as the incubation time (72 h), the pH (9), the moisture content (120%), and the inoculum level (6%) played a vital role in the enzyme bioprocess. The enzyme production improved with the supplementation of maltose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zymogram analysis of the purified protease indicated an estimated molecular mass of 46 kDa. The protease enzyme was stable over a temperature range of 40-50 °C and pH 6-9, with maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 8. Among the divalent ions tested, Ca(2+), Na(+) and Mg(2+) showed activities of 107 ± 0.7%, 103.5 ± 1.3%, and 104.6 ± 0.9, respectively. The enzyme showed stability in the presence of surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and on various commercially available detergents. The crude enzyme effectively de-haired goat hides within 18 h of incubation at 30 °C. The enzymatic properties of this protease suggest its suitable application as an additive in detergent formulation and also in leather processing. Based on the laboratory results, the use of cow dung for producing and extracting enzyme is not cumbersome and is easy to scale up. Considering its cheap cost and availability, cow dung is an ideal substrate for enzyme bioprocess in an industrial point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sophia Lazarus
- Department of Biotechnology, Holycross College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District, India
| | - Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629 502, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
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34
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Disclosing a crypt: microbial diversity and degradation activity of the microflora isolated from funeral clothes of Cardinal Peter Pázmány. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:289-99. [PMID: 23305771 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A crypt can be considered as a particular environment where different microbial communities contribute to decomposition of organic materials present inside during a long interval of time. The textile remains of the funeral clothes (biretta and tunic) of Cardinal Pázmány, an important historic figure dead in Bratislava the 19th March 1637, conserved in this kind of environment were subjected to microbial investigation. The sampling comprised three different approaches and the use of various kinds of cultivation media. Two different PCR-based clustering methods, f-ITS and f-CBH, were employed in order to select the bacterial and fungal microfloras which were identified in a second step by the 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing respectively. The isolated microflora was tested for its proteolytic, keratinolytic and cellulolytic activities and for its ability to grow on Fibroin agar medium. The combination of cultural, molecular and biodegradative assays was able to isolate and characterize a bacterial community composed mainly by members of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. The fungal community appeared more diversified, together with several Penicillium and Aspergillus strains, members belonging to the species Beauveria bassiana, Eurotium cristatum, Xenochalara juniperi, Phialosimplex caninus and Myriodontium keratinophilum were isolated. Bacteria, especially the Bacillus members, showed their strong ability to degrade keratin and gelatin and a large portion of them was able to growth on Fibroin agar. The fungal isolates displayed a widespread cellulolytic activity and fibroin utilization, although they possessed a weaker and slower proteolytic and keratinolytic properties respect to bacterial counterpart. The present study can be considered perhaps as the first or among the few microbial investigations which treated the textile biodegradation from such unusual environment.
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