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Krakowski P, Rejniak A, Sobczyk J, Karpiński R. Cartilage Integrity: A Review of Mechanical and Frictional Properties and Repair Approaches in Osteoarthritis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1648. [PMID: 39201206 PMCID: PMC11353818 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability around the globe, especially in aging populations. The main symptoms of OA are pain and loss of motion and function of the affected joint. Hyaline cartilage has limited ability for regeneration due to its avascularity, lack of nerve endings, and very slow metabolism. Total joint replacement (TJR) has to date been used as the treatment of end-stage disease. Various joint-sparing alternatives, including conservative and surgical treatment, have been proposed in the literature; however, no treatment to date has been fully successful in restoring hyaline cartilage. The mechanical and frictional properties of the cartilage are of paramount importance in terms of cartilage resistance to continuous loading. OA causes numerous changes in the macro- and microstructure of cartilage, affecting its mechanical properties. Increased friction and reduced load-bearing capability of the cartilage accelerate further degradation of tissue by exerting increased loads on the healthy surrounding tissues. Cartilage repair techniques aim to restore function and reduce pain in the affected joint. Numerous studies have investigated the biological aspects of OA progression and cartilage repair techniques. However, the mechanical properties of cartilage repair techniques are of vital importance and must be addressed too. This review, therefore, addresses the mechanical and frictional properties of articular cartilage and its changes during OA, and it summarizes the mechanical outcomes of cartilage repair techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Krakowski
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Emergency Medicine, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Adrian Rejniak
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sobczyk
- Orthopaedic and Sports Traumatology Department, Carolina Medical Center, Pory 78, 02-757 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Robert Karpiński
- Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Gazińska MA, Krokos A. Tunable structure and linear viscoelastic properties of poly(glycerol adipate urethane)-based elastomeric composites for tissue regeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106493. [PMID: 38484428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Elastomeric biocomposites based on poly(glycerol adipate urethane) and hydroxyapatite were fabricated for tissue regeneration. The poly(glycerol adipate urethane) (PGAU) elastomeric composite matrices were obtained by chemical crosslinking of the poly(glycerol adipate) prepolymer (pPGA) with diisocyanate derivative of L-lysine. Two series of composites varying in the amount of L-lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester (LDI) used as a crosslinking agent were manufactured. As a ceramic filler both unmodified and L-lysine surface-modified hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles were used. The novelty of our research consists in the manufactured elastomeric materials and characterization of their linear viscoelastic (LVE) properties. The LVE properties of the composites were investigated by means of dynamic thermomechanical analysis. Frequency sweep and amplitude sweep measurements were performed in shear mode. The influence of the crosslinking agent (LDI) amount, HAP content and surface modification of HAP on the LVE properties of the composites was determined based on the analysis of the master curves of storage (G') and loss (G″) moduli and of tanδ of the composites. Depending on the amount of LDI, HAP and surface modification, the materials differ in the values of rubber elasticity plateau modulus (G0) and G' and G″ determined at selected shear frequencies and at the glassy state. G0 ranges from 278 kPa to 3.98 MPa, G' in the glassy state is within the range of 219 MPa-459 MPa. The G0 values of the PGAU-based composites are within the stiffness range of soft tissue. In view of the choice of HAP as the ceramic component and the G0 values, elastomeric composites have the potential to be used as filling materials in small bone defects (due to their mechanical similarity to osteoid) as well as materials for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Anna Gazińska
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Krokos
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Wang GK, Yang YM, Jia D. Programming viscoelastic properties in a complexation gel composite by utilizing entropy-driven topologically frustrated dynamical state. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3569. [PMID: 38671020 PMCID: PMC11053056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel composites in an aqueous media with viscoelastic properties and elastic modulus that can be precisely tailored are desirable to mimic many biological tissues ranging from mucus, vitreous humor, and nucleus pulposus as well as build up biosensors. Without altering the chemistry, tuning the physical interactions and structures to govern the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels is indispensable for their applications but quite limited. Here we design a complexation gel composite and utilize the physical principle of topologically frustrated dynamical state to tune the correlated structures between the guest polycation chains and negatively charged host gels. We precisely quantify the mesh size of the host gel and guest chain size. By designing various topologically correlated structures, a viscoelastic moduli map can be built up, ranging from tough to ultrasoft, and from elastic-like with low damping properties to viscous-like with high damping properties. We also tune the swelling ratio by using entropy effect and discover an Entropy-driven Topologically Isovolumetric Point. Our findings provide essential physics to understand the relationship between entropy-driven correlated structures and their viscoelastic properties of the complexation hydrogel composites and will have diverse applications in tissue engineering and soft biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Kang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Ming Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Kupratis ME, Rahman A, Burris DL, Corbin EA, Price C. Enzymatic digestion does not compromise sliding-mediated cartilage lubrication. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:196-207. [PMID: 38428511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage's remarkable low-friction properties are essential to joint function. In osteoarthritis (OA), cartilage degeneration (e.g., proteoglycan loss and collagen damage) decreases tissue modulus and increases permeability. Although these changes impair lubrication in fully depressurized and slowly slid cartilage, new evidence suggests such relationships may not hold under biofidelic sliding conditions more representative of those encountered in vivo. Our recent studies using the convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) configuration demonstrate that articulation (i.e., sliding) generates interfacial hydrodynamic pressures capable of replenishing cartilage interstitial fluid/pressure lost to compressive loading through a mechanism termed tribological rehydration. This fluid recovery sustains in vivo-like kinetic friction coefficients (µk<0.02 in PBS and <0.005 in synovial fluid) with little sensitivity to mechanical properties in healthy tissue. However, the tribomechanical function of compromised cartilage under biofidelic sliding conditions remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of OA-like changes in cartilage mechanical properties, modeled via enzymatic digestion of mature bovine cartilage, on its tribomechanical function during cSCA sliding. We found no differences in sliding-driven tribological rehydration behaviors or µk between naïve and digested cSCA cartilage (in PBS or synovial fluid). This suggests that OA-like cartilage retains sufficient functional properties to support naïve-like fluid recovery and lubrication under biofidelic sliding conditions. However, OA-like cartilage accumulated greater total tissue strains due to elevated strain accrual during initial load application. Together, these results suggest that elevated total tissue strains-as opposed to activity-mediated strains or friction-driven wear-might be the key biomechanical mediator of OA pathology in cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis (OA) decreases cartilage's modulus and increases its permeability. While these changes compromise frictional performance in benchtop testing under low fluid load support (FLS) conditions, whether such observations hold under sliding conditions that better represent the joints' dynamic FLS conditions in vivo is unclear. Here, we leveraged biofidelic benchtop sliding experiments-that is, those mimicking joints' native sliding environment-to examine how OA-like changes in mechanical properties effect cartilage's natural lubrication. We found no differences in sliding-mediated fluid recovery or kinetic friction behaviors between naïve and OA-like cartilage. However, OA-like cartilage experienced greater strain accumulation during load application, suggesting that elevated tissue strains (not friction-driven wear) may be the primary biomechanical mediator of OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atia Rahman
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - David L Burris
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Elise A Corbin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Christopher Price
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Kundak H, Bilisik K. Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092083. [PMID: 37177227 PMCID: PMC10181393 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms were developed as temporary scaffolds for three-dimensional tissue regeneration applications. Three-dimensional biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms including various degrees of interlaced structures called 3D plain, semi-interlaced, and orthogonal woven preforms were designed. Analytical relations and finite element model-based software (TexGen) on fiber volume fraction and porosity fraction were proposed to predict scaffolds' stiffness and strength properties considering micromechanics relations. It was revealed that yarn-to-yarn space, density, and angles of all 3D PGA fiber preforms were heterogeneous and demonstrated direction-dependent features (anisotropy). Total fiber volume fractions (Vfp) and porosity fraction (Vtpr) predicted by analytic and numerical modelling of all 3D scaffolds showed some deviations compared to the measured values. This was because yarn cross-sections in the scaffolds were changed from ideal circular yarn (fiber TOW) geometry to high-order ellipse (lenticular) due to inter-fiber pressure generated under a tensile-based macrostress environment during preform formation. Z-yarn modulus (Ez-yarn) and strength (σz-yarn) were probably critical values due to strong stiffness and strength in the through-the-thickness direction where hydrogel modulus and strengths were negligibly small. Morphology of the scaffold showed that PGA fiber sets in the preform were locally distorted, and they appeared as inconsistent and inhomogeneous continuous fiber forms. Additionally, various porosity shapes in the preform based on the virtual model featured complex shapes from nearly trapezoidal beams to partial or concave rectangular beams and ellipsoid rectangular cylinders. It was concluded that 3D polyglycolic acid fiber preforms could be a temporary supportive substrate for 3D tissue regeneration because cells in the scaffold's thickness can grow via through-the-thickness fiber (z-yarn), including various possible mechanobiology mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Kundak
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kadir Bilisik
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Nanotechnology Application and Research Centre (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Talas 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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Rahman MM, Watton PN, Neu CP, Pierce DM. A chemo-mechano-biological modeling framework for cartilage evolving in health, disease, injury, and treatment. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 231:107419. [PMID: 36842346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a pervasive and debilitating disease, wherein degeneration of cartilage features prominently. Despite extensive research, we do not yet understand the cause or progression of OA. Studies show biochemical, mechanical, and biological factors affect cartilage health. Mechanical loads influence synthesis of biochemical constituents which build and/or break down cartilage, and which in turn affect mechanical loads. OA-associated biochemical profiles activate cellular activity that disrupts homeostasis. To understand the complex interplay among mechanical stimuli, biochemical signaling, and cartilage function requires integrating vast research on experimental mechanics and mechanobiology-a task approachable only with computational models. At present, mechanical models of cartilage generally lack chemo-biological effects, and biochemical models lack coupled mechanics, let alone interactions over time. METHODS We establish a first-of-its kind virtual cartilage: a modeling framework that considers time-dependent, chemo-mechano-biologically induced turnover of key constituents resulting from biochemical, mechanical, and/or biological activity. We include the "minimally essential" yet complex chemical and mechanobiological mechanisms. Our 3-D framework integrates a constitutive model for the mechanics of cartilage with a novel model of homeostatic adaptation by chondrocytes to pathological mechanical stimuli, and a new application of anisotropic growth (loss) to simulate degradation clinically observed as cartilage thinning. RESULTS Using a single set of representative parameters, our simulations of immobilizing and overloading successfully captured loss of cartilage quantified experimentally. Simulations of immobilizing, overloading, and injuring cartilage predicted dose-dependent recovery of cartilage when treated with suramin, a proposed therapeutic for OA. The modeling framework prompted us to add growth factors to the suramin treatment, which predicted even better recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our flexible framework is a first step toward computational investigations of how cartilage and chondrocytes mechanically and biochemically evolve in degeneration of OA and respond to pharmacological therapies. Our framework will enable future studies to link physical activity and resulting mechanical stimuli to progression of OA and loss of cartilage function, facilitating new fundamental understanding of the complex progression of OA and elucidating new perspectives on causes, treatments, and possible preventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul N Watton
- Department of Computer Science & Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Theodoridis K, Aggelidou E, Manthou ME, Kritis A. Hypoxia Promotes Cartilage Regeneration in Cell-Seeded 3D-Printed Bioscaffolds Cultured with a Bespoke 3D Culture Device. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076040. [PMID: 37047021 PMCID: PMC10094683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of oxygen tension on the expansion of ADMSCs and on their differentiation toward their chondrocytic phenotype, regenerating a lab-based cartilaginous tissue with superior characteristics. Controversial results with reference to MSCs that were cultured under different hypoxic levels, mainly in 2D culturing settings combined with or without other biochemical stimulus factors, prompted our team to study the role of hypoxia on MSCs chondrogenic differentiation within an absolute 3D environment. Specifically, we used 3D-printed honeycomb-like PCL matrices seeded with ADMSCs in the presence or absence of TGF and cultured with a prototype 3D cell culture device, which was previously shown to favor nutrient/oxygen supply, cell adhesion, and infiltration within scaffolds. These conditions resulted in high-quality hyaline cartilage that was distributed uniformly within scaffolds. The presence of the TGF medium was necessary to successfully produce cartilaginous tissues with superior molecular and increased biomechanical properties. Despite hypoxia's beneficial effect, it was overall not enough to fully differentiate ADMSCs or even promote cell expansion within 3D scaffolds alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Theodoridis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- CGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Aggelidou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- CGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU) of Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Manthou
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Anthropology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- CGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU) of Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Szarek P, Pierce DM. A specialized protocol for mechanical testing of isolated networks of type II collagen. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105466. [PMID: 36183667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical responses of most soft biological tissues rely heavily on networks of collagen fibers, thus quantifying the mechanics of both individual collagen fibers and networks of these fibers advances understanding of biological tissues in health and disease. The mechanics of type I collagen are well-studied and quantified. Yet no data exist on the tensile mechanical responses of individual type II collagen fibers nor of isolated networks comprised of type II collagen. We aimed to establish methods to facilitate studies of networked and individual type II collagen fibers within the native networked structure, specifically to establish best practices for isolating and mechanically testing type II collagen networks in tension. We systematically investigated mechanical tests of networks of type II collagen undergoing uniaxial extension, and quantified ranges for each of the important variables to help ensure that the experiment itself does not affect the measured mechanical parameters. Specifically we determined both the specimen (establishing networks of isolated collagen, the footprint and thickness of the specimen) and the mechanical test (both the device and the strain rate) to establish a repeatable and practical protocol. Mechanical testing of isolated networks of type II collagen fibers leveraging this protocol will lead to better understanding of the mechanics both of these networks and of the individual fibers. Such understanding may aid in developing and testing therapeutics, understanding inter-constituent interactions (and their roles in bulk-tissue biomechanics), investigating mechanical/biochemical modifications to networked type II collagen, and proposing, calibrating, and validating constitutive models for finite element analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Szarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America.
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9
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Hatami-Marbini H, Emu ME. Effect of corneal collagen crosslinking on viscoelastic shear properties of the cornea. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 133:105300. [PMID: 35749931 PMCID: PMC10826593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is responsible for most of the refractive power in the eye and acts as a protective layer for internal contents of the eye. The cornea requires mechanical strength for maintaining its precise shape and for withstanding external and internal forces. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is a treatment option to improve corneal mechanical properties. The primary objective of this study was to characterize CXL effects on viscoelastic shear properties of the porcine cornea as a function of compressive strain. For this purpose, corneal buttons were prepared and divided into three groups: control group (n = 5), pseudo-crosslinked group (n = 5), and crosslinked group (n = 5). A rheometer was used to perform dynamics torsional shear experiments on corneal disks at different levels of compressive strain (0%-40%). Specifically, strain sweep experiments and frequency sweep tests were done in order to determine the range of linear viscoelasticity and frequency dependent shear properties, respectively. It was found that the shear properties of all samples were dependent on the shear strain magnitude, loading frequency, and compressive strain. With increasing the applied shear strain, all samples showed a nonlinear viscoelastic response. Furthermore, the shear modulus of samples increased with increasing the frequency of the applied shear strain and/or increasing the compressive strain. Finally, the CXL treatment significantly increased the shear storage and loss moduli when the compressive strain was varied from 0% to 30% (p < 0.05); larger shear moduli were observed at compressive 40% strain but the difference was not significant (P = 0.12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hatami-Marbini
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Md Esharuzzaman Emu
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Kobayashi-Miura M, Osago H, Hamasaki Y, Takano I, Akiho M, Hiyoshi M, Hara N. Decrease in Glycosaminoglycan with Aging in Normal Rat Articular Cartilage Is Greater in Females than in Males. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221102566. [PMID: 35866183 PMCID: PMC9310225 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is more prevalent in females. We hypothesized that changes in articular cartilage (AC) constituents with aging may cause differences. Herein, we aimed to compare the changes in AC constituents with aging in male and female normal rats. DESIGN The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) contents of the AC in knee, hip, and shoulder joints of male and female rats were quantified and compared between age groups and sexes. RESULTS The amount of GAG was decreased in multiple joints in both males and females with aging. In females, it had a significant decrease in all joints measured. The decrease in GAG with aging was more severe in females than in males. Even in young rats, the amount of knee joint GAG was significantly less in females than in males. The amount of COL in the AC was unchanged with aging in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS The drastic GAG decrease with aging in female normal rats may explain the higher prevalence and more severe OA in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Kobayashi-Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan,Mikiko Kobayashi-Miura, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Harumi Osago
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Akiho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Hiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Zimmerman BK, Maas SA, Weiss JA, Ateshian GA. A Finite Element Algorithm for Large Deformation Biphasic Frictional Contact Between Porous-Permeable Hydrated Soft Tissues. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1115780. [PMID: 34382640 PMCID: PMC8547016 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The frictional response of porous and permeable hydrated biological tissues such as articular cartilage is significantly dependent on interstitial fluid pressurization. To model this response, it is common to represent such tissues as biphasic materials, consisting of a binary mixture of a porous solid matrix and an interstitial fluid. However, no computational algorithms currently exist in either commercial or open-source software that can model frictional contact between such materials. Therefore, this study formulates and implements a finite element algorithm for large deformation biphasic frictional contact in the open-source finite element software FEBio. This algorithm relies on a local form of a biphasic friction model that has been previously validated against experiments, and implements the model into our recently-developed surface-to-surface (STS) contact algorithm. Contact constraints, including those specific to pressurized porous media, are enforced with the penalty method regularized with an active-passive augmented Lagrangian scheme. Numerical difficulties specific to challenging finite deformation biphasic contact problems are overcome with novel smoothing schemes for fluid pressures and Lagrange multipliers. Implementation accuracy is verified against semi-analytical solutions for biphasic frictional contact, with extensive validation performed using canonical cartilage friction experiments from prior literature. Essential details of the formulation are provided in this paper, and the source code of this biphasic frictional contact algorithm is made available to the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve A. Maas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Jeffrey A. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Gerard A. Ateshian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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12
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Gonzalez-Fernandez P, Rodríguez-Nogales C, Jordan O, Allémann E. Combination of mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive molecules in hydrogels for osteoarthritis treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:41-52. [PMID: 35114357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and inflammatory disease with no effective regenerative treatments to date. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains to be fully explored. Intra-articular injection of these cells promotes cartilage protection and regeneration by paracrine signaling and differentiation into chondrocytes. However, joints display a harsh avascular environment for these cells upon injection. This phenomenon prompted researchers to develop suitable injectable materials or systems for MSCs to enhance their function and survival. Among them, hydrogels can absorb a large amount of water and maintain their 3D structure but also allow incorporation of bioactive agents or small molecules in their matrix that maximize the action of MSCs. These materials possess advantageous cartilage-like features such as collagen or hyaluronic acid moieties that interact with MSC receptors, thereby promoting cell adhesion. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the progress and opportunities of MSCs entrapped into hydrogels, combined with bioactive/small molecules to improve the therapeutic effects in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gonzalez-Fernandez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - C Rodríguez-Nogales
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - O Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - E Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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13
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Wanasingha N, Dorishetty P, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Polyelectrolyte Gels: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications. Gels 2021; 7:148. [PMID: 34563034 PMCID: PMC8482214 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels are an important class of polymer gels and a versatile platform with charged polymer networks with ionisable groups. They have drawn significant recent attention as a class of smart material and have demonstrated potential for a variety of applications. This review begins with the fundamentals of polyelectrolyte gels, which encompass various classifications (i.e., origin, charge, shape) and crucial aspects (ionic conductivity and stimuli responsiveness). It further centralises recent developments of polyelectrolyte gels, emphasising their synthesis, structure-property relationships and responsive properties. Sequentially, this review demonstrates how polyelectrolyte gels' flourishing properties create attractiveness to a range of applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, actuators and bioelectronics. Finally, the review outlines the indisputable appeal, further improvements and emerging trends in polyelectrolyte gels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naba K. Dutta
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.W.); (P.D.)
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14
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Liao J, Smith DW, Miramini S, Gardiner BS, Zhang L. A Probabilistic Failure Risk Approach to The Problem of Articular Cartilage Lubrication. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 203:106053. [PMID: 33761367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The geometrical and mechanical properties that characterise the cartilage contact gap are uncertain and spatially varied. To date the effects of such uncertainties on cartilage lubrication have not been explored. Using a probabilistic approach, the purpose of this study is to numerically investigate the influence of surficial cartilage glycoaminoglycan (GAG) content on joint lubrication behaviour. Gap asperity stiffness and polymer brush border (PBB) thickness are affected by the uncertainty of surficial GAG concentration, and so their correlated effects in maintaining hydrodynamic joint lubrication are investigated. METHODS Correlated sampling data are first generated by Monte Carlo simulation. These data are used as inputs for the cartilage contact model, which includes three distinctive features of cartilage tissue (tension-compression nonlinearity, aggrecan dependent permeability and compressive modulus) and fluid flow resistance effects of PBB on cartilage surface. The degree of hydrodynamic lubrication after thirty minutes of constant loading is used as an indicator for assessing the lubrication performance at the contact interface. RESULTS The increase of PBB thickness with GAG concentration enhances the hydrodynamic lubrication component in the cartilage contact gap, whereas increasing the asperity stiffness with GAG concentration impairs hydrodynamic lubrication. GAG loss rate increases with the rise of GAG concentration. More aggrecan shedding through the surface could result in a thicker and denser PBB, and therefore enhance the lubrication performance in mixed-mode regime. On the other hand, higher GAG content makes the asperities stiffer, which may impede contact gap closure, and thus encourage gap fluid loss and impair the lubrication performance of cartilage. CONCLUSION The lubrication performance of cartilage varies with the physiological conditions of the joint. Since a range of variables are internally related, the outcomes on joint lubrication are difficult to predict. A probabilistic approach accounting for the uncertainties can potentially result in more accurate evaluations of joint lubrication performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinJing Liao
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Saeed Miramini
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bruce S Gardiner
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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15
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Ghadie NM, St-Pierre JP, Labrosse MR. The Contribution of Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans to Aortic Mechanics in Health and Disease: A Critical Review. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3491-3500. [PMID: 33872141 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While elastin and collagen have received a lot of attention as major contributors to aortic biomechanics, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) recently emerged as additional key players whose roles must be better elucidated if one hopes to predict aortic ruptures caused by aneurysms and dissections more reliably. GAGs are highly negatively charged polysaccharide molecules that exist in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the arterial wall. In this critical review, we summarize the current understanding of the contributions of GAGs/PGs to the biomechanics of the normal aortic wall, as well as in the case of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Specifically, we describe the fundamental swelling behavior of GAGs/PGs and discuss their contributions to residual stresses and aortic stiffness, thereby highlighting the importance of taking these polyanionic molecules into account in mathematical and numerical models of the aorta. We suggest specific lines of investigation to further the acquisition of experimental data to complement simulations and solidify our current understanding. We underscore different potential roles of GAGs/PGs in thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAAD) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Namely, we report findings according to which the accumulation of GAGs/PGs in TAAD causes stress concentrations which may be sufficient to initiate and propagate delamination. On the other hand, there seems to be no clear indication of a relationship between the marked reduction in GAG/PG content and the stiffening and weakening of the aortic wall in AAA.
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16
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Liu J, Wang D, Li Y, Zhou Z, Zhang D, Li J, Chu H. Overall Structure Construction of an Intervertebral Disk Based on Highly Anisotropic Wood Hydrogel Composite Materials with Mechanical Matching and Buckling Buffering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15709-15719. [PMID: 33755430 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural intervertebral disks (IVDs) exhibit distinctive anisotropic mechanical support and dissipation performances due to their well-developed special microstructures. As the intact IVD structure degrades, the absence of function will lead to severe backache. However, the complete simulation for the characteristic structure and function of native IVD is unattainable using current methods. In this work, by overall construction of the two-phase structure of native IVD (extraction of the naturally aligned cellulose framework and in situ polymerization of the nanocomposite hydrogel), a complete wood framework IVD (WF-IVD) is manufactured containing elastic nanocomposite hydrogel-based nucleus pulposus (NP) and anisotropic wood cellulose hydrogel-based annulus fibrosus (AF). In addition to the imitation and construction of the natural structure, WF-IVD also achieves favorable mechanical matching and good biocompatibility and possesses unique mechanical buckling buffer characteristics owing to the aligned fiber bundles. This study offers a promising strategy for the mimicking and construction of complex native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dingqian Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hetao Chu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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17
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Theodoridis K, Manthou ME, Aggelidou E, Kritis A. In Vivo Cartilage Regeneration with Cell-Seeded Natural Biomaterial Scaffold Implants: 15-Year Study. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:206-245. [PMID: 33470169 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage can be easily damaged from human's daily activities, leading to inflammation and to osteoarthritis, a situation that can diminish the patients' quality of life. For larger cartilage defects, scaffolds are employed to provide cells the appropriate three-dimensional environment to proliferate and differentiate into healthy cartilage tissue. Natural biomaterials used as scaffolds, attract researchers' interest because of their relative nontoxic nature, their abundance as natural products, their easy combination with other materials, and the relative easiness to establish Marketing Authorization. The last 15 years were chosen to review, document, and elucidate the developments on cell-seeded natural biomaterials for articular cartilage treatment in vivo. The parameters of the experimental designs and their results were all documented and presented. Considerations about the newly formed cartilage and the treatment of cartilage defects were discussed, along with difficulties arising when applying natural materials, research limitations, and tissue engineering approaches for hyaline cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Theodoridis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences and cGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Anthropology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Aggelidou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences and cGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences and cGMP Regenerative Medicine Facility, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Szarek P, Lilledahl MB, Emery NC, Lewis CG, Pierce DM. The zonal evolution of collagen-network morphology quantified in early osteoarthritic grades of human cartilage. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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19
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Perni S, Prokopovich P. Rheometer enabled study of cartilage frequency-dependent properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20696. [PMID: 33244092 PMCID: PMC7693262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established dependence of cartilage mechanical properties on the frequency of the applied load, most research in the field is carried out in either load-free or constant load conditions because of the complexity of the equipment required for the determination of time-dependent properties. These simpler analyses provide a limited representation of cartilage properties thus greatly reducing the impact of the information gathered hindering the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this tissue replacement, development and pathology. More complex techniques could represent better investigative methods, but their uptake in cartilage research is limited by the highly specialised training required and cost of the equipment. There is, therefore, a clear need for alternative experimental approaches to cartilage testing to be deployed in research and clinical settings using more user-friendly and financial accessible devices. Frequency dependent material properties can be determined through rheometry that is an easy to use requiring a relatively inexpensive device; we present how a commercial rheometer can be adapted to determine the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage. Frequency-sweep tests were run at various applied normal loads on immature, mature and trypsinased (as model of osteoarthritis) cartilage samples to determine the dynamic shear moduli (G*, G′ G″) of the tissues. Moduli increased with increasing frequency and applied load; mature cartilage had generally the highest moduli and GAG depleted samples the lowest. Hydraulic permeability (KH) was estimated from the rheological data and decreased with applied load; GAG depleted cartilage exhibited higher hydraulic permeability than either immature or mature tissues. The rheometer-based methodology developed was validated by the close comparison of the rheometer-obtained cartilage characteristics (G*, G′, G″, KH) with results obtained with more complex testing techniques available in literature. Rheometry is relatively simpler and does not require highly capital intensive machinery and staff training is more accessible; thus the use of a rheometer would represent a cost-effective approach for the determination of frequency-dependent properties of cartilage for more comprehensive and impactful results for both healthcare professional and R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood BuildingCardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood BuildingCardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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20
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Dorishetty P, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Silk fibroins in multiscale dimensions for diverse applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33227-33247. [PMID: 35515035 PMCID: PMC9056751 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk biomaterials in different forms such as particles, coatings and their assemblies, represent unique type of materials in multiple scales and dimensions. Herein, we provide an overview of multi-scale silk fibroin materials including silk particles, silk coatings and silk assemblies, each of which represents a unique type of material with wide range of applications. They feature tunable structures and mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, which are essentially required for various biomedical and drug delivery applications. The review focuses on bringing a new perspective on the utilization of regenerated silk fibroins in modern biomedicine by beginning with the fabrication of silk in multiscale dimensions and their state-of-the-art applications in various biomedical and bioelectronic fields. It covers the fundamentals of processing silk fibroins in multi-dimensions (sizes and shapes) with a specific emphasis on its structural tunability at various length scales (nano-micro) by using the latest fabrication methods/mechanisms and advanced fabrication technologies, followed by their recent applications in diverse fields of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Dorishetty
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Naba K Dutta
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
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21
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Wu J, Chen Q, Deng C, Xu B, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Lu T. Exquisite design of injectable Hydrogels in Cartilage Repair. Theranostics 2020; 10:9843-9864. [PMID: 32863963 PMCID: PMC7449920 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage is still a threat to human beings, yet there is currently no treatment available to fully restore the function of cartilage. Recently, due to their unique structures and properties, injectable hydrogels have been widely studied and have exhibited high potential for applications in therapeutic areas, especially in cartilage repair. In this review, we briefly introduce the properties of cartilage, some articular cartilage injuries, and now available treatment strategies. Afterwards, we propose the functional and fundamental requirements of injectable hydrogels in cartilage tissue engineering, as well as the main advantages of injectable hydrogels as a therapy for cartilage damage, including strong plasticity and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, we comprehensively summarize the polymers, cells, and bioactive molecules regularly used in the fabrication of injectable hydrogels, with two kinds of gelation, i.e., physical and chemical crosslinking, which ensure the excellent design of injectable hydrogels for cartilage repair. We also include novel hybrid injectable hydrogels combined with nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the advances of this clinical application and the challenges of injectable hydrogels used in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University School of Life Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zeiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University School of Life Sciences
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22
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Nonlinear stress-dependent recovery behavior of the intervertebral disc. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103881. [PMID: 32957189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc exhibits complex mechanics due to its heterogeneous structure, inherent viscoelasticity, and interstitial fluid-matrix interactions. Sufficient fluid flow into the disc during low loading periods is important for maintaining mechanics and nutrient transport. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effect of loading magnitude on time-dependent recovery behavior and the relative contribution of multiple recovery mechanisms during recovery. In most studies that have evaluated disc recovery behavior, a single load condition has been considered, making it difficult to compare findings across studies. Hence, the objective of this study was to quantify unloaded disc recovery behavior after compressive creep loading under a wide range of physiologically relevant stresses (0.2-2 MPa). First, the repeatability of disc recovery behavior was assessed. Once repeatable recovery behavior was confirmed, each motion segment was subject to three cycles of creep-recovery loading, where each cycle consisted of a 24-h creep at a pre-assigned load (100, 200, 300, 600, 900, or 1200 N), followed by an 18-h recovery period at a nominal load (10 N). Results showed that disc recovery behavior was strongly influenced by the magnitude of loading. The magnitude of instantaneous and time-dependent recovery deformations increased nonlinearly with an increase in compressive stress during creep. In conclusion, this study highlights that elastic deformation, intrinsic viscoelasticity, and poroelasticity all have substantial contributions to disc height recovery during low loading periods. However, their relative contributions to disc height recovery largely depend on the magnitude of loading. While loading history does not influence the contribution of the short-term recovery, the contribution of long-term recovery is highly sensitive to loading magnitude.
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23
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Das Gupta S, Finnilä MA, Karhula SS, Kauppinen S, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Korhonen RK, Thambyah A, Rieppo L, Saarakkala S. Raman microspectroscopic analysis of the tissue-specific composition of the human osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis: A pilot study. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:145-155. [PMID: 32081781 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of osteoarthritis (OA) disease severity on the bio-composition of the osteochondral junction at the human tibial plateau using Raman microspectroscopy. We specifically aim to analyze the spatial composition of mineralized osteochondral tissues, i.e., calcified cartilage (CC) and subchondral bone plate (SBP) from unfixed, hydrated specimens. We hypothesize that the mineralization of CC and SBP decreases in advanced OA. Twenty-eight cylindrical osteochondral samples (d = 4 mm) from tibial plateaus of seven cadaveric donors were harvested and sorted into three groups following histopathological grading: healthy (n = 5), early OA (n = 8), and advanced OA (n = 15). Raman spectra were subjected to multivariate cluster analyses to identify different tissues. Finally, the tissue-specific composition was analyzed, and the impact of OA was statistically evaluated with linear mixed models. Cluster analyses of Raman spectra successfully distinguished CC and SBP as well as a tidemark region and uncalcified cartilage. CC was found to be more mineralized and the mineral was more crystalline compared with SBP. Both tissues exhibited similar compositional changes as a function of histopathological OA severity. In early OA, the mineralization tends to increase, and the mineral contains fewer carbonate substitutions. Compared with early OA, mineral crystals are rich in carbonate while the overall mineralization decreases in advanced OA. This Raman spectroscopic study advances the methodology for investigating the complex osteochondral junction from native tissue. The developed methodology can be used to elucidate detailed tissue-specific changes in the chemical composition with advancing OA. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, Raman microspectroscopy was utilized to investigate the influence of osteoarthritic degeneration on the tissue-specific biochemical composition of the human osteochondral junction. Multivariate cluster analyses allowed us to characterize subtle compositional changes in the calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate as well as in the tidemark region. The compositional differences found between the calcified cartilage and subchondral bone plate in both organic and mineral phases will serve as critical benchmark parameters when designing biomaterials for osteochondral repair. We found tissue-specific changes in the mineralization and carbonate substitution as a function of histopathological OA severity. Our developed methodology can be used to investigate the metabolic changes in the osteochondral junction associated with osteoarthritis.
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Marshall L, Tarakanova A, Szarek P, Pierce DM. Cartilage and collagen mechanics under large-strain shear within in vivo and at supraphysiogical temperatures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103595. [PMID: 32090923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human joints, particularly those of extremities, experience a significant range of temperatures in vivo. Joint temperature influences the mechanics of both joint and cartilage, and the mechanics of cartilage can affect the temperature of both joint and cartilage. Thermal treatments and tissue repairs, such as thermal chondroplasty, and ex vivo tissue engineering may also expose cartilage to supraphysiological temperatures. Furthermore, although cartilage undergoes principally compressive loads in vivo, shear strain plays a significant role at larger compressive strains. Thus, we aimed to determine whether and how the bulk mechanical responses of cartilage undergoing large-strain shear change (1) within the range of temperatures relevant in vivo, and (2) both during and after supraphysiological thermal treatments. We completed large-strain shear tests (10 and 15%) at four thermal conditions: 24∘C and 40∘C to span the in vivo range, and 70∘C and 24∘C repeated after 70∘C to explore mechanics during and after potential treatments. We calculated the bulk mechanical responses (strain-energy dissipation densities, peak-to-peak shear stresses, and peak-effective shear moduli) as of function of temperature and used statistical methods to probe significant differences. To probe the mechanisms underlying differences we assessed specimens, principally the type II collagen, with imaging (second harmonic generation and transmission electron microscopies, and histology) and assessed the temperature-dependent mechanics of type II collagen molecules within cartilage using steered molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that the bulk mechanical responses of cartilage depend significantly on temperature both within the in vivo range and at supraphysiological temperatures, showing significant reductions in all mechanical measures with increasing temperature. Using imaging and simulations we determined that one underlying mechanism explaining our results may be changes in the molecular deformation profiles of collagen molecules versus temperature, likely compounded at larger length scales. These new insights into the mechanics of cartilage and collagen may suggest new treatment targets for damaged or osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Marshall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Phoebe Szarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Hatami-Marbini H, Pachenari M. The contribution of sGAGs to stress-controlled tensile response of posterior porcine sclera. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227856. [PMID: 32084141 PMCID: PMC7034872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in characterizing mechanical functions of individual scleral extracellular matrix (ECM) components, the biomechanical contribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) is still poorly understood. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the possible function of sGAGs in scleral mechanical response by characterizing the tensile behavior of normal and sGAG-depleted samples. We used chondroitinase ABC solution to remove sGAGs from scleral samples that were dissected from posterior porcine eyes. We performed biochemical analyses for assessing the efficacy of sGAG removal protocol. Furthermore, we conducted stress-controlled uniaxial tensile tests to characterize the influence of sGAG removal on mechanical properties of sclera. The tensile behavior of scleral strips right after dissection and after being soaked in buffer was also determined. Biochemical analyses confirmed that 18 hour incubation in 0.125 U/ml Chondroitinase ABC solution removed over 90% of chondroitin and dermatan sGAGs. No significant difference was observed in the thickness/hydration of samples because of enzyme- and buffer-treated samples. Furthermore, it was found that sGAG depletion did not significantly alter the tangent modulus, energy dissipation, and peak strain of posterior scleral strips. It was concluded that sGAGs did not influence the stress-controlled viscoelastic tensile response of sclera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hatami-Marbini
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Pachenari
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Advances toward multiscale computational models of cartilage mechanics and mechanobiology. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Barrientos E, Pelayo F, Tanaka E, Lamela-Rey MJ, Fernández-Canteli A. Viscoelastic properties of the central region of porcine temporomandibular joint disc in shear stress-relaxation. J Biomech 2019; 93:126-131. [PMID: 31301763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, shear relaxation properties of the porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc are investigated. Previous studies have shown that, in fatigue failure and damage of cartilage and fibrocartilage, shear loads could be one of the biggest contributors to the failure. The aim of the present study is to develop an evaluation method to study shear properties of the disc and to do a mathematical characterization of it. For the experiments, twelve porcine discs were used. Each disc was dissected from the TMJ and, then, static strain control tests were carried out to obtain the shear relaxation modulus for the central region of the discs. From the results, it was found that the disc presents a viscoelastic behavior under shear loads. Relaxation modulus decreased with time. Shear relaxation was 10% of the instantaneous stress, which implies that the viscous properties of the disc cannot be neglected. The present results lead to a better understanding of the discs mechanical behavior under realistic TMJ working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barrientos
- Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain.
| | - Fernandez Pelayo
- Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - María Jesús Lamela-Rey
- Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
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Molecular transport in articular cartilage - what have we learned from the past 50 years? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 14:393-403. [PMID: 29899547 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing therapeutic molecules that target chondrocytes and locally produced inflammatory factors within arthritic cartilage is an active area of investigation. The extensive studies that have been conducted over the past 50 years have enabled the accurate prediction and reliable optimization of the transport of a wide variety of molecules into cartilage. In this Review, the factors that can be used to tune the transport kinetics of therapeutics are summarized. Overall, the most crucial factor when designing new therapeutic molecules is solute size. The diffusivity and partition coefficient of a solute both decrease with increasing solute size as indicated by molecular mass or by hydrodynamic radius. Surprisingly, despite having an effective pore size of ~6 nm, molecules of ~16 nm radius can diffuse through the cartilage matrix. Alteration of the shape or charge of a solute and the application of physiological loading to cartilage can be used to predictably improve solute transport kinetics, and this knowledge can be used to improve the development of therapeutic agents for osteoarthritis that target the cartilage.
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Pastrama MI, Ortiz AC, Zevenbergen L, Famaey N, Gsell W, Neu CP, Himmelreich U, Jonkers I. Combined enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans and collagen significantly alters intratissue strains in articular cartilage during cyclic compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:383-394. [PMID: 31349141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) progress, the matrix constituents, particularly collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, become damaged, therefore deteriorating the tissue's mechanical properties. This study aims to further the understanding of the effect of degradation of the different cartilage constituents on the mechanical loading environment in early stage OA. To this end, intact, collagen- and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage plugs were cyclically loaded in axial compression using an experimental model simulating in vivo cartilage-on-cartilage contact conditions in a micro-MRI scanner. Depletion of collagen and proteoglycans was achieved through enzymatic degradation with collagenase and chondroitinase ABC, respectively. Using a displacement-encoded imaging sequence (DENSE), strains were computed and compared in intact and degraded samples. The results revealed that, while degradation with one or the other enzyme had little effect on the contact strains, degradation with a combination of both enzymes caused an increase in the means and variance of the transverse, axial and shear strains, particularly in the superficial zone of the cartilage. This effect indicates that the balance between cartilage matrix constituents plays an essential role in maintaining the mechanical properties of the tissue, and a disturbance in this balance leads to a decrease of the load bearing capacity associated with degenerative joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioana Pastrama
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Caxaido Ortiz
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lianne Zevenbergen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Tissue Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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Maier F, Lewis CG, Pierce DM. The evolving large-strain shear responses of progressively osteoarthritic human cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:810-822. [PMID: 30660720 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The composition and structure of articular cartilage evolves during the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) resulting in changing mechanical responses. We aimed to assess the evolution of the intrinsic, large-strain mechanics of human articular cartilage-governed by collagen and proteoglycan and their interactions-during the progression of OA. DESIGN We completed quasi-static, large-strain shear tests on 64 specimens from ten donors undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and quantified the corresponding state of OA (OARSI grade), structural integrity (PLM score), and composition (glycosaminoglycan and collagen content). RESULTS We observed nonlinear stress-strain relationships with distinct hystereses for all magnitudes of applied strain where stiffnesses, nonlinearities, and hystereses all reduced as OA advanced. We found a reduction in energy dissipation density up to 80% in severely degenerated (OARSI grade 4, OA-4) vs normal (OA-1) cartilage, and more importantly, we found that even cartilage with a normal appearance in structure and composition (OA-1) dissipated 50% less energy than healthy (control) load-bearing cartilage (HL0). Changes in stresses and stiffnesses were in general less pronounced and did not allow us to distinguish between healthy load-bearing controls and very early-stage OA (OA-1), or to distinguish consistently among different levels of degeneration, i.e., OARSI grades. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reductions in energy dissipation density can be detected by bulk-tissue testing, and that these reductions precede visible signs of degeneration. We highlight the potential of energy dissipation, as opposed to stress- or stiffness-based measures, as a marker to diagnose early-stage OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maier
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - C G Lewis
- Hartford Healthcare, Bone & Joint Institute, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D M Pierce
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Drenkard LMM, Kupratis ME, Li K, Gerstenfeld LC, Morgan EF. Local Changes to the Distal Femoral Growth Plate Following Injury in Mice. J Biomech Eng 2019; 139:2627000. [PMID: 28492928 DOI: 10.1115/1.4036686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the growth plate is associated with growth disturbances, most notably premature cessation of growth. The goal of this study was to identify spatial changes in the structure and composition of the growth plate in response to injury to provide a foundation for developing therapies that minimize the consequences for skeletal development. We used contrast-enhanced microcomputed tomography (CECT) and histological analyses of a murine model of growth plate injury to quantify changes in the cartilaginous and osseous tissue of the growth plate. To distinguish between local and global changes, the growth plate was divided into regions of interest near to and far from the injury site. We noted increased thickness and CECT attenuation (a measure correlated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content) near the injury, and increased tissue mineral density (TMD) of bone bridges within the injury site, compared to outside the injury site and contralateral growth plates. Furthermore, we noted disruption of the normal zonal organization of the physis. The height of the hypertrophic zone was increased at the injury site, and the relative height of the proliferative zone was decreased across the entire injured growth plate. These results indicate that growth plate injury leads to localized disruption of cellular activity and of endochondral ossification. These local changes in tissue structure and composition may contribute to the observed retardation in femur growth. In particular, the changes in proliferative and hypertrophic zone heights seen following injury may impact growth and could be targeted when developing therapies for growth plate injury.
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Maximum shear strain-based algorithm can predict proteoglycan loss in damaged articular cartilage. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:753-778. [PMID: 30631999 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a common disease, where the mechanical integrity of articular cartilage is compromised. PTOA can be a result of chondral defects formed due to injurious loading. One of the first changes around defects is proteoglycan depletion. Since there are no methods to restore injured cartilage fully back to its healthy state, preventing the onset and progression of the disease is advisable. However, this is problematic if the disease progression cannot be predicted. Thus, we developed an algorithm to predict proteoglycan loss of injured cartilage by decreasing the fixed charge density (FCD) concentration. We tested several mechanisms based on the local strains or stresses in the tissue for the FCD loss. By choosing the degeneration threshold suggested for inducing chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage matrix damage, the algorithm driven by the maximum shear strain showed the most substantial FCD losses around the lesion. This is consistent with experimental findings in the literature. We also observed that by using coordinate system-independent strain measures and selecting the degeneration threshold in an ad hoc manner, all the resulting FCD distributions would appear qualitatively similar, i.e., the greatest FCD losses are found at the tissue adjacent to the lesion. The proposed strain-based FCD degeneration algorithm shows a great potential for predicting the progression of PTOA via biomechanical stimuli. This could allow identification of high-risk defects with an increased risk of PTOA progression.
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33
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DiDomenico CD, Kaghazchi A, Bonassar LJ. Measurement of local diffusion and composition in degraded articular cartilage reveals the unique role of surface structure in controlling macromolecular transport. J Biomech 2018; 82:38-45. [PMID: 30385000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective therapeutics for osteoarthritis (OA) necessitates that such molecules can reach and target chondrocytes within articular cartilage. However, predicting how well very large therapeutic molecules diffuse through cartilage is often difficult, and the relationship between local transport mechanics for these molecules and tissue heterogeneities in the tissue is still unclear. In this study, a 150 kDa antibody diffused through the articular surface of healthy and enzymatically degraded cartilage, which enabled the calculation of local diffusion mechanics in tissue with large compositional variations. Local cartilage composition and structure was quantified with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging techniques. Overall, both local concentrations of aggrecan and collagen were correlated to local diffusivities for both healthy and surface-degraded samples (0.3 > R2 < 0.9). However, samples that underwent surface degradation by collagenase exhibited stronger correlations (R2 > 0.75) compared to healthy samples (R2 < 0.46), suggesting that the highly aligned collagen at the surface of cartilage acts as a barrier to macromolecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D DiDomenico
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Aydin Kaghazchi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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Sun Y, Yan L, Chen S, Pei M. Functionality of decellularized matrix in cartilage regeneration: A comparison of tissue versus cell sources. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:56-73. [PMID: 29702288 PMCID: PMC7307012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) derived from cartilage tissues (T-dECMs) or chondrocytes/stem cells (C-dECMs) can support proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of cartilage-forming cells. However, few review papers compare the differences between these dECMs when they serve as substrates for cartilage regeneration. In this review, after an introduction of cartilage immunogenicity and decellularization methods to prepare T-dECMs and C-dECMs, a comprehensive comparison focuses on the effects of T-dECMs and C-dECMs on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Key factors within dECMs, consisting of microarchitecture characteristics and micromechanical properties as well as retained insoluble and soluble matrix components, are discussed in-depth for potential mechanisms underlying the functionality of these dECMs in regulating chondrogenesis. With this information, we hope to benefit dECM based cartilage engineering and tissue regeneration for future clinical application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The use of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is becoming a promising approach for tissue engineering and regeneration. Compared to dECM derived from cartilage tissue, recently reported dECM from cell sources exhibits a distinct role in cell based cartilage regeneration. In this review paper, for the first time, tissue and cell based dECMs are comprehensively compared for their functionality in cartilage regeneration. This information is expected to provide an update for dECM based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Wang X, Eriksson TSE, Ricken T, Pierce DM. On incorporating osmotic prestretch/prestress in image-driven finite element simulations of cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:409-422. [PMID: 30031245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Medical imaging performed in vivo captures geometries under Donnan osmotic loading, even when the articulating joint is otherwise mechanically unloaded. Hence patient-specific finite element (FE) models constructed from such medical images of cartilage represent osmotically induced prestretched/prestressed states. When applying classical modeling approaches to patient-specific simulations of cartilage a theoretical inconsistency arises: the in-vivo imaged geometry (used to construct the model) is not an unloaded, stress-free reference configuration. Furthermore when fitting nonlinear constitutive models that include osmotic swelling (to obtain material parameters), if one assumes that experimental data-generated from osmotically loaded cartilage-begin from a stress-free reference configuration the fitted stress-stretch relationship (parameters) obtained will actually describe a different behavior. In this study we: (1) establish a practical computational method to include osmotically induced prestretch/prestress in image-driven simulations of cartilage; and (2) investigate the influence of considering the prestretched/prestressed state both when fitting fiber-reinforced, biphasic constitutive models of cartilage that include osmotic swelling and when simulating cartilage responses. Our results highlight the importance of determining the prestretched/prestressed state within cartilage induced by osmotic loading in the imaged configuration prior to solving boundary value problems of interest. With our new constitutive model and modeling methods, we aim to improve the fidelity of FE-based, patient-specific biomechanical simulations of joints and cartilage. Improved simulations can provide medical researchers with new information often unavailable in a clinical setting, information that may contribute to better insight into the pathophysiology of cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Thomas S E Eriksson
- Department of Defense and Security, System and Technology, Weapons and Protection, FOI - Swedish Defense Research Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Ricken
- Institute for Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Han G, Eriten M. Effect of relaxation-dependent adhesion on pre-sliding response of cartilage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172051. [PMID: 29892390 PMCID: PMC5990745 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Possible links between adhesive properties and the pre-sliding (static) friction response of cartilage are not fully understood in the literature. The aims of this study are to investigate the relation between adhesion and relaxation time in articular cartilage, and the effect of relaxation-dependent adhesion on the pre-sliding response of cartilage. Adhesion tests were performed to evaluate the work of adhesion of cartilage at different relaxation times. Friction tests were conducted to identify the pre-sliding friction response of cartilage at relaxation times corresponding to adhesion tests. The pre-sliding friction response of cartilage was systematically linked to the work of adhesion and contact conditions by a slip-based failure model. It was found that the work of adhesion increases with relaxation time. Also, the work of adhesion is linearly correlated to the resistance to slip-based failure. In addition, as the work of adhesion increases, the adhered (stick) area at the moment of failure increases, and the propagation rate of the annular slip (crack) area towards its centre increases. These findings offer a mechanistic explanation of the pre-sliding friction behaviour and stick-slip response of soft hydrated interfaces such as articular cartilage and hydrogels. In addition, the linear correlation between adhesion and threshold to slip-based failure enables estimation of the adhesive strength of such interfaces directly from the pre-sliding friction response (e.g. shear wave elastography).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guebum Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Gentile P, Ghione C, Ferreira AM, Crawford A, Hatton PV. Alginate-based hydrogels functionalised at the nanoscale using layer-by-layer assembly for potential cartilage repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1922-1931. [PMID: 28752866 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00525c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to articular cartilage are frequently difficult to repair, in part because of the poor regenerative capacity of this tissue. To date, no successful system for complete regeneration of the most challenging cartilage defects has been demonstrated. The aim of this work was to develop functionalised hydrogels at the nanoscale by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly to promote cartilage healing. Hydrogels, based on sodium alginate (NaAlg) and gelatin (G), were prepared by an external gelation method consisting of CaCl2 diffusion and genipin addition for G crosslinking. Successively, hydrogels were coated with G to obtain a positive charge on the surface, then functionalised by LbL assembly to create 16 nanolayers, based on poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(allyl amine) (PSS/PAH), including a specific peptide sequence (CTATVHL) and transforming growth factors β1 (TGF-β1). Physico-chemical properties were evaluated by XPS, ATR-FTIR and rheological analyses while in vitro cytocompatibility was studied using bovine articular chondrocytes (BAC). XPS spectra showed N1s and S2p peaks, indicating that PAH and PSS have been introduced with success. ATR-FTIR indicated the specific PAH and PSS absorption peaks. Finally, the biomolecule incorporation influenced positively the processes of BAC adhesion and proliferation, and glycosamynoglycan secretion. The functionalised alginate-based hydrogels described here are ideally suited to chondral regeneration in terms of their integrity, stability, and cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gentile
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Stephenson Building, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the influence of protraction facemask (PFM) on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of skeletal Class III malocclusion patients. Method Literature searches were carried out electronically in five English and three Chinese databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE (via Ovid), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and VIP Database). The date of the most recent search was 22 March 2017. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, and before-after studies comparing the effect of PFM and other treatments on TMJ were included. The data were collected and extracted by three authors. The risk of bias in the RCTs was assessed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. For the nonrandomized studies, the risk of bias was judged with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results For the 261 articles identified, 13 studies with 522 participants were included for the final qualitative analysis. Three studies were graded as high value of evidence, while seven studies and the other three studies were graded as moderate value and low value respectively. According to the available evidence, PFM contributed to the significant increase of CondAx-SBL and the significant decrease of CondAx-ML. Thin-plate spline (TPS) analysis showed a horizontal compression in condyles. Condyles tended to move superiorly and posteriorly. Concerning the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), PFM was not involved in aggravating TMJ symptoms and signs. Conclusions Clinical evidence suggests that PFM might contribute to the morphologic adaptation of TMJs and displacement of condyles, and PFM may well be not a risk factor for the development of TMD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-018-0503-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eglin D. Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:1-20. [PMID: 29128537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is commonly described as a tissue that is made of up to 80% water, is devoid of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and is populated by only one cell type, the chondrocyte. At first glance, an easy tissue for clinicians to repair and for scientists to reproduce in a laboratory. Yet, chondral and osteochondral defects currently remain an open challenge in orthopedics and tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system, without considering osteoarthritis. Why do we fail in repairing and regenerating articular cartilage? Behind its simple and homogenous appearance, articular cartilage hides a heterogeneous composition, a high level of organisation and specific biomechanical properties that, taken together, make articular cartilage a unique material that we are not yet able to repair or reproduce with high fidelity. This review highlights the available therapies for cartilage repair and retraces the research on different biomaterials developed for tissue engineering strategies. Their potential to recreate the structure, including composition and organisation, as well as the function of articular cartilage, intended as cell microenvironment and mechanically competent replacement, is described. A perspective of the limitations of the current research is given in the light of the emerging technologies supporting tissue engineering of articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of articular tissue reflect its functionally organised composition and the recreation of its structure challenges the success of in vitro and in vivo reproduction of the native cartilage. Tissue engineering and biomaterials science have revolutionised the way scientists approach the challenge of articular cartilage repair and regeneration by introducing the concept of the interdisciplinary approach. The clinical translation of the current approaches are not yet fully successful, but promising results are expected from the emerging and developing new generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Chen Y, Chen J, Zhang Z, Lou K, Zhang Q, Wang S, Ni J, Liu W, Fan S, Lin X. Current advances in the development of natural meniscus scaffolds: innovative approaches to decellularization and recellularization. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:41-52. [PMID: 28364144 PMCID: PMC5610206 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing rate of injuries to the meniscus indicates the urgent need to develop effective repair strategies. Irreparably damaged menisci can be replaced and meniscus allografts represent the treatment of choice; however, they have several limitations, including availability and compatibility. Another approach is the use of artificial implants but their chondroprotective activities are still not proved clinically. In this situation, tissue engineering offers alternative natural decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds, which have shown biomechanical properties comparable to those of native menisci and are characterized by low immunogenicity and promising regenerative potential. In this article, we present an overview of meniscus decellularization methods and discuss their relative merits. In addition, we comparatively evaluate cell types used to repopulate decellularized scaffolds and analyze the biocompatibility of the existing experimental models. At present, acellular ECM hydrogels, as well as slices and powders, have been explored, which seems to be promising for partial meniscus regeneration. However, their inferior biomechanical properties (compressive and tensile stiffness) compared to natural menisci should be improved. Although an optimal decellularized meniscus scaffold still needs to be developed and thoroughly validated for its regenerative potential in vivo, we believe that decellularized ECM scaffolds are the future biomaterials for successful structural and functional replacement of menisci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kangliang Lou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhu Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint condition characterized by painful cartilage lesions that impair joint mobility. Current treatments such as lavage, microfracture, and osteochondral implantation fail to integrate newly formed tissue with host tissues and establish a stable transition to subchondral bone. Similarly, tissue-engineered grafts that facilitate cartilage and bone regeneration are challenged by how to integrate the graft seamlessly with surrounding host cartilage and/or bone. This review centers on current approaches to promote cartilage graft integration. It begins with an overview of articular cartilage structure and function, as well as degenerative changes to this relationship attributed to aging, disease, and trauma. A discussion of the current progress in integrative cartilage repair follows, focusing on graft or scaffold design strategies targeting cartilage-cartilage and/or cartilage-bone integration. It is emphasized that integrative repair is required to ensure long-term success of the cartilage graft and preserve the integrity of the newly engineered articular cartilage. Studies involving the use of enzymes, choice of cell source, biomaterial selection, growth factor incorporation, and stratified versus gradient scaffolds are therefore highlighted. Moreover, models that accurately evaluate the ability of cartilage grafts to enhance tissue integrity and prevent ectopic calcification are also discussed. A summary and future directions section concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Boushell
- a Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Clark T Hung
- b Cellular Engineering Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ernst B Hunziker
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Department of Clinical Research, Center of Regenerative Medicine for Skeletal Tissues , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Eric J Strauss
- d Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Langone Medical Center , New York University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Helen H Lu
- a Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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Santos S, Maier F, Pierce DM. Anisotropy and inter-condyle heterogeneity of cartilage under large-strain shear. J Biomech 2017; 52:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tanaka E, Kawai N, Tanaka M, Todoh M, van Eijden T, Hanaoka K, Dalla-Bona DA, Takata T, Tanne K. The Frictional Coefficient of the Temporomandibular Joint and Its Dependency on the Magnitude and Duration of Joint Loading. J Dent Res 2016; 83:404-7. [PMID: 15111633 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In synovial joints, friction between articular surfaces leads to shear stress within the cartilaginous tissue, which might result in tissue rupture and failure. Joint friction depends on synovial lubrication of the articular surfaces, which can be altered due to compressive loading. Therefore, we hypothesized that the frictional coefficient of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is affected by the magnitude and duration of loading. We tested this by measuring the frictional coefficient in 20 intact porcine TMJs using a pendulum-type friction tester. The mean frictional coefficient was 0.0145 (SD 0.0027) after a constant loading of 50 N during 5 sec. The frictional coefficient increased with the length of the preceding loading duration and exceeded 0.0220 (SD 0.0014) after 1 hr. Application of larger loading (80 N) resulted in significantly larger frictional coefficients. In conclusion, the frictional coefficient in the TMJ was proportional to the magnitude and duration of joint loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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Tanaka E, Kawai N, Hanaoka K, Van Eijden T, Sasaki A, Aoyama J, Tanaka M, Tanne K. Shear Properties of the Temporomandibular Joint Disc in Relation to Compressive and Shear Strain. J Dent Res 2016; 83:476-9. [PMID: 15153455 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress can result in fatigue, damage, and irreversible deformation of the temporomandibular joint disc. Insight into the dynamic shear properties of the disc may give insight into the mechanism inducing tissue failure due to shear. We tested the hypothesis that the dynamic shear properties of the disc depend on the amount of shear and compressive strain. Twenty-four porcine discs were used for dynamic shear tests. The specimens were clamped between the plates of a loading apparatus under compressive strains of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Dynamic shear was applied to the specimen by a sinusoidal strain of, respectively, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Both the dynamic elasticity and viscosity were proportional to compressive strain and inversely proportional to shear strain. These shear characteristics suggest a significant role of compressive and shear strain on the internal friction of the disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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Abstract
The pattern of a limb fracture can be determined by the material property of the bone and the characteristics of the deforming force. In this review we outline the composition and material properties of cortical and cancellous bone, and articular cartilage. We defi ne the biomechanics of fractures and describe the various fracture patterns that are seen clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM McGee
- University of Birmingham NHS Trust, South Birmingham Trauma Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - AA Qureshi
- University of Birmingham NHS Trust, South Birmingham Trauma Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - KM Porter
- University of Birmingham NHS Trust, South Birmingham Trauma Unit, Birmingham, UK,
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Maier F, Drissi H, Pierce DM. Shear deformations of human articular cartilage: Certain mechanical anisotropies apparent at large but not small shear strains. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:53-65. [PMID: 27552599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has pronounced through-the-thickness heterogeneity in both ultrastructure and mechanical function. The tissue undergoes a combination of large deformations in vivo, where shear is critical in both failure and chondrocyte death. Yet the microstructure mechanical response of cartilage to multi-axial large shear deformations is unknown. We harvested a total of 42 cartilage specimens from seven matched locations across the lateral femoral condyles and patellofemoral grooves of six human male donors (30.2±8.8yrs old, M±SD). With each specimen we applied a range of quasi-static, multi-axial large (simple) shear displacements both parallel and perpendicular to the local split-line direction (SLD). Shear stresses in cartilage specimens from the patellofemoral grooves were higher, and more energy was dissipated, at all applied strains under loading parallel to the local SLD versus perpendicular, while specimens from the lateral condyles were mechanically anisotropic only under larger strains of 20% and 25%. Cartilage also showed significant intra-donor variability at larger shear strains but no significant inter-donor variability. Overall, shear strain-energy dissipation was almost constant at 5% applied shear strain and increased nonlinearly with increasing shear magnitude. Our results suggest that full understanding of cartilage mechanics requires large-strain analyses to account for nonlinear, anisotropic and location-dependent effects not fully realized at small strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Maier
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David M Pierce
- University of Connecticut, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Wu Y, Kuo J, Wright GJ, Cisewski SE, Wei F, Kern MJ, Yao H. Viscoelastic shear properties of porcine temporomandibular joint disc. Orthod Craniofac Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:156-63. [PMID: 25865544 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the intrinsic viscoelastic shear properties in porcine TMJ discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve fresh porcine TMJ discs from young adult pigs (6-8 months) were used. Cylindrical samples (5 mm diameter) with uniform thickness (~1.2 mm) were prepared from five regions of the TMJ disc. Torsional shear tests were performed under 10% compressive strain. Dynamic shear was applied in two methods: 1) a frequency sweep test over the frequency range of 0.1-10 rad/s with a constant shear strain amplitude of 0.05 rad and 2) a strain sweep test over the range of 0.005-0.15 rad at a constant frequency of 10 rad/s. Transient stress relaxation tests were also performed to determine the equilibrium shear properties. RESULTS As the frequency increased in the frequency sweep test, the dynamic shear complex modulus increased, with values ranging from 7 to 17 kPa. The phase angle, ranging from 11 to 15 degrees, displayed no pattern of regional variation as the frequency increased. The dynamic shear modulus decreased as the shear strain increased. The equilibrium shear modulus had values ranging from 2.6 to 4 kPa. The posterior region had significantly higher values for dynamic shear modulus than those in the anterior region, while no significant regional difference was found for equilibrium shear modulus. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intrinsic region-dependent viscoelastic shear characteristics of TMJ disc may play a crucial role in determining the local strain of the TMJ disc under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Whittaker JL, Dutta NK, Zannettino A, Choudhury NR. Engineering DN hydrogels from regenerated silk fibroin and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam). J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5519-5533. [PMID: 32263350 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel hydrogels that possess adequate elasticity and toughness to withstand mechanically active environments, along with being biocompatible, remains a significant challenge in the design of materials for tissue engineering applications. In this study, a family of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) based double network (DN) hydrogels were fabricated for the first time using a rapid one-pot method. The DN hydrogels combine the rigid covalently crosslinked RSF with the softer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) through strong physical interactions. The formation of these DN hydrogels resulted in an improvement of the water uptake capacity, elasticity and toughness compared to the individual RSF hydrogel. The elasticity of the RSF/PVCL DN hydrogels was closer to that of native cartilage, which makes them promising materials for cartilage regeneration applications. An in vitro study on adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of a mouse pre-chondrocyte cell line (ATDC5) conducted using microscopic analysis, a cell proliferation assay and RT-PCR confirmed the cells cultured on the less stiff hydrogels demonstrated the most favourable chondrogenic response. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of RSF-based hybrid hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin L Whittaker
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
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49
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Abstract
The acetabular labrum is a soft-tissue structure which lines the acetabular rim of the hip joint. Its role in hip joint biomechanics and joint health has been of particular interest over the past decade. In normal hip joint biomechanics, the labrum is crucial in retaining a layer of pressurised intra-articular fluid for joint lubrication and load support/distribution. Its seal around the femoral head is further regarded as a contributing to hip stability through its suction effect. The labrum itself is also important in increasing contact area thereby reducing contact stress. Given the labrum’s role in normal hip joint biomechanics, surgical techniques for managing labral damage are continuously evolving as our understanding of its anatomy and function continue to progress. The current paper aims to review the anatomy and biomechanical function of the labrum and how they are affected by differing surgical techniques. Take home message: The acetabular labrum plays a critical role in hip function and maintaining and restoring its function during surgical intervention remain an essential goal. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:730–5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bsat
- Carleton University , 1125
Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada
| | - H. Frei
- Carleton University , 1125
Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada
| | - P. E. Beaulé
- University of Ottawa, The
Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road Suite 5004, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H
8L6, Canada
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50
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Ozcan B, Bayrak E, Erisken C. Characterization of Human Dental Pulp Tissue Under Oscillatory Shear and Compression. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:061006. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4033437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Availability of material as well as biological properties of native tissues is critical for biomaterial design and synthesis for regenerative engineering. Until recently, selection of biomaterials and biomolecule carriers for dental pulp regeneration has been done randomly or based on experience mainly due to the absence of benchmark data for dental pulp tissue. This study, for the first time, characterizes the linear viscoelastic material functions and compressive properties of human dental pulp tissue harvested from wisdom teeth, under oscillatory shear and compression. The results revealed a gel-like behavior of the pulp tissue over the frequency range of 0.1–100 rps. Uniaxial compression tests generated peak normal stress and compressive modulus values of 39.1±20.4 kPa and 5.5±2.8 kPa, respectively. Taken collectively, the linear viscoelastic and uniaxial compressive properties of the human dental pulp tissue reported here should enable the better tailoring of biomaterials or biomolecule carriers to be employed in dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ozcan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Ece Bayrak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Cevat Erisken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Avenue No. 43, Sogutozu, Ankara 06560, Turkey e-mail:
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