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Ungsudechachai T, Jittikoon J, Honsawek S, Udomsinprasert W. Protective effect of clusterin against interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation in human knee osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13881. [PMID: 38982592 PMCID: PMC11233271 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is recognized as one of the pathological features involved in cartilage degeneration driving the onset and progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of clusterin (CLU), anti-apoptotic molecule, in human knee OA chondrocytes. Primary knee OA chondrocytes were isolated from the cartilage of knee OA patients and divided into five groups: (1) the cells treated with interleukin (IL)-1β, (2) CLU alone, (3) a combination of IL-1β and CLU, (4) LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) along with IL-1β and CLU, and (5) the untreated cells. Production of apoptotic, inflammatory, anabolic, and catabolic mediators in knee OA chondrocytes was determined after treatment for 24 h. Our in vitro study uncovered that CLU significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO), IL6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] and apoptotic molecule (caspase-3, CASP3). CLU significantly upregulated messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions of anabolic factors [SRY-box transcription factor-9 (SOX9) and aggrecan (ACAN)], but significantly downregulated mRNA expressions of IL6, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), CASP3, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13). Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of CLU were mediated through activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The findings suggest that CLU might have beneficial effects on knee OA chondrocytes by exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions via PI3K/Akt pathway, making CLU a promising target for potential therapeutic interventions in knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiraphun Jittikoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
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Chen J, Huang L, Liao X. Protective effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in the development of osteoarthritis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:465. [PMID: 37664679 PMCID: PMC10468808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease. Traditional chinese medicine provides a resource for drug screening for OA treatment. Ginseng and the associated bioactive compound, ginsenosides, may reduce inflammation, which is considered a risk factor for the development of OA. Specifically, ginsenosides may exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities, and inhibit extracellular matrix degradation by suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Notably, specific ginsenosides, such as compound K and Rk1, may physically interact with IκB kinase and inhibit the associated phosphorylation. Thus, ginsenosides exhibit potential as therapeutic candidates in the management of OA. However, the low water solubility limits the clinical applications of ginsenosides. Numerous effective strategies have been explored to improve bioavailability; however, further investigations are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ganzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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Werry F, Mazur E, Theyse LFH, Edlich F. Apoptosis Regulation in Osteoarthritis and the Influence of Lipid Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13028. [PMID: 37685835 PMCID: PMC10488181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic diseases in human and animal joints. The joints undergo several morphological and histological changes during the development of radiographically visible osteoarthritis. The most discussed changes include synovial inflammation, the massive destruction of articular cartilage and ongoing joint destruction accompanied by massive joint pain in the later stadium. Either the increased apoptosis of chondrocytes or the insufficient apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages and synovial fibroblasts are likely to underly this process. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on the pathogenesis of OA with special regard to the involvement of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Werry
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Emilia Mazur
- Soft Tissue & Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Lars F. H. Theyse
- Soft Tissue & Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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4
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Effects of cyclooxygenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors on apoptosis of cultured primary equine chondrocytes. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ultrasound Protects Human Chondrocytes from Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Oxidative Stress. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of therapeutic ultrasound (US) on oxidative stress (OS)-induced changes in cultured human chondrocytes (HCH). For this, monolayer HCH were randomized in three groups: a control group (CG), a group exposed to OS (OS group), and a group exposed to US and OS (US-OS group). US exposure of the chondrocytes was performed prior to OS induction by hydrogen peroxide. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess the chondrocytes ultrastructure. OS and inflammatory markers were recorded. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the OS group than in CG. In the US-OS group MDA and TNF-α were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the OS group. Finally, in the US-OS group MDA and TNF-α were lower than in CG, but without statistical significance. TEM showed normal chondrocytes in CG. In the OS group TEM showed necrotic chondrocytes and chondrocytes with a high degree of vacuolation and cell organelles damages. In the US-OS group the chondrocytes ultrastructure was well preserved, and autophagosomes were generated. In conclusion, US could protect chondrocytes from biochemical (lipid peroxidation, inflammatory markers synthesis) and ultrastructural changes induced by OS and could stimulate autophagosomes development.
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Arslan-Acaroz D, Bayşu-Sozbilir N. Ameliorative effect of boric acid against formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress in A549 cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4067-4074. [PMID: 31823256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a reactive agent and the most essential common carcinogenic environmental pollutant. The present study investigated the protective and ameliorative effects of boric acid (BA) against formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress in A549 cell lines. The first group served as a control, the second group was treated with only 100 μM formaldehyde, and the third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM BA, respectively. The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups were treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM BA plus 100 μM formaldehyde, respectively. In A549 cell lines, formaldehyde treatment significantly decreased cell viability, glutathione level, and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase; however, malondialdehyde levels of the cell lysate were found to increase compared with the control group. In addition, formaldehyde treatment did not significantly alter nitric oxide levels. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of Tnf-α, NFĸB, and caspase-3 significantly increased but the Bcl-XL level did not show significant alteration by formaldehyde treatment. In contrast, the BA treatment reversed the formaldehyde-induced alteration in A549 cell lines. Consequently, BA exhibited a protective effect in A549 cell line against formaldehyde-induced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it ameliorated the antioxidant status and mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalan Bayşu-Sozbilir
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Cho H, Bhatti FUR, Hasty KA, Yi AK. Nanosome-Mediated Delivery Of Protein Kinase D Inhibitor Protects Chondrocytes From Interleukin-1β-Induced Stress And Apoptotic Death. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8835-8846. [PMID: 31806974 PMCID: PMC6857658 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory stress caused by protein kinase D (PKD) plays a critical role in damaging chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) during osteoarthritis (OA). The PKD inhibitor (PKDi) (CRT0066101) has been used to overcome inflammation in different cell types. However, the efficacy of a therapeutic drug can be limited due to off-target distribution, slow cellular internalization, and limited lysosomal escape. In order to overcome this issue, we developed nanosomes carrying CRT0066101 (PKDi-Nano) and tested their efficacy in vitro in chondrocytes. Methods Chondrocytes were subjected to IL-1β-induced inflammatory stress treated with either PKDi or PKDi-Nano. Effects of treatment were measured in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular morphology, viability, apoptosis, phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), and anabolic/catabolic gene expression analyses related to cartilage tissue. Results and Discussion The effects of PKDi-Nano treatment were more pronounced as compared to PKDi treatment. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were significantly reduced following PKDi-Nano treatment (P < 0.001). Cellular morphology was also restored to normal size and shape. The viability of chondrocytes was significantly enhanced in PKDi-Nano-treated cells (P < 0.001). The data indicated that PKDi-Nano acted independently of the Akt pathway. Gene expression analyses revealed significant increases in the expression levels of anabolic genes with concomitant decreases in the level of catabolic genes. Our results indicate that PKDi-Nano attenuated the effects of IL-1β via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that PKDi-Nano can be used as a successful strategy to reduce IL1β-induced inflammatory stress in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fazal-Ur-Rehman Bhatti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen A Hasty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Zhou F, Mei J, Yuan K, Han X, Qiao H, Tang T. Isorhamnetin attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and protecting chondrocytes through modulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4395-4407. [PMID: 30983153 PMCID: PMC6533508 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disease affecting the whole joint, including both cartilage and subchondral bone. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to be one of the important destructive factors during early‐stage OA development. The objective of this study was to investigate isorhamnetin (Iso) treatment on osteoclast formation and chondrocyte protection to attenuate OA by modulating ROS. Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) was used to establish the osteoclast differentiation model in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in vivo. H2O2 was used to induce ROS, which could further cause chondrocyte apoptosis. We demonstrated that Iso suppressed RANKL‐induced ROS generation, which could mediate osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, we found that Iso inhibited osteoclast formation and function by suppressing the expression of osteoclastogenesis‐related genes and proteins. We proved that Iso inhibited RANKL‐induced activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and AKT signalling pathways in BMMs. In addition, Iso inhibited ROS‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating apoptosis‐related proteins. Moreover, Iso was administered to an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)‐induced OA mouse model. The results indicated that Iso exerted beneficial effects on inhibiting excessive osteoclast activity and chondrocyte apoptosis, which further remedied cartilage damage. Overall, our data showed that Iso is an effective candidate for treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Jingtian Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Xiuguo Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Han Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. of China
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Hong JM, Shin JK, Kim JY, Jang MJ, Park SK, Lee JH, Choi JH, Lee SM. BST106 Protects against Cartilage Damage by Inhibition of Apoptosis and Enhancement of Autophagy in Osteoarthritic Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1257-1268. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeom-Yong Kim
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Corporation, Research Institute
| | - Min-Jung Jang
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Corporation, Research Institute
| | - Sun-Kyu Park
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Corporation, Research Institute
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Corporation, Research Institute
| | - Jung-Hyo Choi
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Corporation, Research Institute
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10
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An QD, Li YY, Zhang HX, Lu J, Yu XD, Lin Q, Zhang YG. Inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4 ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and cartilage matrix degeneration through activation of NF-E2-related factor 2-heme oxygenase-1 signaling in rat chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7719-7728. [PMID: 29878401 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During the progression of osteoarthritis, dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) anabolism, abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species, and proteolytic enzymes have been shown to accelerate the degradation process of cartilage. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the functional role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-stimulated chondrocyte injury and delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms. We observed that the expression BRD4 was markedly elevated in rat chondrocytes after H2 O2 stimulation. Additionally, inhibition of BRD4 using small interfering RNA or JQ1 (a selective potent chemical inhibitor) led to repression of H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress, as revealed by a decrease in the reactive oxygen species production accompanied by a decreased malondialdehyde content, along with increased activities of antioxidant markers superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase on exposure of chondrocytes to H2 O2 . Meanwhile, depletion of BRD4 led to repress the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes triggered by H2 O2 accompanied by an increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and a decrease in the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase 3 as well as attenuated caspase 3 activity. Moreover, knockdown of BRD4 or treatment with JQ1 markedly attenuated ECM deposition, reflected in a marked upregulation of proteoglycans collagen type II and aggrecan as well as downregulation of ECM-degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinase 13 and A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5). More importantly, inhibition of BRD4-activated NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1 signaling. Mechanistically, the protective effect of BRD4 inhibition on H2 O2 -stimulated apoptosis and cartilage matrix degeneration was markedly abrogated by Nrf2 depletion. Altogether, we concluded that the protective effect of BRD4 inhibition against oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and cartilage matrix degeneration occurred through Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1 signaling, implying that BRD4 inhibition may be a more effective therapeutic strategy against osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-de An
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Jintai Hospital of Baoji, Baoji, China
| | - Yun-Yun Li
- The First Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of the PLA, Baoji, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of the PLA, Baoji, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoji City Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Yin-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Janečková E, Bíliková P, Matalová E. Osteogenic Potential of Caspases Related to Endochondral Ossification. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:47-58. [PMID: 29091523 PMCID: PMC5761947 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417739283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases have functions particularly in apoptosis and inflammation. Increasing evidence indicates novel roles of these proteases in cell differentiation, including those involved in osteogenesis. This investigation provides a complex screening of osteogenic markers affected by pan caspase inhibition in micromass cultures derived from mouse forelimbs. PCR Array analysis showed significant alterations in expression of 49 osteogenic genes after 7 days of inhibition. The largest change was a decrease in CD36 expression, which was confirmed at organ level by caspase inhibition in cultured mouse ulnae followed by CD36 immunohistochemical analysis. So far, available data point to osteogenic potential of pro-apoptotic caspases. Therefore, the expression of pro-apoptotic caspases (-3, -6, -7, -8, -9) within the growth plate of mouse forelimbs at the stage where the individual zones are clearly apparent was studied. Caspase-9 was reported in the growth plate for the first time as well as caspase-6 and -7 in the resting zone, caspase-7 in the proliferation, and caspase-6 and -8 in the ossification zone. For all caspases, there was a gradient increase in activation toward the ossification zone. The distribution of staining varied significantly from that of apoptotic cells, and thus, the results further support non-apoptotic participation of caspases in osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bíliková
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalová
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a chronic, progressive and irreversible degradation of the articular cartilage associated with joint inflammation and a reparative bone response. More than 100 million people are affected by this condition worldwide with significant health and welfare costs. Our available treatment options in osteoarthritis are extremely limited. Chondral or osteochondral grafts have shown some promising results but joint replacement surgery is by far the most common therapeutic approach. The difficulty lies on the limited regeneration capacity of the articular cartilage, poor blood supply and the paucity of resident progenitor stem cells. In addition, our poor understanding of the molecular signalling pathways involved in the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes is a major factor restricting further progress in the area. This review focuses on molecules and approaches that can be implemented to delay or even rescue chondrocyte apoptosis. Ways of modulating the physiologic response to trauma preventing chondrocyte death are proposed. The use of several cytokines, growth factors and advances made in altering several of the degenerative genetic pathways involved in chondrocyte apoptosis and degradation are also presented. The suggested approaches can help clinicians to improve cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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13
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Lin Y, Lewallen EA, Camilleri ET, Bonin CA, Jones DL, Dudakovic A, Galeano-Garces C, Wang W, Karperien MJ, Larson AN, Dahm DL, Stuart MJ, Levy BA, Smith J, Ryssman DB, Westendorf JJ, Im HJ, van Wijnen AJ, Riester SM, Krych AJ. RNA-seq analysis of clinical-grade osteochondral allografts reveals activation of early response genes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1950-1959. [PMID: 26909883 PMCID: PMC4993686 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of osteochondral allografts used for transplantation is critical to ensure favorable outcomes for patients after surgical treatment of cartilage defects. To study the biological effects of protocols currently used for cartilage storage, we investigated differences in gene expression between stored allograft cartilage and fresh cartilage from living donors using high throughput molecular screening strategies. We applied next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess genome-wide differences in mRNA expression between stored allograft cartilage and fresh cartilage tissue from living donors. Gene ontology analysis was used to characterize biological pathways associated with differentially expressed genes. Our studies establish reduced levels of mRNAs encoding cartilage related extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (i.e., COL1A1, COL2A1, COL10A1, ACAN, DCN, HAPLN1, TNC, and COMP) in stored cartilage. These changes occur concomitantly with increased expression of "early response genes" that encode transcription factors mediating stress/cytoprotective responses (i.e., EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, MYC, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, JUNB, and JUND). The elevated expression of "early response genes" and reduced levels of ECM-related mRNAs in stored cartilage allografts suggests that tissue viability may be maintained by a cytoprotective program that reduces cell metabolic activity. These findings have potential implications for future studies focused on quality assessment and clinical optimization of osteochondral allografts used for cartilage transplantation. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1950-1959, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China
| | - Eric A. Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Emily T. Camilleri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Carolina A. Bonin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Dakota L. Jones
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Catalina Galeano-Garces
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,Department of Orthopedics, WuHan Orthopedics Hospital/Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Marcel J. Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Annalise N. Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Diane L. Dahm
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J. Stuart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Bruce A. Levy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Daniel B. Ryssman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Scott M. Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Aaron J. Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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14
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Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26035-54. [PMID: 26528972 PMCID: PMC4661802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly-regulated, active process of cell death involved in development, homeostasis and aging. Dysregulation of apoptosis leads to pathological states, such as cancer, developmental anomalies and degenerative diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common chronic joint disease in the elderly population, is characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage, resulting in significant disability. Because articular cartilage depends solely on its resident cells, the chondrocytes, for the maintenance of extracellular matrix, the compromising of chondrocyte function and survival would lead to the failure of the articular cartilage. The role of subchondral bone in the maintenance of proper cartilage matrix has been suggested as well, and it has been proposed that both articular cartilage and subchondral bone interact with each other in the maintenance of articular integrity and physiology. Some investigators include both articular cartilage and subchondral bone as targets for repairing joint degeneration. In late-stage OA, the cartilage becomes hypocellular, often accompanied by lacunar emptying, which has been considered as evidence that chondrocyte death is a central feature in OA progression. Apoptosis clearly occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage; however, the relative contribution of chondrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of OA is difficult to evaluate, and contradictory reports exist on the rate of apoptotic chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage. It is not clear whether chondrocyte apoptosis is the inducer of cartilage degeneration or a byproduct of cartilage destruction. Chondrocyte death and matrix loss may form a vicious cycle, with the progression of one aggravating the other, and the literature reveals that there is a definite correlation between the degree of cartilage damage and chondrocyte apoptosis. Because current treatments for OA act only on symptoms and do not prevent or cure OA, chondrocyte apoptosis would be a valid target to modulate cartilage degeneration.
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Greco KV, Nalesso G, Kaneva MK, Sherwood J, Iqbal AJ, Moradi-Bidhendi N, Dell'Accio F, Perretti M. Analyses on the mechanisms that underlie the chondroprotective properties of calcitonin. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:348-58. [PMID: 25117448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcitonin (CT) has recently been shown to display chondroprotective effects. Here, we investigate the putative mechanisms by which CT delivers these actions. METHODS Immortalized C-28/I2 cells or primary adult human articular chondrocytes (AHAC) were cultured in high-density micromasses to investigate: (i) CT anabolic effects using qPCR and immuhistochemistry analysis; (ii) CT anti-apoptotic effects using quantitation of Bax/Bcl gene products ratio, TUNEL assay and caspase-3 expression; (iii) CT effects on CREB, COL2A1 and NFAT transcription factors. RESULTS CT (10(-10)-10(-8)nM) induced significant up-regulation of cartilage phenotypic markers (SOX9, COL2A1 and ACAN), with down-regulation of catabolic (MMP1 and MMP13 and ADAMTS5) gene products both in resting and inflammatory conditions. This was mirrored by an augmented production of type II collagen and accumulation of glycosaminoglycan- and proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix in vitro. Mechanistic analyses revealed only partial involvement of cyclic AMP formation in these effects of CT. Congruently, using reporter assays for specific transcription factors, there was no indication for CREB activation, whereas the COL2A1 promoter was genuinely and directly activated by cell exposure to CT. Phenotypically, these mechanisms supported the ability of CT, whilst inactive on its own, to counteract the pro-apoptotic effects of IL-1β, demonstrated by TUNEL-positive staining of chondrocytes and ratio of BAX/BCL genes products. CONCLUSION These data may provide a novel lead for the development of CT-based chondroprotective strategies that rely on the engagement of mechanisms that lead to augmented chondrocyte anabolism and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin V Greco
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena K Kaneva
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Sherwood
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Niloufar Moradi-Bidhendi
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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Song K, Kim S, Na JY, Park JH, Kim JK, Kim JH, Kwon J. Rutin attenuates ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cells by increasing aldehyde dehydrogenase 2. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sena P, Manfredini G, Benincasa M, Mariani F, Smargiassi A, Catani F, Palumbo C. Up-regulation of the chemo-attractive receptor ChemR23 and occurrence of apoptosis in human chondrocytes isolated from fractured calcaneal osteochondral fragments. J Anat 2014; 224:659-68. [PMID: 24689495 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the expression level of a panel of pro/anti-apoptotic factors and inflammation-related receptors in chondral fragments from patients undergoing surgical treatment for intra-articular calcaneal fractures, cartilage fragments were retrieved from calcaneal fractures of 20 patients subjected to surgical treatment. Primary cultures were performed using chondral fragments from fractured and control patients. Chondrocyte cultures from each patient of the fractured and control groups were subjected to immunofluorescence staining and quantitatively analyzed under confocal microscopy. Proteins extracted from the cultured chondrocytes taken from the fractured and control groups were processed for Western blot experiments and densitometric analysis. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined using the cleaved PARP-1 antibody. The proportion of labelled cells was 35% for fractured specimens, compared with 7% for control samples. Quantification of caspase-3 active and Bcl-2 proteins in chondrocyte cultures showed a significant increase of the apoptotic process in fractured specimens compared with control ones. Fractured chondrocytes were positively stained for ChemR23 with statistically significant differences with respect to control samples. Densitometric evaluation of the immunoreactive bands confirmed these observations. Human articular chondrocytes obtained from patients with intra-articular calcaneal fractures express higher levels of pivotal pro-apoptotic factors, and of the chemo-attractive receptor ChemR23, compared with control cultures. On the basis of these observations, the authors hypothesize that consistent prolonged chondrocyte death, associated with the persistence of high levels of pro-inflammatory factors, could enhance the deterioration of cartilage tissue with consequent development of post-traumatic arthritis following intra-articular bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sena
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences - Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Cartilage tissue engineering: molecular control of chondrocyte differentiation for proper cartilage matrix reconstruction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2414-40. [PMID: 24608030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage defects are a veritable therapeutic problem because therapeutic options are very scarce. Due to the poor self-regeneration capacity of cartilage, minor cartilage defects often lead to osteoarthritis. Several surgical strategies have been developed to repair damaged cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) gives encouraging results, but this cell-based therapy involves a step of chondrocyte expansion in a monolayer, which results in the loss in the differentiated phenotype. Thus, despite improvement in the quality of life for patients, reconstructed cartilage is in fact fibrocartilage. Successful ACI, according to the particular physiology of chondrocytes in vitro, requires active and phenotypically stabilized chondrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the unique physiology of cartilage, with the factors involved in its formation, stabilization and degradation. Then, we focus on some of the most recent advances in cell therapy and tissue engineering that open up interesting perspectives for maintaining or obtaining the chondrogenic character of cells in order to treat cartilage lesions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Current research involves the use of chondrocytes or progenitor stem cells, associated with "smart" biomaterials and growth factors. Other influential factors, such as cell sources, oxygen pressure and mechanical strain are considered, as are recent developments in gene therapy to control the chondrocyte differentiation/dedifferentiation process. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides new information on the mechanisms regulating the state of differentiation of chondrocytes and the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells that will lead to the development of new restorative cell therapy approaches in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Rao AJ, Johnston TR, Harris AHS, Smith RL, Costouros JG. Inhibition of chondrocyte and synovial cell death after exposure to commonly used anesthetics: chondrocyte apoptosis after anesthetics. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42:50-8. [PMID: 24166803 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513507426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An intra-articular injection of local anesthetics is a common procedure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It has been shown that these agents are toxic to articular cartilage and synovial tissue in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, and in some cases, they may lead to postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL). However, the role of apoptosis in cell death is still unclear, and the potential role of apoptosis inhibition in minimizing chondrocyte and synovial cell death has not been reported. PURPOSE (1) To quantify the degree of apoptotic cell death in chondrocytes and synovial cells exposed to local anesthetics, and (2) to determine whether caspase inhibition could reduce cell death. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Human chondrocytes and synovial cells were expanded in vitro and exposed to normal saline, 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, 1% lidocaine, or 1:1000 epinephrine for 90 minutes. Apoptosis was then detected at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after exposure using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was then inhibited using the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk. Results were normalized to normal saline controls and analyzed by generalized regression models and pairwise confidence intervals. RESULTS Analysis of cumulative chondrocyte apoptosis relative to controls after anesthetic exposure demonstrated more than 60% cell death with 0.5% bupivacaine and 1:1000 epinephrine. The greatest chondroprotective effect of caspase inhibition occurred with 0.5% ropivacaine. Similarly, in synovial cells, epinephrine was also very cytotoxic; however, 1% lidocaine induced the most apoptosis. Synovial cells exposed to 0.5% ropivacaine were again most sensitive to protective caspase inhibition. CONCLUSION Local anesthetics induce chondrocyte and synovial cell apoptosis in a time-dependent fashion, with peak apoptosis occurring 5 days after exposure. Both chondrocytes and synovial cells are most sensitive to caspase inhibition after exposure to 0.5% ropivacaine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Apoptosis inhibition may be an effective strategy in minimizing chondrocyte and synovial cell death after exposure to anesthetics. Further investigation is clinically warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Rao
- John G. Costouros, FACS, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Mailcode 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063.
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Davis CG, Eisner E, McGlynn M, Shelton JM, Richardson J, Borrelli J, Chen CC. Posttraumatic Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Murine Xiphoid. Cartilage 2013; 4:345-53. [PMID: 26069679 PMCID: PMC4297158 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513489830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate posttraumatic chondrocyte apoptosis in the murine xiphoid after a crush-type injury and to ultimately determine the pathway (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic) by which chondrocytes undergo apoptosis in response to mechanical injury. DESIGN The xiphoids of adult female wild-type mice were injured with the use of a modified Kelly clamp. Postinjury xiphoid cartilage was analyzed via 3 well-described independent means of assessing apoptosis in chondrocytes: hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and activated caspase-3 staining. RESULTS Injured specimens contained many chondrocytes with evidence of apoptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the liberation of apoptotic bodies. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of chondrocytes undergoing apoptosis in the injured specimens as compared with the uninjured specimens. CONCLUSIONS Chondrocytes can be stimulated to undergo apoptosis as a result of mechanical injury. These experiments involving predominantly cartilaginous murine xiphoid in vivo establish a baseline for future investigations that employ the genetic and therapeutic modulation of chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Eisner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margaret McGlynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Borrelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA,Texas Health Physicians Group, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Christopher C.T. Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Na JY, Kim S, Song K, Lim KH, Shin GW, Kim JH, Kim B, Kwon YB, Kwon J. Anti-apoptotic Activity of Ginsenoside Rb1 in Hydrogen Peroxide-treated Chondrocytes: Stabilization of Mitochondria and the Inhibition of Caspase-3. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:242-7. [PMID: 23717124 PMCID: PMC3659597 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis has been recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which produces reactive oxygen species, reportedly induces apoptosis in chondrocytes. The ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is the principal component in ginseng and has been shown to have a variety of biological activities, such as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we evaluated the effects of G-Rb1 on the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and caspase-3 activity of chondrocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2. Cultured rat articular chondrocytes were exposed to H2O2 with or without G-Rb1 and assessed for viability, MPT, Bcl-xL/Bax expression, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis. The co-treatment with G-Rb1 showed an inhibition of MPT, caspase-3 activity, and cell death. Additionally, the levels of the apoptotic protein Bax were significantly lower and the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were higher compared with H2O2 treatment alone. The results of this study demonstrate that G-Rb1 protects chondrocytes against H2O2-induced apoptosis, at least in part via the inhibition of MPT and caspase-3 activity. These results demonstrate that G-Rb1 is a potentially useful drug for the treatment of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Na
- BioSafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Lechler P, Handel M, Anders S, Balakrishnan S, Grifka J. [The oncofetal gene survivin - a possible target gene for regenerative therapy concepts in cartilaginous tissue]. DER ORTHOPADE 2012; 41:260-7. [PMID: 22476416 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-011-1852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Survivin, the smallest member of the inhibitor of the apoptosis protein gene family (IAP) is a key molecule for mammalian cell cycle regulation and cellular survival. Of note these functions have been thought to be limited to embryonic and malignant tissues. However, a growing body of evidence indicates a limited expression of survivin in some highly specific adult tissues and cells. In the present study it has been demonstrated that the antiapoptotic protein survivin is re-expressed in osteoarthritic human cartilage and primary human chondrocytes. Furthermore, the data indicated that survivin significantly affects cell cycle regulation and cellular survival. The modulation of survivin expression and function in cartilaginous tissues might be important for understanding osteoarthritis and the development of regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lechler
- Orthopädische Klinik für die Universität Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum, Kaiser-Karl-V.-Allee 3, 93077, Bad Abbach, Deutschland.
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Lechler P, Balakrishnan S, Schaumburger J, Grässel S, Baier C, Grifka J, Straub RH, Renkawitz T. The oncofetal gene survivin is re-expressed in osteoarthritis and is required for chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:150. [PMID: 21729321 PMCID: PMC3141611 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulation of cell death and cell division are key processes during chondrogenesis and in cartilage homeostasis and pathology. The oncogene survivin is considered to be critical for the coordination of mitosis and maintenance of cell viability during embryonic development and in cancer, and is not detectable in most adult differentiated tissues and cells. We analyzed survivin expression in osteoarthritic cartilage and its function in primary human chondrocytes in vitro. Methods Survivin expression was analyzed by immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR. The localization was visualized by immunofluorescence. Survivin functions in vitro were investigated by transfection of a specific siRNA. Results Survivin was expressed in human osteoarthritic cartilage, but was not detectable in macroscopically and microscopically unaffected cartilage of osteoarthritic knee joints. In primary human chondrocyte cultures, survivin was localized to heterogeneous subcellular compartments. Suppression of survivin resulted in inhibition of cell cycle progression and sensitization toward apoptotic stimuli in vitro. Conclusions The present study indicates a role for survivin in osteoarthritic cartilage and human chondrocytes. In vitro experiments indicated its involvement in cellular division and viability. Learning more about the functions of survivin in chondrocyte biology might further help toward understanding and modulating the complex processes of cartilage pathology and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lechler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Kaiser Karl V Allee 3, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany.
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Unglaub F, Thomas SB, Kroeber MW, Dragu A, Fellenberg J, Mittlmeier T, Wolf MB, Horch RE. Expression of TRAIL and death receptor DR4 in Palmer type 2 TFCC lesions. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010; 130:1215-20. [PMID: 19911185 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-009-0988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative articular disc perforations of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) of the wrist are characterized by fibrocartilage cell loss and are often associated with ulna-plus situations. Apoptosis has been found to play a crucial role in fibrocartilage cell loss, however, the molecular mechanism and mediators are still poorly understood. AIM The purpose of this study was to identify receptors to apoptosis in degenerative disc lesions. PATIENTS Included in the study were 17 patients with degenerative articular disc tears of the TFC (Palmer type 2C). Following arthroscopic debridement of the TFC, histological sections were examined to assess the presence of apoptosis. Apoptosis was determined using TRAIL and death receptor DR4 agonists for immunohistochemical analyses. The number of cells positive for apoptosis was then correlated with ulna length. RESULTS Cells positive for TRAIL and DR4 were found in all specimens. The number of cells positive for TRAIL was significantly increased in specimens of patients with an ulna positive variance (P = 0.040). However, DR4 was not significantly increased in ulna plus (P > 0.05). Both, TRAIL and DR4 positive cells were found to be evenly distributed throughout each specimen. There was no accumulation of any type of cells in any particular zone of the biopsies. CONCLUSION This is the first study that shows that TFCC cells express TRAIL and DR4, which suggests that apoptosis, as well as, mechanical trauma are involved in the development of disc perforation. The TRAIL/DR4 receptor system is a molecular mediator of apoptosis induction in TFC cells and therefore plays a role in cell loss in degenerative disc lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Unglaub
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, Erlangen, Germany.
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JU XD, DENG M, AO YF, YU CL, WANG JQ, YU JK, CUI GQ, HU YL. Protective Effect of Sinomenine on Cartilage Degradation and Chondrocytes Apoptosis. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:1053-60. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong JU
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Min DENG
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Ying-fang AO
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Chang-long YU
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Jian-quan WANG
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Jia-kuo YU
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Guo-qing CUI
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
| | - Yue-lin HU
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital
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Lotz MK, Kraus VB. New developments in osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:211. [PMID: 20602810 PMCID: PMC2911903 DOI: 10.1186/ar3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint trauma can lead to a spectrum of acute lesions, including osteochondral fractures, ligament or meniscus tears and damage to the articular cartilage. This is often associated with intraarticular bleeding and causes posttraumatic joint inflammation. Although the acute symptoms resolve and some of the lesions can be surgically repaired, joint injury triggers a chronic remodeling process in cartilage and other joint tissues that ultimately manifests as osteoarthritis in a majority of cases. The objective of the present review is to summarize information on pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic consequences of joint trauma and discuss potential pharmacological interventions. The focus of the review is on the early events that follow joint trauma since therapies for posttraumatic joint inflammation are not available and this represents a unique window of opportunity to limit chronic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps-Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Thomas CM, Whittles CE, Fuller CJ, Sharif M. Variations in chondrocyte apoptosis may explain the increased prevalence of osteoarthritis in some joints. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1341-8. [PMID: 20396889 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there are any variations in chondrocyte susceptibility to an apoptotic stimulus between cells of articular cartilage (AC) from equine joints that differ in prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Cartilage from macroscopically normal equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints was used. Prior to culture, chondrocyte viability was assessed using the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide paravital staining method. AC explants were subsequently treated with tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in combination with Actinomycin D to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis of chondrocytes in cartilage sections was assessed by expression of active caspase-3 using indirect immunohistochemistry and sections also histologically graded using a 'modified' Mankin scoring system. RESULTS Prior to culture (mean ± standard deviation) chondrocyte viability was 80.7% (3.5). The extent of chondrocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-α/Actinomycin D varied markedly according to the joint type that the cartilage was sampled from. For MCP joints, the extent of overall chondrocyte apoptosis was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in stimulated explants (26.7%, 10.3) than that observed in unstimulated control samples (9.6%, 7.5). Conversely, chondrocytes from PIP and DIP joint cartilage did not respond significantly to apoptotic stimulation (P > 0.05). Significant variations in cellularity and thickness were also evident between cartilages of different joint types. CONCLUSIONS Data in this study demonstrate that chondrocytes from three equine joint types with varying prevalences of OA differ significantly in terms of susceptibility to apoptosis induction. This may provide a possible explanation for the joint-specific nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Thomas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EJ, UK
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Dang AC, Kim HT. Chondrocyte apoptosis after simulated intraarticular fracture: a comparison of histologic detection methods. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:1877-84. [PMID: 19363641 PMCID: PMC2690763 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in chondrocytes is essential to studying cartilage injury. We evaluated four methods of detecting chondrocyte-programmed cell death in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cartilage after experimental osteochondral fracture. Human osteochondral explants were subjected to experimental fracture in a manner known to induce high levels of chondrocyte-programmed cell death. After 4 days in culture, specimens were fixed and analyzed for programmed cell death using: (1) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end labeling; (2) DNA denaturation analysis using an antibody specific for single-stranded DNA; (3) immunohistochemistry using antisera specific for active caspase-3; and (4) in situ oligonucleotide ligation. Quantitative analysis of programmed cell death levels for each technique was performed comparing injured and uninjured areas of cartilage. We observed differences between injured and uninjured areas of cartilage using the four methods. Human cartilage fixed in zinc-formalin and embedded in paraffin is amenable to programmed cell death analysis using any of four independent methods, each of which ostensibly has some advantages in terms of assaying different steps along the apoptotic pathway. Using the protocols described in this article, investigators may have additional tools to identify and quantify chondrocytes undergoing programmed cell death after experimental cartilage injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Dang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU320 W, Box 0728, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Hubert T. Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU320 W, Box 0728, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
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Chondrocyte apoptosis: implications for osteochondral allograft transplantation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:1819-25. [PMID: 18506558 PMCID: PMC2584268 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral allograft transplantation is a useful technique to manage larger articular cartilage injuries. One factor that may compromise the effectiveness of this procedure is chondrocyte cell death that occurs during the storage, preparation, and implantation of the osteochondral grafts. Loss of viable chondrocytes may negatively affect osteochondral edge integration and long-term function. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for chondrocyte loss could lead to interventions designed to decrease cell death and improve results. Recent studies indicate that apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is responsible for much of the chondrocyte death associated with osteochondral allograft transplantation. Theoretically, some of these cells can be rescued by blocking important apoptotic mediators. We review the role of apoptosis in cartilage degeneration, focusing on apoptosis associated with osteochondral transplantation. We also review the pathways thought to be responsible for regulating chondrocyte apoptosis, as well as experiments testing inhibitors of the apoptotic pathway. These data suggest that key contributors to the apoptotic process can be manipulated to enhance chondrocyte survival. This knowledge may lead to better surgical outcomes for osteochondral transplantation.
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Akdemir O, Berksoy I, Karaoğlan A, Barut S, Bilguvar K, Cirakoğlu B, Sahan E, Colak A. Therapeutic efficacy of Ac-DMQD-CHO, a caspase 3 inhibitor, for rat spinal cord injury. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:672-8. [PMID: 18378144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Ac-DMQD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, and functional recovery in spinal cord injury in a rat model. Thirty rats were randomized into three groups of 10 each. In groups 2 and 3, spinal cord trauma was produced in the thoracic region. Group 3 rats were treated with Ac-DMQD-CHO. Treatment responses were evaluated based on histopathological and TUNEL staining findings at 24 h and 5 days post-injury. Neurologic performance was assessed during and following treatment. Twenty-four hours after injury, light microscopy examination revealed diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis, edema, vascular thrombi, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in group 2 and 3 rats, but cavitation and demyelinization were less prominent in group 3. At this time point, treatment of the rats with Ac-DMQD-CHO significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells. Traumatic injury to the spinal cord causes apoptosis and administration of Ac-DMQD-CHO decreases apoptosis and improves functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Akdemir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Zhou Y, Millward-Sadler SJ, Lin H, Robinson H, Goldring M, Salter DM, Nuki G. Evidence for JNK-dependent up-regulation of proteoglycan synthesis and for activation of JNK1 following cyclical mechanical stimulation in a human chondrocyte culture model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:884-93. [PMID: 17408985 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human chondrocytes, to investigate whether selective activation of MAPKs is involved in up-regulation of proteoglycan (PG) synthesis following cyclical mechanical stimulation (MS), and to examine whether MS is associated with integrin-dependent or independent activation of MAPKs. METHODS The C-28/I2 and C-20/A4 human chondrocyte cell lines were mechanically stimulated in monolayer cell culture. PG synthesis was assessed by [(35)S]-sulphate incorporation in the presence and absence of the p38 inhibitor SB203580, and the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD98059. Kinase expression and activation were assessed by Western blotting using phosphorylation status-dependent and independent antibodies, and by kinase assays. The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 and the anti-beta(1) integrin (CD29) function-blocking antibody were used to assess JNK activation and integrin dependence, respectively. RESULTS Increased PG synthesis following 3 h of cyclic MS was abolished by pretreatment with 10 microM SB203580, but was not affected by 50 microM PD98059. The kinases p38, ERK1/ERK2 and JNKs were expressed in both stimulated and unstimulated cells. Phosphorylated p38 was detected at various time points following 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h MS in C-28/I2, but not detected in C-20/A4 cell lines. Phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was not significantly affected by MS. Phosphorylation of the 54 and 46 kDa JNKs increased following 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h of MS, and following CO(2) deprivation. MS-induced JNK phosphorylation was inhibited by SB203580 at concentrations > or =5 microM and activation of JNK1 following MS was blocked by SP600125 and partially inhibited by anti-CD29. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest JNK, rather than p38 or ERK dependent increases in PG synthesis, and selective, partially integrin-dependent, activation of JNK kinases in human chondrocyte cell lines following cyclical MS. JNK activation is also very sensitive to changes in CO(2)/pH in this chondrocyte culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- University of Edinburgh, Osteoarticular Research Group, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Racz B, Reglodi D, Fodor B, Gasz B, Lubics A, Gallyas F, Roth E, Borsiczky B. Hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptotic signaling pathways in chondrocytes. Bone 2007; 40:1536-43. [PMID: 17392049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes have a well-developed osmoregulatory system that enables cells to survive in a constantly changing osmotic environment. However, osmotic loading exceeding that occurring under physiological conditions severely compromises chondrocyte function and leads to degenerative changes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the form of cell death and changes in apoptotic signaling pathways under hyperosmotic stress using a primary chondrocyte culture. Cell viability and apoptosis assays performed with annexin V and propidium iodide staining showed that a highly hyperosmotic medium (600 mOsm) severely reduced chondrocyte viability and led mainly to apoptotic cell death, while elevating osmotic pressure within the physiological range caused no changes compared to isosmotic conditions. Western blot analysis revealed that a 600 mOsm hyperosmotic environment induced the activation of proapoptotic members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, and led to an increased level of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Hyperosmotic stress also induced the activation of caspase-3. In summary, our results show that hyperosmotic stress leads to mainly apoptotic cell death via the involvement of proapoptotic signaling pathways in a primary chondrocyte culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Racz
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Pecs University Medical School, Kodaly Z. u. 20, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Boost KA, Hoegl S, Hofstetter C, Flondor M, Stegewerth K, Platacis I, Pfeilschifter J, Muhl H, Zwissler B. Targeting caspase-1 by inhalation-therapy: effects of Ac-YVAD-CHO on IL-1 beta, IL-18 and downstream proinflammatory parameters as detected in rat endotoxaemia. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:863-871. [PMID: 17384935 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We set out to investigate whether the nebulized and inhaled specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO has the potential to attenuate the pulmonary and systemic release of the caspase-1-dependent cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as well as their downstream enzymes iNOS and COX-2 in rat experimental endotoxaemia. DESIGN AND SETTING Controlled, randomized animal study in a university research facility. SUBJECT Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=32) were randomly treated as follows: Inhaled Ac-YVAD-CHO was administered in eight rats at a inhaled total dosage of 5 mg and in eight rats at a inhaled total dose of 0.5 mg before infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg, i.v.). Eight animals received LPS only. Eight animals served as controls without endotoxaemia. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After 4h of endotoxaemia, levels of IL-1 beta, IL-18 and TNF-alpha in plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Nitric oxide (NO) release from alveolar macrophages was measured by Griess assay. Amounts of iNOS protein in alveolar macrophages and COX-2 protein in lung homogenates were determined by Western blotting. Significant reductions in release of IL-1 beta (-58%, p<0.05) and IL-18 (-51%, p<0.05) in plasma and IL-1 beta (-59%, p<0.05) in BALF were found in animals pretreated with inhaled caspase-1 inhibitor compared with animals without therapy. Expression of iNOS in alveolar macrophages and COX-2 in lung tissue was concurrently decreased in the treatment groups compared with control animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that administration of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CHO by inhalation is able to reduce the pulmonary and systemic release of proinflammatory mediators in rat endotoxaemia. These results further underscore that inhalation may constitute an effective route of anti-inflammatory drug administration, beneficial in the clinical setting of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Boost
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sandra Hoegl
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Hofstetter
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Flondor
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Stegewerth
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilka Platacis
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko Muhl
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Zwissler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Costouros JG, Kim HT. Preventing chondrocyte programmed cell death caused by iatrogenic injury. Knee 2007; 14:107-11. [PMID: 17174553 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage repair technology is advancing at a rapid pace. However, all techniques share a common weakness-unintentional chondrocyte cell death resulting from cartilage injury that occurs during preparation of the defect site. The loss of chondrocytes at the edge of host cartilage is likely to contribute to failed integration of regenerated tissue or grafts to the surrounding cartilage. Recent studies have demonstrated that "apoptosis", or programmed cell death (PCD), may be responsible for much of the cell death caused by cartilage injury. Theoretically, inhibitors of key pathways responsible for PCD could rescue chondrocytes and improve the results of cartilage repair surgery. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that short-term, intra-articular PCD inhibitor treatment can limit chondrocyte death in vivo following simulated preparation of host cartilage for a repair procedure. A microcurette was used to create full-thickness articular cartilage injuries to the femoral condyles of adult New Zealand White rabbits. Animals received daily intra-articular injections either with a potent PCD inhibitor or with vehicle alone. Treatment with the inhibitor resulted in a significant reduction in the percentage of chondrocytes undergoing PCD compared to controls [treated=10.1+/-2.4%; controls=26.5+/-3.6%; (p=0.0013)]. These results provide proof of concept for the use of PCD inhibitors to enhance the results of cartilage repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Costouros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 95119, United States.
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Pourmand EP, Binderman I, Doty SB, Kudryashov V, Boskey AL. Chondrocyte apoptosis is not essential for cartilage calcification: evidence from an in vitro avian model. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:43-57. [PMID: 16888817 PMCID: PMC1751482 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The calcification of cartilage is an essential step in the process of normal bone growth through endochondral ossification. Chondrocyte apoptosis is generally observed prior to the transition of calcified cartilage to bone. There are, however, contradictory reports in the literature as to whether chondrocyte apoptosis is a precursor to cartilage calcification, a co-event, or occurs after calcification. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that chondrocyte apoptosis is not a requirement for initial calcification using a cell culture system that mimics endochondral ossification. Mesenchymal stem cells harvested from Stages 21-23 chick limb buds were plated as micro-mass cultures in the presence of 4 mM inorganic phosphate (mineralizing conditions). The cultures were treated with either an apoptosis inhibitor or stimulator and compared to un-treated controls before the start of calcification on day 7. Inhibition of apoptosis with the caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp (O-Me)-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk) caused no decreases in calcification as indicated by radioactive calcium uptake or Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of mineral properties. When apoptosis was inhibited, the cultures showed more robust histological features (including more intense staining for proteoglycans, and more intact cells within the nodules as well as along the periphery of the cells as compared to untreated controls), more proliferation as noted by bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, decreases in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and fewer apoptotic bodies in electron microscopy. Stimulation of apoptosis with 40-120 nM staurosporine prior to the onset of calcification resulted in inhibition of calcium accretion, with the extent of total calcium uptake significantly decreased, the amount of matrix deposition impaired, and the formation of abnormal mineral crystals. These results indicate that chondrocyte apoptosis is not a pre-requisite for calcification in this culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Pourmand
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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36
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Ma XQ, Zhang HJ, Zhang YH, Chen YH, Wu F, Du JQ, Yu HP, Zhou ZL, Li JY, Nan FJ, Li J. Novel irreversible caspase-1 inhibitor attenuates the maturation of intracellular interleukin-1β. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:56-65. [PMID: 17464345 DOI: 10.1139/o06-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
. Caspase-1, the most efficient enzyme in processing the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18 in humans, is associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and some neuronal diseases. We previously reported that isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione and its derivatives are novel caspase-3 inhibitors that could attenuate apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Here we report a novel derivative of isoquinoline-1,3,4-trione that is highly potent in inhibiting caspase-1 activity in an irreversible and slow-binding manner, thus inhibiting cellular caspase-1 activity and the maturation of interleukin 1β in U-937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Ma
- East China Normal Univeristy, Academy of Life Science, P.R. China
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Thomas CM, Fuller CJ, Whittles CE, Sharif M. Chondrocyte death by apoptosis is associated with cartilage matrix degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:27-34. [PMID: 16859932 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the frequency of chondrocyte apoptosis in equine articular cartilage (AC) specimens and to examine the relationship between the process of cell death and the degree of cartilage degradation using a direct quantification of numbers of apoptotic cells and expression of active caspase-3. METHODS AC from equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints was used and each joint was graded macroscopically for cartilage degradation (macroscopic osteoarthritis (OA) score). Cartilage sections were graded using a 'modified' Mankin scoring system. Apoptosis of chondrocytes in cartilage sections was assessed morphologically by appearance of apoptotic features (direct method) and by expression of active caspase-3 using indirect immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The extent of apoptosis assessed by the direct method did not show any relationship with increasing severity of OA (P=0.72). However, there was a significant positive correlation between 'modified' Mankin score and apoptosis determined by caspase-3, with the extent of apoptosis found to increase linearly with increasing severity of OA (r=0.44, P=0.0043). Caspase-3 expression was found to be significantly higher in the superficial and middle zones than in the deep zone (P<0.001). In the superficial, middle and deep zones, expression of caspase-3 was significantly higher in the MCP joint than in the PIP joint (P=0.013, P=0.0018 and P=0.029, respectively). Within the MCP joints, apoptosis was higher in the lateral compartment compared to the medial (P=0.053). CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study demonstrate that chondrocyte apoptosis is positively associated with degree of cartilage matrix damage and that the extent of apoptosis varies with cartilage zones and mechanical loading environment of the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Thomas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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D'Lima D, Hermida J, Hashimoto S, Colwell C, Lotz M. Caspase inhibitors reduce severity of cartilage lesions in experimental osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1814-21. [PMID: 16736522 DOI: 10.1002/art.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the therapeutic efficacy of caspase inhibitors in experimental osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Experimental OA was induced in rabbits by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Rabbits were treated with intraarticular (i.a.) injections of caspase inhibitors 3 times per week starting 1 week postoperatively. Animals were killed 9 weeks after ACLT, for macroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical assessment of the knee joints. RESULTS I.a. administration of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK significantly reduced cartilage degradation, as assessed by macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Untreated knees showed large numbers of chondrocytes with active caspase 3 and the p85 fragment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP p85) that is generated during apoptosis. The frequency of cells positive for PARP p85 and active caspase 3 was reduced in Z-VAD-FMK-treated knees. Inhibitors specific for caspase 3 or caspase 8 showed no significant efficacy. Caspase 1 inhibitor and the combination of caspase 3 and caspase 8 inhibitors reduced OA pathology. CONCLUSION These results provide direct support for a role of cell death in OA pathogenesis. Caspase inhibitors reduced the severity of cartilage lesions in experimental OA, suggesting that they may have disease-modifying activity in human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl D'Lima
- The Scripps Research Institute and the Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Stanic I, Facchini A, Borzì RM, Vitellozzi R, Stefanelli C, Goldring MB, Guarnieri C, Facchini A, Flamigni F. Polyamine depletion inhibits apoptosis following blocking of survival pathways in human chondrocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:138-46. [PMID: 15965903 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis can be an important contributor to cartilage degeneration, thereby making it a potential therapeutic target in articular diseases. To search for new approaches to limit chondrocytic cell death, we investigated the requirement of polyamines for apoptosis favored by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), using specific polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors in human chondrocytes. The combined treatment of C-28/I2 chondrocytes with TNF and cycloheximide (CHX) resulted in a prompt effector caspase activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Pre-treatment of chondrocytes with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, markedly reduced putrescine and spermidine content as well as the caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation induced by TNF and CHX. DFMO treatment also inhibited the increase in effector caspase activity provoked by TNF plus MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. DFMO decreased caspase-8 activity and procaspase-8 content, an apical caspase essential for TNF-induced apoptosis. Although DFMO increased the amount of active, phosphorylated Akt, inhibitors of the Akt pathway failed to restore the TNF-induced increase in caspase activity blunted by DFMO. DFMO also reduced the increase in caspase activity induced by staurosporine, but in this case Akt inhibition prevented the DFMO effect. Pre-treatment with CGP 48664, an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) inhibitor markedly reduced spermidine and spermine levels, and provoked effects similar to those caused by DFMO. Finally DFMO was effective even in primary osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocyte cultures. These results suggest that the intracellular depletion of polyamines in chondrocytes can inhibit both the death receptor pathway by reducing the level of procaspase-8, and the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway by activating Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Stanic
- Dipartimento di Biochimica G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Shakibaei M, Schulze-Tanzil G, John T, Mobasheri A. Curcumin protects human chondrocytes from IL-l1beta-induced inhibition of collagen type II and beta1-integrin expression and activation of caspase-3: an immunomorphological study. Ann Anat 2006; 187:487-97. [PMID: 16320828 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in mediating cartilage degradation in osteoarticular disorders such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At the cellular level, IL-1beta activates matrix degrading enzymes, down-regulates expression of matrix components and induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is an anti-inflammatory phytochemical agent that has recently been shown to antagonize the pro-inflammatory effects of cytokines in chondrocytes and other cells. To test the hypothesis that curcumin also protects chondrocytes from morphological alterations induced by IL-1beta, we investigated its in vitro effects on apoptotic signalling proteins and key cartilage-specific matrix components in IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes. Human articular chondrocytes were pre-treated with 10 ng/mI IL-1beta alone for 30 min before being co-treated with IL-1beta and 50 microM curcumin for 5, 15 or 30 min, respectively. The ultrastructural morphology of chondrocytes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The production of collagen type II, the adhesion and signal transduction receptor beta1-integrin, the apoptosis marker activated caspase-3 was analysed by immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy and Western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy of chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1beta revealed early degenerative changes which were relieved by curcumin co-treatment. The suppression of collagen type II and beta1-integrin synthesis by IL-1beta was inhibited by curcumin. Additionally, curcumin antagonized IL-1beta-induced caspase-3 activation in a time-dependent manner. This study clearly demonstrates that curcumin exerts anti-apoptotic and anti-catabolic effects on IL-1beta-stimulated articular chondrocytes. Therefore curcumin may have novel therapeutic potential as an adjunct nutraceutical chondroprotective agent for treating OA and related osteoarticular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Grossin L, Cournil-Henrionnet C, Pinzano A, Gaborit N, Dumas D, Etienne S, Stoltz JF, Terlain B, Netter P, Mir LM, Gillet P. Gene transfer with HSP 70 in rat chondrocytes confers cytoprotection in vitro and during experimental osteoarthritis. FASEB J 2006; 20:65-75. [PMID: 16394269 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2889com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a gradual degradation of extracellular matrix, resulting from an excess of chondrocyte cell death, mainly due to an increase in apoptotis. Recent studies have revealed the essential role of HSP70 in protecting cells from stressful stimuli. Therefore, overexpressing HSP70 in chondrocytes could represent a good strategy to prevent extracellular matrix destruction. To this end, we have developed a vector carrying HSP70/GFP, and transduced chondrocytes were thus more resistant to cell death induced by mono-iodoacetate (MIA). To overcome the barrier-effect of matrix, we investigated the efficacy of plasmid delivery by electroporation (EP) in rat patellar cartilage. Two days after EP, 50% of patellar chondrocytes were HSP/GFP+. After 3 months, long-term expression of transgene was only depicted in the deep layer (20-30% positive cells). HSP70 overexpression inhibited the natural endochondral ossification in the deep layer, thus leading to a lesser decrease in chondrocyte distribution. Moreover, overexpression of HSP70, after a preventive EP transfer in rat patella, was sufficient to decrease the severity of osteoarthritis-induced lesions, as demonstrated histologically and biochemically. In conclusion, intracellular overexpression of HSP70, through EP delivery, could protect chondrocytes from cellular injuries and thus might be a novel chondroprotective modality in rat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Grossin
- Unité Mixte de Recherches 7561, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Faculté de Médecine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
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Kurz B, Lemke AK, Fay J, Pufe T, Grodzinsky AJ, Schünke M. Pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction by mechanical injury. Ann Anat 2005; 187:473-85. [PMID: 16320827 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical injury is considered to be a major inductor of articular cartilage destruction and therefore a risk factor for the development of secondary osteoarthritis. Mechanical injury induces damage to the tissue matrix directly or mediated by chondrocytes via expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and reduction of biosynthetic activity. As a consequence the mechanical properties of cartilage change. Some of the pathomechanisms of mechanical injury have already been uncovered by the use of a broad range of in vitro-models. They demonstrate that mechanical injury induces tissue swelling and decrease in both the compressive and shear stiffness of articular cartilage, probably due to disruption of the collagen network. Injurious compression induces chondrocyte death by necrosis and apoptosis and the remaining cells decrease their biosynthetic activity. The tissue content of proteoglycans also decreases with time in injured cartilage, and the tissue loses its ability to respond to physiological levels of mechanical stimulation with an increase in biosynthesis. Immature cartilage seems to be more vulnerable to injurious compression than more mature tissue. The expression of several matrix-degrading enzymes like ADAM-TS5 and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13) is increased after injury and may in part be regulated by an autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent signalling pathway. Apoptosis seems to be mediated by caspase activity and reactive oxygen species. For that reason activation of antioxidative defense mechanisms as well as the inhibition of angiogenetic factors and MMPs might be key regulators in the mechanically induced destruction of cartilage and might be suggested as potential therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes some of the most important data from in vitro injury studies dealing with the pathomechanisms of cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Kurz
- Anatomisches Institut der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098, Kiel, Germany.
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Finger F, Schörle C, Soder S, Zien A, Goldring MB, Aigner T. Phenotypic characterization of human chondrocyte cell line C-20/A4: a comparison between monolayer and alginate suspension culture. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 178:65-77. [PMID: 15604530 DOI: 10.1159/000081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA microarray analysis was used to investigate the molecular phenotype of one of the first human chondrocyte cell lines, C-20/A4, derived from juvenile costal chondrocytes by immortalization with origin-defective simian virus 40 large T antigen. Clontech Human Cancer Arrays 1.2 and quantitative PCR were used to examine gene expression profiles of C-20/A4 cells cultured in the presence of serum in monolayer and alginate beads. In monolayer cultures, genes involved in cell proliferation were strongly upregulated compared to those expressed by human adult articular chondrocytes in primary culture. Of the cell cycle-regulated genes, only two, the CDK regulatory subunit and histone H4, were downregulated after culture in alginate beads, consistent with the ability of these cells to proliferate in suspension culture. In contrast, the expression of several genes that are involved in pericellular matrix formation, including MMP-14, COL6A1, fibronectin, biglycan and decorin, was upregulated when the C-20/A4 cells were transferred to suspension culture in alginate. Also, nexin-1, vimentin, and IGFBP-3, which are known to be expressed by primary chondrocytes, were differentially expressed in our study. Consistent with the proliferative phenotype of this cell line, few genes involved in matrix synthesis and turnover were highly expressed in the presence of serum. These results indicate that immortalized chondrocyte cell lines, rather than substituting for primary chondrocytes, may serve as models for extending findings on chondrocyte function not achievable by the use of primary chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Finger
- Osteoarticular and Arthritis Research, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Depending on the cellular context, lithium chloride can lead to enhanced proliferation, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in mammalian cells. Although substantial work has been made to elucidate the downstream events in the case of lithium chloride-induced cellular proliferation, the molecular response to lithium chloride treatment in the apoptotic scenario is largely undefined. We have used quadruplicate human cDNA arrays with 8000 targets to analyze the early gene response in cultures of human T/C28a cells that undergo apoptosis in response to 20 mM lithium chloride treatment. Incubation of cell cultures with 20 mM lithium chloride for five hours caused alterations in the steady-state mRNA levels of a large number of genes. RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR confirmed the array results for ten of eleven selected targets. In addition to one protein primarily associated with apoptosis, genes identified as differentially expressed based on microarray data mainly encode proteins involved in basic cellular functions such as signaling, cell cycle control and growth, cell-cell interaction, solute transport and transcription control. We present a list of 50 genes that were differentially expressed in response to lithium chloride treatment and which may represent a reference for further studies to define the pathways governing the apoptotic response to lithium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- W V Zhang
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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Clements KM, Burton-Wurster N, Nuttall ME, Lust G. Caspase-3/7 inhibition alters cell morphology in mitomycin-c treated chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:133-40. [PMID: 15828017 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis may play a role in osteoarthritis (OA). Apoptosis can proceed via two different pathways depending on the stimulus. However, both pathways converge upon the effector caspases, caspases-3 and -7. In some systems inhibition of caspases-3 and -7 can prevent apoptosis and may therefore have important therapeutic implications. To confirm this, apoptosis was induced in canine chondrocytes with mitomycin-c (MMC), either in the presence or absence of the general caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD FMK, or a specific caspase-3/7 inhibitor. Z-VAD FMK prevented MMC induced cell death. In contrast, inhibition of caspases-3 and -7 in the presence of MMC induced morphological changes that could be described as necrotic-like or paraptotic-like but did not prevent cell death. The addition of an inhibitor of caspase-8 or caspase-9 along with inhibitor of caspase-3/7 was required to reduce cell death. The morphological changes did not occur in the presence of the caspase-3/7 inhibitor alone and could be prevented by addition of Z-VAD FMK. These data lead to the conclusion that, if the apoptotic program cannot be completed, the cells are pushed into a necrotic or other nonapoptotic mode of death which may involve caspase-8 and/or caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Clements
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Lo MY, Kim HT. Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide requires caspase activation but not mitochondrial pore transition. J Orthop Res 2004; 22:1120-5. [PMID: 15304288 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition and/or inhibition of caspase family enzymes can block chondrocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2. Primary human chondrocytes were isolated from normal cartilage by enzymatic digestion. Apoptosis was induced by exposure to H2O2. Chondrocyte apoptosis was quantified using an ELISA for nucleosome formation. Independent confirmation of apoptosis was obtained by TUNEL analysis. H2O2 induced apoptosis in primary human chondrocytes in a time and dose dependent manner. The effects of candidate apoptosis inhibitors were then tested. Chondrocytes were pre-treated with inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability transition, or one of three different caspase inhibitors, and then incubated with H2O2. Apoptosis was then measured after 16 h of exposure to H2O2. Pre-treatment with inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability transition did not block apoptosis induced by H2O2. A non-selective caspase inhibitor, a caspase 3-selective inhibitor, and a caspase 1-selective inhibitor, all blocked chondrocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2. These results show that H2O2 triggers chondrocyte apoptosis through caspase activation, independent of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Y Lo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Costouros JG, Dang AC, Kim HT. Comparison of chondrocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro following acute osteochondral injury. J Orthop Res 2004; 22:678-83. [PMID: 15099652 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to directly compare levels of chondrocyte apoptosis produced by osteochondral injury in vivo and in vitro. Adult New Zealand White rabbits underwent 2 mm osteochondral drilling of the medial and lateral femoral condyles of a single hind limb. Animals were euthanized, and specimens were harvested at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days following injury. At the time of euthanasia, identical injuries were created in the femoral condyles of the contralateral hind limb. These condyles were maintained in vitro under standard tissue culture conditions until harvesting at time points corresponding to the in vivo specimens (i.e. after 0, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days in culture). The extent of apoptosis in the in vivo and in vitro specimens was quantified by TUNEL analysis. The amount and distribution of TUNEL positive cells followed similar patterns in both in vivo and in vitro specimens with a maximal percentage of apoptotic chondrocytes observed on post-injury day 4. On post-injury day 4, in vivo specimens displayed a statistically significant increased overall level of apoptosis compared to in vitro specimens [in vivo=32.5+/-8.6%; in vitro=22.2+/-4.8%; (p=0.03)]. These experiments suggest that the majority of programmed cell death observed after osteochondral injury can be attributed to processes intrinsic to the cartilage itself; however, additional factors present within the acutely traumatized joint also appear to potentiate chondrocyte apoptosis following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Costouros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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