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van Eegher S, Perez-Lozano ML, Toillon I, Valour D, Pigenet A, Citadelle D, Bourrier C, Courtade-Gaïani S, Grégoire L, Cléret D, Malbos S, Nourissat G, Sautet A, Lafage-Proust MH, Pastoureau P, Rolland-Valognes G, De Ceuninck F, Berenbaum F, Houard X. The differentiation of prehypertrophic into hypertrophic chondrocytes drives an OA-remodeling program and IL-34 expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:257-268. [PMID: 33301945 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that chondrocytes from the deepest articular cartilage layer are pivotal in maintaining cartilage integrity and that the modification of their prehypertrophic phenotype to a hypertrophic phenotype will drive cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. DESIGN Murine immature articular chondrocytes (iMACs) were successively cultured into three different culture media to induce a progressive hypertrophic differentiation. Chondrocyte were phenotypically characterized by whole-genome microarray analysis. The expression of IL-34 and its receptors PTPRZ1 and CSF1R in chondrocytes and in human osteoarthritis tissues was assessed by RT-qPCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The expression of bone remodeling and angiogenesis factors and the cell response to IL-1β and IL-34 were investigated by RT-qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS Whole-genome microarray analysis showed that iMACs, prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes each displayed a specific phenotype. IL-1β induced a stronger catabolic effect in prehypertrophic chondrocytes than in iMACs. Hypertrophic differentiation of prehypertrophic chondrocytes increased Bmp-2 (95%CI [0.78; 1.98]), Bmp-4 (95%CI [0.89; 1.59]), Cxcl12 (95%CI [2.19; 5.41]), CCL2 (95%CI [3.59; 11.86]), Mmp 3 (95%CI [10.29; 32.14]) and Vegf mRNA expression (95%CI [0.20; 1.74]). Microarray analysis identified IL-34, PTPRZ1 and CSFR1 as being strongly overexpressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes. IL-34 was released by human osteoarthritis cartilage; its receptors were expressed in human osteoarthritis tissues. IL-34 stimulated CCL2 and MMP13 in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes but not in iMACs or prehypertrophic chondrocytes. CONCLUSION Our results identify prehypertrophic chondrocytes as being potentially pivotal in the control of cartilage and subchondral bone integrity. Their differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes initiates a remodeling program in which IL-34 may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Eegher
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - M-L Perez-Lozano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - I Toillon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - D Valour
- Servier Research Institute, F-78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - A Pigenet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - D Citadelle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - C Bourrier
- Servier Research Institute, F-78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - L Grégoire
- Soladis, 94 Rue Saint-Lazare, F-75009, Paris, France
| | - D Cléret
- Université de Lyon - Université Jean Monnet, INSERM U1059, Faculté de Médecine, F-42270, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - S Malbos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
| | - G Nourissat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France; Clinique Maussins-Nollet, Ramsay Générale de Santé, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - A Sautet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, APHP Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - M-H Lafage-Proust
- Université de Lyon - Université Jean Monnet, INSERM U1059, Faculté de Médecine, F-42270, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - P Pastoureau
- Servier Research Institute, F-78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - F De Ceuninck
- Servier Research Institute, F-78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - F Berenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM CRSA, AP-HP Hopital Saint Antoine, Paris.
| | - X Houard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012, Paris, France
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Bach FC, de Rooij KM, Riemers FM, Snuggs JW, de Jong WAM, Zhang Y, Creemers LB, Chan D, Le Maitre C, Tryfonidou MA. Hedgehog proteins and parathyroid hormone-related protein are involved in intervertebral disc maturation, degeneration, and calcification. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1071. [PMID: 31891120 PMCID: PMC6920702 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and hedgehog signaling play an important role in chondrocyte development, (hypertrophic) differentiation, and/or calcification, but their role in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is unknown. Better understanding their involvement may provide therapeutic clues for low back pain due to IVD degeneration. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of PTHrP and hedgehog proteins in postnatal canine and human IVDs during the aging/degenerative process. The expression of PTHrP, hedgehog proteins and related receptors was studied during the natural loss of the notochordal cell (NC) phenotype during IVD maturation using tissue samples and de-differentiation in vitro and degeneration by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Correlations between their expression and calcification levels (Alizarin Red S staining) were determined. In addition, the effect of PTHrP and hedgehog proteins on canine and human chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs) was determined in vitro focusing on the propensity to induce calcification. The expression of PTHrP, its receptor (PTHR1) and hedgehog receptors decreased during loss of the NC phenotype. N-terminal (active) hedgehog (Indian hedgehog/Sonic hedgehog) protein expression did not change during maturation or degeneration, whereas expression of PTHrP, PTHR1 and hedgehog receptors increased during IVD degeneration. Hedgehog and PTHR1 immunopositivity were increased in nucleus pulposus tissue with abundant vs no/low calcification. In vitro, hedgehog proteins facilitated calcification in CLCs, whereas PTHrP did not affect calcification levels. In conclusion, hedgehog and PTHrP expression is present in healthy and degenerated IVDs. Hedgehog proteins had the propensity to induce calcification in CLCs from degenerated IVDs, indicating that in the future, inhibiting hedgehog signaling could be an approach to inhibit calcification during IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kim M. de Rooij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank M. Riemers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph W. Snuggs
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Willem A. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Laura B. Creemers
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Christine Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Jia PT, Zhang XL, Zuo HN, Lu X, Gai PZ. A study on role of triiodothyronine (T3) hormone on the improvement of articular cartilage surface architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:625-629. [PMID: 28602390 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the improvement of articular cartilage surface architecture at in vitro level. The T3 hormone was applied to neo-tissues in the range of 50, 100, 150 and 200ng/ml for 5 weeks. At the end of the treatment, biochemical and histological evaluation was carried out in the neo-tissues. T3 hormone application significantly increased the collagen production in neo-cartilage tissues. The properties of tensile and compressive were significantly increased compared to the controls. However, T3 hormone application also induced hypertrophy. At the higher dose concentration of T3 hormone application, tensile and compressive properties were tremendously increased 4.3 and 4.6 fold respectively. Taking all these data together, it suggested that the T3 hormone application could be a potential agent to increase the functional properties such tensile and compressive in neo-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tong Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xing-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Hai-Ning Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Peng-Zhou Gai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, 264000, China.
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Fan Y, Jianying F, Chenyan L, Pan W, Zhe S, Changjing S. [Influence on Indian hedgehog-parathyroid hormone-like related protein pathway induced by altered masticatory loading in the condylar cartilage of growing rabbits]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:127-132. [PMID: 28682540 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of altered masticatory loading on Indian hedgehog (Ihh)-parathyroid hormone-like related protein (PThrP) pathway in the condylar cartilage of growing rabbits. METHODS A total of 48 10-day-old rabbits were randomly divided into two groups and fed different kinds of food, such as solid diet and soft diet. The animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Difference of Ihh and PThrP expression levels induced by altered masticatory loading was tested by hematoxylin-eosin (HE), immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The thickness of condylar cartilage and expression levels of Ihh and PThrP proteins and mRNA of the solid diet groups exceeded those of the soft diet groups. The decreasing tendencies of the expression levels of Ihh and PThrP proteins and mRNA were observed at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Low masticatory loading may delay or inhibit the development of condylar cartilage and its growing factors Ihh and PThrP. Therefore, masticatory loading plays an important role in the development of condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Feng Jianying
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Liu Chenyan
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wang Pan
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Sun Zhe
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shi Changjing
- College of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Kinsley MA, Semevolos SA, Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF. Wnt/β-catenin signaling of cartilage canal and osteochondral junction chondrocytes and full thickness cartilage in early equine osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1433-8. [PMID: 25676127 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate gene and protein expression of Wnt signaling molecules in chondrocytes of foals having early osteochondrosis (OC) versus normal controls. The hypothesis was that increased expression of components of Wnt signaling pathway in osteochondral junction (OCJ) and cartilage canal (CC) chondrocytes would be found in early OC when compared to controls. Paraffin-embedded osteochondral samples (7 OC, 8 normal) and cDNA from whole cartilage (7 OC, 10 normal) and chondrocytes surrounding cartilage canals and osteochondral junctions captured with laser capture microdissection (4 OC, 6 normal) were obtained from femoropatellar joints of 17 immature horses. Equine-specific Wnt signaling molecule mRNA expression levels were evaluated by two-step real-time qPCR. Spatial tissue protein expression of β-catenin, Wnt-11, Wnt-4, and Dkk-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry. There was significantly decreased Wnt-11 and increased β-catenin, Wnt-5b, Dkk-1, Lrp6, Wif-1, Axin1, and SC-PEP gene expression in early OC cartilage canal chondrocytes compared to controls. There was also significantly increased β-catenin gene expression in early OC osteochondral junction chondrocytes compared to controls. Based on this study, abundant gene expression differences in OC chondrocytes surrounding cartilage canals suggest pathways associated with catabolism and inhibition of chondrocyte maturation are targeted in early OC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Kinsley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331
| | - Stacy A Semevolos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331
| | - Katja F Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331
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Lee JK, Gegg CA, Hu JC, Reddi AH, Athanasiou KA. Thyroid hormones enhance the biomechanical functionality of scaffold-free neocartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:28. [PMID: 25884593 PMCID: PMC4355350 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, known to regulate the developing limb and growth plate, on articular cartilage tissue regeneration using a scaffold-free in vitro model. Methods In Phase 1, T3, T4, or PTH was applied during weeks 1 or 3 of a 4-week neocartilage culture. Phase 2 employed T3 during week 1, followed by PTH during week 2, 3, or weeks 2 to 4, to further enhance tissue properties. Resultant neotissues were evaluated biochemically, mechanically, and histologically. Results In Phase 1, T3 and T4 treatment during week 1 resulted in significantly enhanced collagen production; 1.4- and 1.3-times untreated neocartilage. Compressive and tensile properties were also significantly increased, as compared to untreated and PTH groups. PTH treatment did not result in notable tissue changes. As T3 induces hypertrophy, in Phase 2, PTH (known to suppress hypertrophy) was applied sequentially after T3. Excitingly, sequential treatment with T3 and PTH reduced expression of hypertrophic marker collagen X, while yielding neocartilage with significantly enhanced functional properties. Specifically, in comparison to no hormone application, these hormones increased compressive and tensile moduli 4.0-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated that T3, together with PTH, when applied in a scaffold-free model of cartilage formation, significantly enhanced functional properties. The novel use of these thyroid hormones generates mechanically robust neocartilage via the use of a scaffold-free tissue engineering model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0541-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Courtney A Gegg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - A Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Duesterdieck-Zellmer K, Semevolos S, Kinsley M, Riddick T. Age-related differential gene and protein expression in postnatal cartilage canal and osteochondral junction chondrocytes. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 17:1-10. [PMID: 25479004 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin, Indian hedgehog (Ihh)/Parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP) and retinoid signaling pathways regulate cartilage differentiation, growth, and function during development and play a key role in endochondral ossification. The objective of this study was to elucidate the gene and protein expression of signaling molecules of these regulatory pathways in chondrocytes surrounding cartilage canals and the osteochondral junction during neonatal and pre-adolescent development. This study revealed cell-specific and age-related differences in gene and protein expression of signaling molecules of these regulatory pathways. A trend for higher gene expression of PTHrP along the cartilage canals and Ihh along the osteochondral junction suggests the presence of paracrine feedback in articular-epiphyseal cartilage. Differential expression of canonical (β-catenin, Wnt-4, Lrp4, Lrp6) and noncanonical Wnt signaling (Wnt-5b, Wnt-11) and their inhibitors (Dkk1, Axin1, sFRP3, sFRP5, Wif-1) surrounding the cartilage canals and osteochondral junction provides evidence of the complex interactions occurring during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Stacy Semevolos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Marc Kinsley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tara Riddick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Riley D, Welsh T, Gill C, Hulsman L, Herring A, Riggs P, Sawyer J, Sanders J. Whole genome association of SNP with newborn calf cannon bone length. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Riddick TL, Duesterdieck-Zellmer K, Semevolos SA. Gene and protein expression of cartilage canal and osteochondral junction chondrocytes and full-thickness cartilage in early equine osteochondrosis. Vet J 2012; 194:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Seya K, Yu Z, Kanemaru K, Daitoku K, Akemoto Y, Shibuya H, Fukuda I, Okumura K, Motomura S, Furukawa KI. Contribution of bone morphogenetic protein-2 to aortic valve calcification in aged rat. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 115:8-14. [PMID: 21157119 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10198fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aging is well established as an important risk factor for aortic stenosis, the mechanism of age-related aortic valve calcification is yet unknown. Here, we investigated this mechanism in tissue and cellular levels using middle-aged rats. Aortic valve specimens were obtained by dissecting from 9-week-old (young) and 30-week-old (aged) male Wistar rats. In the aged rats, the main risk factors for aortic stenosis in plasma were still in the normal range; however, their number of calcified specimens was significantly increased in comparison with the young rats. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) obtained from explants of aortic valve specimens were cultured for 14 days after reaching confluence. Spontaneous calcification, the expressions of calcigenic genes, that is, BMP-2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osterix (osteogenic transcription factor) and ALP enzyme activity in AVICs from aged rats were enhanced in comparison with those from young rats. However, neither typical calcification inducing reagents (dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate, and high concentration of phosphate) nor tumor necrosis factor-α (an inflammatory cytokine) accelerated the spontaneous calcification of AVICs from aged rats. These results suggest that aortic valve calcification progresses with age partly through an activation of the BMP-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Third International Workshop on Equine Osteochondrosis, Stockholm, 29-30th May 2008. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:504-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x431902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Development of a novel equine whole transcript oligonucleotide GeneChip microarray and its use in gene expression profiling of normal articular-epiphyseal cartilage. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:663-70. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x412381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen X, Macica CM, Nasiri A, Broadus AE. Regulation of articular chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by indian hedgehog and parathyroid hormone-related protein in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3788-97. [PMID: 19035497 DOI: 10.1002/art.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes of the epiphyseal growth zone are regulated by the Indian hedgehog (IHH)-parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) axis. In weight-bearing joints, this growth zone comes to be subdivided by the secondary ossification center into distinct articular and growth cartilage structures. The purpose of this study was to explore the cells of origin, localization, regulation of expression, and putative functions of IHH and PTHrP in articular cartilage in the mouse. METHODS We assessed IHH and PTHrP expression in an allelic PTHrP-LacZ-knockin mouse and several versions of PTHrP-null mice. Selected joints were unloaded surgically to examine load-induction of PTHrP and IHH. RESULTS The embryonic growth zone appears to serve as the source of PTHrP-expressing proliferative chondrocytes that populate both the forming articular cartilage and growth plate structures. In articular cartilage, these cells take the form of articular chondrocytes in the midzone. In PTHrP-knockout mice, mineralizing chondrocytes encroach upon developing articular cartilage but appear to be prevented from mineralizing the joint space by IHH-driven surface chondrocyte proliferation. In growing and adult mice, PTHrP expression in articular chondrocytes is load-induced, and unloading is associated with rapid changes in PTHrP expression and articular chondrocyte differentiation. CONCLUSION We conclude that the IHH-PTHrP axis participates in the maintenance of articular cartilage. Dysregulation of this system might contribute to the pathogenesis of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
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Cheng C, Conte E, Pleshko-Camacho N, Hidaka C. Differences in matrix accumulation and hypertrophy in superficial and deep zone chondrocytes are controlled by bone morphogenetic protein. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:541-53. [PMID: 17618099 PMCID: PMC2080576 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the knowledge that superficial zone chondrocytes (SZC, located within 100 mum of the articular surface) and deep zone chondrocytes (DZC, located near the calcified zone) have distinct phenotypes, previous studies on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have not differentiated its effects on SZC versus DZC. Using a pellet culture model we have compared phenotype, morphology and matrix accumulation in SZC and DZC with or without adenovirus-mediated overexpression of BMP2 or -7 or the BMP antagonist Noggin. Greater accumulation of proteoglycan (PG)-rich matrix in the untreated DZC was associated with a hypertrophic phenotype with large cell diameters and high gene expression levels of runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) as well as higher endogenous BMP activity. Noggin overexpression decreased matrix accumulation and cell diameters in SZC and DZC, confirming a role for endogenous BMP in both processes. In DZC, overexpression of either BMP2 or -7 increased cell diameter without increasing PG-rich matrix accumulation. In contrast, in SZC, BMP overexpression increased matrix accumulation and type II collagen gene expression without increasing cell diameter. These data indicate that differences in endogenous BMP activity level and responsiveness to BMPs define, in part, the differences between the SZC and DZC phenotype. They also suggest that SZC may be a more appropriate target for BMP therapy than DZC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cheng
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
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