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Chastain K, Wach A, Pekmezian A, Wimmer MA, Warren RF, Torzilli PA, Chen T, Maher SA. ACL transection results in a posterior shift and increased velocity of contact on the medial tibial plateau. J Biomech 2022; 144:111335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Matheson AR, Sheehy EJ, Jay GD, Scott WM, O'Brien FJ, Schmidt TA. The role of synovial fluid constituents in the lubrication of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for cartilage repair. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104445. [PMID: 33740688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived scaffolds have shown promise as tissue-engineered grafts for promoting cartilage repair. However, there has been a lack of focus on fine-tuning the frictional properties of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering as well as understanding their interactions with synovial fluid constituents. Proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) are macromolecules within synovial fluid that play key roles as boundary mode lubricants during cartilage surface interactions. The overall objective of this study was to characterize the role PRG4 and HA play in the lubricating function of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) scaffolds for cartilage repair. As a first step towards this goal, we aimed to develop a suitable in vitro friction test to establish the boundary mode lubrication parameters for collagen-GAG scaffolds articulated against glass in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) bath. Subsequently, we sought to leverage this system to determine the effect of physiological synovial fluid lubricants, PRG4 and HA, on the frictional properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds, with scaffolds hydrated in PBS and bovine synovial fluid (bSF) serving as negative and positive controls, respectively. At all compressive strains examined (ε = 0.1-0.5), fluid depressurization within hydrated collagen-GAG scaffolds was >99% complete at ½ minute. The coefficient of friction was stable at all compressive strains (ranging from a low 0.103 ± 0.010 at ε = 0.3 up to 0.121 ± 0.015 at ε = 0.4) and indicative of boundary-mode conditions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PRG4 from recombinant human (rh) and bovine sources adsorbed to collagen-GAG scaffolds and the coefficient of friction for scaffolds immersed in rhPRG4 (0.067 ± 0.027) and normal bSF (0.056 ± 0.020) solution decreased compared to PBS (0.118 ± 0.21, both p < 0.05, at ε = 0.2). The ability of the adsorbed rhPRG4 to reduce friction on the scaffolds indicates that its incorporation within collagen-GAG biomaterials may enhance their lubricating ability as potential tissue-engineered cartilage replacements. To conclude, this study reports the development of an in vitro friction test capable of characterizing the coefficient of friction of ECM-derived scaffolds tested in a range of synovial fluid lubricants and demonstrates frictional properties as a potential design parameter for implants and materials for soft tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austyn R Matheson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eamon J Sheehy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - W Michael Scott
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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3
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Schappell LE, Minahan DJ, Gleghorn JP. A Microfluidic System to Measure Neonatal Lung Compliance Over Late Stage Development as a Functional Measure of Lung Tissue Mechanics. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:1083625. [PMID: 32391560 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Premature birth interrupts the development of the lung, resulting in functional deficiencies and the onset of complex pathologies, like bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), that further decrease the functional capabilities of the immature lung. The dysregulation of molecular targets has been implicated in the presentation of BPD, but there is currently no method to correlate resultant morphological changes observed in tissue histology with these perturbations to differences in function throughout saccular and alveolar lung development. Lung compliance is an aggregate measure of the lung's mechanical properties that is highly sensitive to a number of molecular, cellular, and architectural characteristics, but little is known about compliance in the neonatal mouse lung due to measurement challenges. We have developed a novel method to quantify changes in lung volume and pressure to determine inspiratory and expiratory compliance throughout neonatal mouse lung development. The compliance measurements obtained were validated against compliance values from published studies using mature lungs following enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The system was then used to quantify changes in compliance that occurred over the entire span of neonatal mouse lung development. These methods fill a critically important gap connecting powerful mouse models of development and disease to measures of functional lung mechanics critical to respiration and enable insights into the genetic, molecular, and cellular underpinnings of BPD pathology to improve lung function in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E Schappell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
| | - Daniel J Minahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
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4
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Articular cartilage and meniscus reveal higher friction in swing phase than in stance phase under dynamic gait conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5785. [PMID: 30962482 PMCID: PMC6453962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies investigated the remarkably low and complex friction properties of meniscus and cartilage under constant loading and motion conditions. However, both load and relative velocity within the knee joint vary considerably during physiological activities. Hence, the question arises how friction of both tissues is affected by physiological testing conditions occurring during gait. As friction properties are of major importance for meniscal replacement devices, the influence of these simulated physiological testing conditions was additionally tested for a potential meniscal implant biomaterial. Using a dynamic friction testing device, three different friction tests were conducted to investigate the influence of either just varying the motion conditions or the normal load and also to replicate the physiological gait conditions. It could be shown for the first time that the friction coefficient during swing phase was statistically higher than during stance phase when varying both loading and motion conditions according to the physiological gait pattern. Further, the friction properties of the exemplary biomaterial were also higher, when tested under dynamic gait parameters compared to static conditions, which may suggest that static conditions can underestimate the friction coefficient rather than reflecting the in vivo performance.
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5
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Yan R, Chen Y, Gu Y, Tang C, Huang J, Hu Y, Zheng Z, Ran J, Heng B, Chen X, Yin Z, Chen W, Shen W, Ouyang H. A collagen-coated sponge silk scaffold for functional meniscus regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:156-173. [PMID: 30485706 DOI: 10.1002/term.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising solution for meniscal regeneration after meniscectomy. However, in situ reconstruction still poses a formidable challenge due to multifunctional roles of the meniscus in the knee. In this study, we fabricate a silk sponge from 9% (w/v) silk fibroin solution through freeze drying and then coat its internal space and external surface with collagen sponge. Subsequently, various characteristics of the silk-collagen scaffold are evaluated, and cytocompatibility of the construct is assessed in vitro and subcutaneously. The efficacy of this composite scaffold for meniscal regeneration is evaluated through meniscus reconstruction in a rabbit meniscectomy model. It is found that the internally coated collagen sponge enhances the cytocompatibility of the silk sponge, and the external layer of collagen sponge significantly improves the initial frictional property. Additionally, the silk-collagen composite group shows more tissue ingrowth and less cartilage wear than the pure silk sponge group at 3 months postimplantation in situ. These findings thus demonstrate that the composite scaffold had less damage to the joint surface than the silk alone through promoting functional meniscal regeneration after meniscectomy, which indicates its clinical potential in meniscus reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijian Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangwu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjia Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yejun Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jisheng Ran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boonchin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weishan Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang Univerisity, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.,China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine (CORMed), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Inyang AO, Abdalrahman T, Bezuidenhout D, Bowen J, Vaughan CL. Suitability of developed composite materials for meniscal replacement: Mechanical, friction and wear evaluation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 89:217-226. [PMID: 30296703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The meniscus is a complex and frequently damaged tissue which requires a substitute capable of reproducing similar biomechanical functions. This study aims to develop a synthetic meniscal substitute that can mimic the function of the native meniscus. Medical grade silicones reinforced with nylon were fabricated using compression moulding and evaluated for mechanical and tribological properties. The optimal properties were obtained with tensile modulus increased considerably from 10.7 ± 2.9 MPa to 114.6 ± 20.9 MPa while compressive modulus was found to reduce from 2.5 ± 0.6 MPa to 0.7 ± 0.3 MPa. Using a tribometer, the coefficient of friction of 0.08 ± 0.02 was measured at the end of the 100,000 cycles. The developed composite could be an auspicious substitute for the native meniscus and the knowledge gained from this study is useful as it enhances the understanding of a potentially suitable material for meniscal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adijat Omowumi Inyang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Human Biology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tamer Abdalrahman
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Human Biology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Deon Bezuidenhout
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - James Bowen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Chistopher Leonard Vaughan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Human Biology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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7
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Alternating air-medium exposure in rotating bioreactors optimizes cell metabolism in 3D novel tubular scaffold polyurethane foams. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2017; 15:e122-e132. [PMID: 28362040 PMCID: PMC6379885 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro dynamic culture conditions play a pivotal role in developing
engineered tissue grafts, where the supply of oxygen and nutrients, and
waste removal must be permitted within construct thickness. For tubular
scaffolds, mass transfer is enhanced by introducing a convective flow
through rotating bioreactors with positive effects on cell proliferation,
scaffold colonization and extracellular matrix deposition. We characterized
a novel polyurethane-based tubular scaffold and investigated the impact of 3
different culture configurations over cell behavior: dynamic (i)
single-phase (medium) rotation and (ii) double-phase exposure (medium-air)
rotation; static (iii) single-phase static culture as control. Methods A new mixture of polyol was tested to create polyurethane foams (PUFs) as 3D
scaffold for tissue engineering. The structure obtained was morphologically
and mechanically analyzed tested. Murine fibroblasts were externally seeded
on the novel porous PUF scaffold, and cultured under different dynamic
conditions. Viability assay, DNA quantification, SEM and histological
analyses were performed at different time points. Results The PUF scaffold presented interesting mechanical properties and morphology
adequate to promote cell adhesion, highlighting its potential for tissue
engineering purposes. Results showed that constructs under dynamic
conditions contain enhanced viability and cell number, exponentially
increased for double-phase rotation; under this last configuration, cells
uniformly covered both the external surface and the lumen. Conclusions The developed 3D structure combined with the alternated exposure to air and
medium provided the optimal in vitro biochemical conditioning with adequate
nutrient supply for cells. The results highlight a valuable combination of
material and dynamic culture for tissue engineering applications.
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8
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Lubrication of Engineered Meniscus Through Lubricin Localization in Collagen Gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotri.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Schwarz ML, Schneider-Wald B, Brade J, Schleich D, Schütte A, Reisig G. Instruments for reproducible setting of defects in cartilage and harvesting of osteochondral plugs for standardisation of preclinical tests for articular cartilage regeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2015. [PMID: 26215154 PMCID: PMC4517650 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standardisation is required in research, so are approval procedures for advanced therapy medical products and other procedures for articular cartilage therapies. The process of creating samples needs to be reproducible. The aim of this study was to design, create and validate instruments (1) to create reproducible and accurate defects and (2) to isolate samples in the shape of osteochondral cylinders in a quick, reliable and sterile manner. Methods Adjustable instruments were created: a crown mill with a resolution of 0.05 mm and a front mill to create defects in articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The instruments were tested on knee joints of pigs from the slaughterhouse; 48 defects were created and evaluated. A punching machine was designed to harvest osteochondral plugs. These were validated in an in vivo animal study. Results The instruments respect the desired depth of 0.5 and 1.5 mm when creating the defects, depending on whether the person using the instrument is highly experienced (0.451 mm; confidence interval (CI): 0.390 mm; 0.512 mm and 1.403 mm; CI: 1.305 mm; 1.502 mm) or less so (0.369 mm; CI: 0.297 mm; 0.440 mm and 1.241 mm; CI: 1.141 mm; 1.341 mm). Eighty samples were taken from knee joints of Göttingen Minipigs with this punching technique. The time needed for the harvesting of the samples was 7.52 min (±2.18 min), the parallelism of the sides of the cylinders deviated by −0.63° (CI: −1.33°; 0.08°) and the surface of the cartilage deviated from the perpendicularity by 4.86° (CI: 4.154°; 5.573°). In all assessed cases, a sterile procedure was observed. Conclusions Instruments and procedures for standardised creation and validation of defects in articular cartilage and subchondral bone were designed. Harvesting of samples in the shape of osteochondral cylinders can now be performed in a quick, reliable and sterile manner. The presented instruments and procedures can serve as helpful steps towards standardised operating procedures in the field of regenerative therapies of articular cartilage in research and for regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus L Schwarz
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Barbara Schneider-Wald
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Brade
- Department of Medical Statistics, Biomathematics and Information Processing, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Schleich
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andy Schütte
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gregor Reisig
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Centre (OUZ), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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10
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Griffin DJ, Bonnevie ED, Lachowsky DJ, Hart JC, Sparks HD, Moran N, Matthews G, Nixon AJ, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Mechanical characterization of matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI®) grafts in an equine model at 53 weeks. J Biomech 2015; 48:1944-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Whitney GA, Jayaraman K, Dennis JE, Mansour JM. Scaffold-free cartilage subjected to frictional shear stress demonstrates damage by cracking and surface peeling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:412-424. [PMID: 24965503 DOI: 10.1002/term.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold-free engineered cartilage is being explored as a treatment for osteoarthritis. In this study, frictional shear stress was applied to determine the friction and damage behaviour of scaffold-free engineered cartilage, and tissue composition was investigated as it related to damage. Scaffold-free engineered cartilage frictional shear stress was found to exhibit a time-varying response similar to that of native cartilage. However, damage occurred that was not seen in native cartilage, manifesting primarily as tearing through the central plane of the constructs. In engineered cartilage, cells occupied a significantly larger portion of the tissue in the central region where damage was most prominent (18 ± 3% of tissue was comprised of cells in the central region vs 5 ± 1% in the peripheral region; p < 0.0001). In native cartilage, cells comprised 1-4% of tissue for all regions. Average bulk cellularity of engineered cartilage was also greater (68 × 103 ± 4 × 103 vs 52 × 103 ± 22 × 103 cells/mg), although this difference was not significant. Bulk tissue comparisons showed significant differences between engineered and native cartilage in hydroxyproline content (8 ± 2 vs 45 ± 3 µg HYP/mg dry weight), solid content (12.5 ± 0.4% vs 17.9 ± 1.2%), shear modulus (0.06 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.07 MPa) and aggregate modulus (0.12 ± 0.03 vs 0.32 ± 0.14 MPa), respectively. These data indicate that enhanced collagen content and more uniform extracellular matrix distribution are necessary to reduce damage susceptibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Whitney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karthik Jayaraman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James E Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Bonnevie ED, Puetzer JL, Bonassar LJ. Enhanced boundary lubrication properties of engineered menisci by lubricin localization with insulin-like growth factor I treatment. J Biomech 2014; 47:2183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Warnock JJ, Baker L, Ballard GA, Ott J. In vitro synthesis of tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds for meniscal fibrocartilage tissue engineering. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:242. [PMID: 24299420 PMCID: PMC4220847 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meniscal injury is a common cause of lameness in the dog. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for meniscal incompetency, and ideally would possess meniscus- like extracellular matrix (ECM) and withstand meniscal tensile hoop strains. Synovium may be a useful cell source for meniscal tissue engineering because of its natural role in meniscal deficiency and its in vitro chondrogenic potential. The objective of this study is to compare meniscal -like extracellular matrix content of hyperconfluent synoviocyte cell sheets (“HCS”) and hyperconfluent synoviocyte sheets which have been tensioned over wire hoops (tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds, “TSB”) and cultured for 1 month. Results Long term culture with tension resulted in higher GAG concentration, higher chondrogenic index, higher collagen concentration, and type II collagen immunoreactivity in TSB versus HCS. Both HCS and TSB were immunoreactive for type I collagen, however, HCS had mild, patchy intracellular immunoreactivity while TSB had diffuse moderate immunoreactivity over the entire bisocaffold. The tissue architecture was markedly different between TSB and HCS, with TSB containing collagen organized in bands and sheets. Both HCS and TSB expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and displayed active contractile behavior. Double stranded DNA content was not different between TSB and HCS, while cell viability decreased in TSB. Conclusions Long term culture of synoviocytes with tension improved meniscal- like extra cellular matrix components, specifically, the total collagen content, including type I and II collagen, and increased GAG content relative to HCS. Future research is warranted to investigate the potential of TSB for meniscal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Warnock
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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14
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Oungoulian SR, Chang S, Bortz O, Hehir KE, Zhu K, Willis CE, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Articular cartilage wear characterization with a particle sizing and counting analyzer. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:024501. [PMID: 23445072 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of cartilage wear have been challenging, with no method having yet emerged as a standard. This study tested the hypothesis that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting cartilage wear debris generated during in vitro loading experiments that last 24 h or less, by producing measurable content significantly above background noise levels otherwise undetectable through standard biochemical assays. Immature bovine cartilage disks (4 mm diameter, 1.3 mm thick) were tested against glass using reciprocal sliding under unconfined compression creep for 24 h. Control groups were used to assess various sources of contamination. Results demonstrated that cartilage samples subjected to frictional loading produced particulate volume significantly higher than background noise and contamination levels at all tested time points (1, 2, 6, and 24 h, p < 0.042). The particle counter was able to detect very small levels of wear (less than 0.02% of the tissue sample by volume), whereas no significant differences were observed in biochemical assays for collagen or glycosaminoglycans among any of the groups or time points. These findings confirm that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting very low wear levels in cartilage experiments conducted over a period no greater than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan R Oungoulian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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15
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Baykal D, Underwood RJ, Mansmann K, Marcolongo M, Kurtz SM. Evaluation of friction properties of hydrogels based on a biphasic cartilage model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 28:263-73. [PMID: 24008138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing hydrogels using a biphasic cartilage model, which can predict their behavior based on structural properties, such as permeability and aggregate modulus, may be useful for comparing active lubrication modes of cartilage and hydrogels for the design of articular cartilage implants. The effects of interstitial fluid pressurization, inherent matrix viscoelasticity and tension-compression nonlinearity on mechanical properties of the biphasic material were evaluated by linear biphasic (KLM), biphasic poroviscoelastic (BPVE) and linear biphasic with anisotropy cartilage models, respectively. The BPVE model yielded the lowest root mean square error and highest coefficient of determination when predicting confined and unconfined compression stress-relaxation response of hydrogels (n=15): 0.220±0.316MPa and 0.93±0.08; and 0.017±0.008MPa and 0.98±0.01 respectively. Since the differences in error between models were not statistically significant, the simplest model we considered, KLM model, was sufficient to predict the mechanical response of this family of hydrogels. The coefficient of friction (COF) of a hydrogel-ceramic articulation was measured at varying loads and pressures to explore the full range of lubrication behavior of hydrogel. Material parameters obtained by biphasic models correlated with COF. Based on the linear biphasic model, COF correlated positively with aggregate modulus (spearman's rho=0.5; p<0.001) and velocity (rho=0.3; p<0.001), and negatively with permeability (rho=-0.3; p<0.001) and load (rho=-0.6; p<0.001). Negative correlation of COF with load and positive correlation with velocity indicated that hydrogel-ceramic articulation was separated by a fluid film. These results together suggested that interstitial fluid pressurization was dominant in the viscoelasticity and lubrication properties of this biphasic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baykal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health and Science Systems, Drexel University, 3401 Market Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA.
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16
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Reyes R, Delgado A, Solis R, Sanchez E, Hernandez A, Roman JS, Evora C. Cartilage repair by local delivery of transforming growth factor-β1 or bone morphogenetic protein-2 from a novel, segmented polyurethane/polylactic-co
-glycolic bilayered scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Reyes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidad de La Laguna; San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38200 Spain
| | - Araceli Delgado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidad de La Laguna; San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38200 Spain
| | - Raul Solis
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry; CSIC, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polimeros; Madrid Spain
| | - Esther Sanchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidad de La Laguna; San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38200 Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Traumatology Service; Hospiten Rambla Ltd; Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain
| | - Julio San Roman
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry; CSIC, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polimeros; Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Evora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidad de La Laguna; San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38200 Spain
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17
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[Tribological assessment of articular cartilage. A system for the analysis of the friction coefficient of cartilage, regenerates and tissue engineering constructs; initial results]. DER ORTHOPADE 2013; 41:827-36. [PMID: 23052849 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-012-1951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Values for the friction coefficient of articular cartilage are given in ranges of percentage and lower and are calculated as a quotient of the friction force and the perpendicular loading force acting on it. Thus, a sophisticated system has to be provided for analysing the friction coefficient under different conditions in particular when cartilage should be coupled as friction partner. It is possible to deep-freeze articular cartilage before measuring the friction coefficient as the procedure has no influence on the results. The presented tribological system was able to distinguish between altered and native cartilage. Furthermore, tissue engineered constructs for cartilage repair were differentiated from native cartilage probes by their friction coefficient. In conclusion a tribological equipment is presented to analyze the friction coefficient of articular cartilage, in vivo generated cartilage regenerates and in vitro tissue engineered constructs regarding their biomechanical properties for quality assessment.
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18
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McGann ME, Vahdati A, Wagner DR. Methods to assess in vitro wear of articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012; 226:612-22. [PMID: 23057234 DOI: 10.1177/0954411912447014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
New orthopedic implants for focal cartilage defects replace only a portion of the articulating joint and wear against the opposing cartilage surface. The objective of this study was to investigate different methodologies to quantify cartilage wear for future use in screening potential implant materials and finishes. In determining the optimal test parameters, two different cartilage surface geometries were compared: smaller specimens had a flat surface, while larger ones made contact in the center but not at the edge owing to the curvature of the articulating surface. The cartilage wear of the two geometries was compared using three different techniques: the collagen worn from the cartilage specimens was assessed with a modified wear factor, the surface damage was made visible with Indian ink and was quantified, and the change in surface roughness was measured. To interpret the experimental results, maximum shear stresses were evaluated with sliding contact finite element models. Although the modified wear factor was considered to be the most accurate assessment of cartilage wear, surface damage was an effective, inexpensive, and quick technique to evaluate potential implant materials. Flat specimens showed excessive wear at the edges owing to a non-physiologic stress concentration, while the larger specimens wore more uniformly across the surface. These results will be applied to future studies evaluating prospective implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McGann
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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19
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Hannink G, de Mulder EL, van Tienen TG, Buma P. Effect of load on the repair of osteochondral defects using a porous polymer scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:2082-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Galley NK, Gleghorn JP, Rodeo S, Warren RF, Maher SA, Bonassar LJ. Frictional properties of the meniscus improve after scaffold-augmented repair of partial meniscectomy: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469:2817-23. [PMID: 21512814 PMCID: PMC3171552 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-1854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent further degeneration, it is desirable to fill a meniscal defect with a supportive scaffold that mimics the mechanics of native tissue. Degradable porous scaffolds have been used, but it is unclear whether the tissue that fills the site of implantation is mechanically adequate, particularly with respect to frictional performance. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore determined the frictional behavior of native and engineered meniscal replacement tissue from in vivo implantation over time. METHODS We evaluated boundary and mixed-mode friction coefficients of tissue generated in porous polyurethane scaffolds used to augment the repair of the meniscus of 13 skeletally mature sheep after partial meniscectomy. Implants were removed for evaluation at 3, 6, and 12 months. The friction coefficient, aggregate modulus, and hydraulic permeability were evaluated for tissue harvested from native meniscus adjacent to the implants, native meniscus from the intact contralateral knee, and repair tissue from the site of the scaffold implantation. The equilibrium friction coefficient (μ(eq)) was measured in the presence of a lubricant bath of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or equine synovial fluid (ESF). RESULTS Boundary μ(eq) in PBS of engineered meniscus improved with time and was similar to native tissue after 6 months. ESF enhanced lubrication for all samples at nearly all time points demonstrating the efficacy of ESF as a joint lubricant for repair tissue as well as native meniscus. Modulus increased and permeability decreased with implantation, likely as a result of tissue ingrowth. CONCLUSIONS Promoting tissue ingrowth into porous scaffolds is a potential strategy for improving friction performance in meniscal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Rodeo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA
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21
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Maher SA, Rodeo SA, Potter HG, Bonassar LJ, Wright TM, Warren RF. A pre-clinical test platform for the functional evaluation of scaffolds for musculoskeletal defects: the meniscus. HSS J 2011; 7:157-63. [PMID: 22754417 PMCID: PMC3145852 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-010-9188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to delay the progression of osteoarthritis from an index injury, early intervention via repair of injured musculoskeletal soft tissue has been advocated. Despite the development of a number of scaffolds intended to treat soft tissue defects, information about their functional performance is lacking. The goal of this study was to consolidate a suite of in vitro and in vivo models into a pre-clinical test platform to assess the functional performance of meniscal repair scaffolds. Our objective was to assess the ability of a scaffold (Actifit™; Orteq, UK) to carry load without detrimentally abrading against articular cartilage. Three test modules were used to assess the functional performance of meniscal repair scaffolds. The first module tested the ability of the scaffold to carry load in an in vitro model designed to measure the change in normal contact stress magnitude on the tibial plateau of cadaveric knees after scaffold implantation. The second module assessed the in vitro frictional coefficient of the scaffold against cartilage to assess the likelihood that the scaffold would destructively abrade against articular cartilage in vivo. The third module consisted of an assessment of functional performance in vivo by measuring the structure and composition of articular cartilage across the tibial plateau 12 months after scaffold implantation in an ovine model. In vitro, the scaffold improved contact mechanics relative to a partly meniscectomized knee suggesting that, in vivo, less damage would be seen in the scaffold implanted knees vs. partly meniscectomized knees. However, there was no significant difference in the condition of articular cartilage between the two groups. Moreover, in spite of the high coefficient of friction between the scaffold and articular cartilage, there was no significant damage in the articular cartilage underneath the scaffold. The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo models was likely influenced by the abundant tissue generated within the scaffold and the unexpected tissue that regenerated within the site of the partial meniscectomy. We are currently augmenting our suite of tests so that we can pre-clinically evaluate the functional performance at time zero and as a function of time after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. Maher
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Scott A. Rodeo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Hollis G. Potter
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | | | - Timothy M. Wright
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Russell F. Warren
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
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22
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Chan SMT, Neu CP, Komvopoulos K, Reddi AH. Dependence of nanoscale friction and adhesion properties of articular cartilage on contact load. J Biomech 2011; 44:1340-5. [PMID: 21316681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage by conformal, molecularly thin films reduces friction and adhesion between asperities at the cartilage-cartilage contact interface when the contact conditions are not conducive to fluid film lubrication. In this study, the nanoscale friction and adhesion properties of articular cartilage from typical load-bearing and non-load-bearing joint regions were studied in the boundary lubrication regime under a range of physiological contact pressures using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Adhesion of load-bearing cartilage was found to be much lower than that of non-load-bearing cartilage. In addition, load-bearing cartilage demonstrated steady and low friction coefficient through the entire load range examined, whereas non-load-bearing cartilage showed higher friction coefficient that decreased nonlinearly with increasing normal load. AFM imaging and roughness calculations indicated that the above trends in the nanotribological properties of cartilage are not due to topographical (roughness) differences. However, immunohistochemistry revealed consistently higher surface concentration of boundary lubricant at load-bearing joint regions. The results of this study suggest that under contact conditions leading to joint starvation from fluid lubrication, the higher content of boundary lubricant at load-bearing cartilage sites preserves synovial joint function by minimizing adhesion and wear at asperity microcontacts, which are precursors for tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M T Chan
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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