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Momin A, Perrotti S, Waldman SD. The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:628-637. [PMID: 37804213 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells able to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli through the process of mechanotransduction. Previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical stimulation causes mitochondrial deformation leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release in a dose-dependent manner. For this reason, we focused on elucidating the role of mitochondrial ROS as anabolic signaling molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels were subjected to mechanical stimuli and the effect on matrix synthesis, ROS production, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling was evaluated. Through the use of ROS-specific staining, superoxide anion was the primary ROS released in response to mechanical stimuli. The anabolic effect of mechanical stimulation was abolished in the presence of electron transport chain inhibitors (complexes I, III, and V) and superoxide anion scavengers. Subsequent studies were centered on the involvement of MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK) in the mechanotransduction cascade. While disruption of the ERK1/2 pathway had no apparent effect, the anabolic effect of mechanical stimulation was abolished in the presence of p38 and JNK pathway inhibitors. This suggest the involvement of apoptosis stimulating kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream redox-sensitive MAP3K shared by both the JNK and p38 pathways. Future experiments will focus on the involvement of the thioredoxin-ASK1 complex which disassociates in the presence of oxidative stress, allowing ASK1 to phosphorylate several MAP2Ks. Overall, these findings indicate superoxide anion as the primary ROS released in response to mechanical stimuli and that the resulting anabolic effect on chondrogenic matrix biosynthesis arises from the ROS-dependent activation of the p38 and JNK MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Momin
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simona Perrotti
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nix Z, Kota D, Ratnayake I, Wang C, Smith S, Wood S. Spectral characterization of cell surface motion for mechanistic investigations of cellular mechanobiology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:3-15. [PMID: 36108781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the specific mechanisms responsible for anabolic and catabolic responses to static or dynamic force are largely poorly understood. Because of this, most research groups studying mechanotransduction due to dynamic forces employ an empirical approach in deciding what frequencies to apply during experiments. While this has been shown to elucidate valuable information regarding how cells respond under controlled provocation, it is often difficult or impossible to determine a true optimal frequency for force application, as many intracellular complexes are involved in receiving, propagating, and responding to a given stimulus. Here we present a novel adaptation of an analytical technique from the fields of civil and mechanical engineering that may open the door to direct measurement of mechanobiological cellular frequencies which could be used to target specific cell signaling pathways leveraging synergy between outside-in and inside-out mechanotransduction approaches. This information could be useful in identifying how specific proteins are involved in the homeostatic balance, or disruption thereof, of cells and tissue, furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases across a wide variety of cell types, which may one day lead to the development of novel mechanobiological therapies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Nix
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Congzhou Wang
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Steve Smith
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Scott Wood
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA.
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Lithium chloride-induced primary cilia recovery enhances biosynthetic response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rolling-sliding load decreases the loss of chondrocyte viability and the mechanical properties of cartilage explants preserved in vitro. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:545-555. [PMID: 31571025 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The viability of cartilage explants preserved in vitro decreases with time, which limits its use for transplantation. The effect of mechanical stimulation to cartilage explants in vitro is unknown. In this study, we observed the effects of mechanical stimulation on chondrocyte viability and the mechanical properties of cartilage explants preserved in vitro using a rolling-sliding loading device designed by us, and the optimal stimulation protocol was established. A cylindrical osteochondral mass drilled on the femoral condyle of a healthy pig was divided into two groups (loading group and control group), and changes in the chondrocyte survival rate, matrix composition and cartilage biomechanical properties was observed at different time points. Additionally, the mRNA expression of the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2, the cytoskeletal proteins actin/vimentin, and the matrix-related protein MMP13 were detected. The loading group exhibited delayed collagen and aggrecan degeneration and improved chondrocyte viability for three days. Protein and mRNA detection showed that apoptotic factors such as caspase-3 and Bax decreased rapidly in cartilage tissue after loading. The cytoskeletal proteins actin and vimentin showed no significant changes in mRNA expression in the control group, but was significantly higher in the loading group. MMP-13 mRNA expression was significantly higher in both the control group and loading group. Overall, this study suggests that suitable mechanical stimulation decreases the loss of chondrocyte viability and the mechanical properties of cartilage explants in vitro and improves cartilage preservation.
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Qu P, Qi J, Han Y, Zhou L, Xie D, Song H, Geng C, Zhang K, Wang G. Effects of Rolling-Sliding Mechanical Stimulation on Cartilage Preserved In Vitro. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:301-310. [PMID: 31719916 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical stimulation is important for maintaining cartilage function. We used a loading device to exert rolling-sliding mechanical stimulation on cartilage preserved in vitro to investigate cartilage viability and the involved mechanisms. Methods Osteochondral grafts from pig knees were randomly classified into loading and control groups. The loading group cartilage was subjected to cycles of mechanical stimulation with specified frequency/time/pressure combinations every 3 days; Then the DMEM was refreshed, and the cartilage was preserved in vitro. The control group cartilage was preserved in DMEM throughout the process and was changed every 3 days. On days 14 and 28, the chondrocyte survival rate, histology, and Young's modulus of the cartilage were measured. Western blots were performed after 2 h of loading to evaluate the protein expression. Results The loading group showed a significantly higher chondrocyte survival rate, proteoglycan and type II collagen content, and Young's modulus than did the control group on day 14, but no statistically significant differences were found on day 28. After two hours of the loading, the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK1/2 increased, and the expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and bax decreased. Conclusion These results suggest that periodic rolling-sliding mechanical stimulation can increase cartilage vitality in 2 weeks; a possible mechanism is that mechanical stimulation activates the MEK/ERK signalling pathway, thus inhibiting apoptotic protein expression. This loading preservation scheme could be used by cartilage tissue banks to improve cartilage preservation in vitro and enhance the quality of cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Qu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Jianhong Qi
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Yunning Han
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Di Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Hongqiang Song
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Caiyun Geng
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Kaihong Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Guozhu Wang
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
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Stochastic Resonance with Dynamic Compression Improves the Growth of Adult Chondrocytes in Agarose Gel Constructs. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:243-256. [PMID: 30187237 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical stimulation has been an effective method to improve the growth of tissue engineering cartilage constructs derived from immature cells. However, when more mature cell populations are used, results are often variable due to the differing responses of these cells to external stimuli. This can be especially detrimental in the case of mechanical loading. In previous studies, multi-modal mechanical stimulation in the form of stochastic resonance was shown to be effective at improving the growth of young bovine chondrocytes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of stochastic resonance on two groups of bovine chondrocytes, adult (> 30 month) and juvenile (~ 18 months). While the juvenile cells outperformed the adult cells in terms of their anabolic response to loading, combined mechanical loading for both age groups resulted in greater matrix synthesis compared to compressive loading alone. In the adult cells, potential pathological tissue formation was evident with the presence of cell clustering. However, the presence of broad-band mechanical vibrations (alone or with compressive loading) appeared to mitigate this response and allow these cells to attain a growth response similar to the juvenile, unstimulated cells. Therefore, the use of stochastic resonance appears to show promise as a method to improve the formation and properties of tissue engineered cartilage constructs, irrespective of cell age.
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Mobasheri A, Matta C, Uzielienè I, Budd E, Martín-Vasallo P, Bernotiene E. The chondrocyte channelome: A narrative review. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 86:29-35. [PMID: 29452304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the main cells in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage and possess a highly differentiated phenotype that is the hallmark of the unique physiological functions of this specialised load-bearing connective tissue. The plasma membrane of articular chondrocytes contains a rich and diverse complement of membrane proteins, known as the membranome, which defines the cell surface phenotype of the cells. The membranome is a key target of pharmacological agents and is important for chondrocyte function. It includes channels, transporters, enzymes, receptors, and anchors for intracellular, cytoskeletal and ECM proteins and other macromolecular complexes. The chondrocyte channelome is a sub-compartment of the membranome and includes a complete set of ion channels and porins expressed in these cells. Many of these are multi-functional proteins with "moonlighting" roles, serving as channels, receptors and signalling components of larger molecular assemblies. The aim of this review is to summarise our current knowledge of the fundamental aspects of the chondrocyte channelome, discuss its relevance to cartilage biology and highlight its possible role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Excessive and inappropriate mechanical loads, an inflammatory micro-environment, alternative splicing of channel components or accumulation of basic calcium phosphate crystals can result in an altered chondrocyte channelome impairing its function. Alterations in Ca2+ signalling may lead to defective synthesis of ECM macromolecules and aggravated catabolic responses in chondrocytes, which is an important and relatively unexplored aspect of the complex and poorly understood mechanism of OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilona Uzielienè
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emma Budd
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Random Electromyostimulation Promotes Osteogenesis and the Mechanical Properties of Rat Bones. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2837-2846. [PMID: 28929434 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is often recommended as a promising non-pharmacologic countermeasure to prevent osteoporosis. However, elderly osteoporotic patients generally have physical fitness difficulties preventing them from performing effective and sustainable exercise. Electromyostimulation should be one effective modality for non-pharmacological prevention of osteoporosis without any voluntary physical movements. However, successful stimulation patterns remain controversial. As suggested by our previous in vitro studies, randomized timing of stimulation could be a candidate to maximize the osteogenic effect of electromyostimulation. In this study, the effects of random stimulation to the quadriceps on osteogenesis in the femurs were investigated using rats, in comparison with a periodic stimulation pattern. In histomorphometric assessments, both stimulation patterns demonstrated increases in bone formation rate either in cortical bone at the midshaft or in trabecular bone at the femoral neck on the stimulated side. However, maximum load and strain energy to failure were enhanced only by the random stimulation, on either the stimulated or non-stimulated side. It is concluded that randomized muscle stimulation has effective osteogenic capability at the stimulation site, similar to periodic stimulation; however, its effectiveness on mechanical properties is expandable to other non-stimulated sites.
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Weak electric fields detectability in a noisy neural network. Cogn Neurodyn 2016; 11:81-90. [PMID: 28174614 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-016-9409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the detectability of weak electric field in a noisy neural network based on Izhikevich neuron model systematically. The neural network is composed of excitatory and inhibitory neurons with similar ratio as that in the mammalian neocortex, and the axonal conduction delays between neurons are also considered. It is found that the noise intensity can modulate the detectability of weak electric field. Stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon induced by white noise is observed when the weak electric field is added to the network. It is interesting that SR almost disappeared when the connections between neurons are cancelled, suggesting the amplification effects of the neural coupling on the synchronization of neuronal spiking. Furthermore, the network parameters, such as the connection probability, the synaptic coupling strength, the scale of neuron population and the neuron heterogeneity, can also affect the detectability of the weak electric field. Finally, the model sensitivity is studied in detail, and results show that the neural network model has an optimal region for the detectability of weak electric field signal.
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Finlay S, Seedhom BB, Carey DO, Bulpitt AJ, Treanor DE, Kirkham J. In Vitro Engineering of High Modulus Cartilage-Like Constructs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:382-97. [PMID: 26850081 PMCID: PMC4827287 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the outcomes of cartilage repair have been inconsistent and have frequently yielded mechanically inferior fibrocartilage, thereby increasing the chances of damage recurrence. Implantation of constructs with biochemical composition and mechanical properties comparable to natural cartilage could be advantageous for long-term repair. This study attempted to create such constructs, in vitro, using tissue engineering principles. Bovine synoviocytes were seeded on nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate fiber scaffolds and cultured in chondrogenic medium for 4 weeks, after which uniaxial compressive loading was applied using an in-house bioreactor for 1 h per day, at a frequency of 1 Hz, for a further 84 days. The initial loading conditions, determined from the mechanical properties of the immature constructs after 4 weeks in chondrogenic culture, were strains ranging between 13% and 23%. After 56 days (sustained at 84 days) of loading, the constructs were stained homogenously with Alcian blue and for type-II collagen. Dynamic compressive moduli were comparable to the high end values for native cartilage and proportional to Alcian blue staining intensity. We suggest that these high moduli values were attributable to the bioreactor setup, which caused the loading regime to change as the constructs developed, that is, the applied stress and strain increased with construct thickness and stiffness, providing continued sufficient cell stimulation as further matrix was deposited. Constructs containing cartilage-like matrix with response to load similar to that of native cartilage could produce long-term effective cartilage repair when implanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Finlay
- 1 Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bahaa B Seedhom
- 1 Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Duane O Carey
- 2 School of Computing, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andy J Bulpitt
- 2 School of Computing, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren E Treanor
- 3 Department of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,4 Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- 1 Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
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