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Kantola V, Karjalainen J, Jaakola T, Leskinen HPP, Nissi MJ, Casula V, Nieminen MT. Anisotropy of T 2 and T 1ρ relaxation time in articular cartilage at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:1177-1188. [PMID: 38558167 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The anisotropy of R2 and R1ρ relaxation rates in articular cartilage contains information about the collagenous structure of the tissue. Here we determine and study the anisotropic and isotropic components of T2 and T1ρ relaxation parameters in articular cartilage with a clinical 3T MRI device. Furthermore, a visual representation of the topographical variation in anisotropy is given via anisotropy mapping. METHODS Eight bovine stifle joints were imaged at 22 orientations with respect to the main magnetic field using T2, continuous-wave (CW) T1ρ, and adiabatic T1ρ mapping sequences. Relaxation rates were separated into isotropic and anisotropic relaxation components using a previously established relaxation anisotropy model. Pixel-wise anisotropy values were determined from the relaxation-time maps using Michelson contrast. RESULTS The relaxation rates obtained from the samples displayed notable variation depending on the sample orientation, magnetization preparation, and cartilage layer. R2 demonstrated significant anisotropy, whereas CW-R1ρ (300 Hz) and CW-R1ρ (500 Hz) displayed a low degree of anisotropy. Adiabatic R1ρ was largely isotropic. In the deep cartilage regions, relaxation rates were generally faster and more anisotropic than in the cartilage closer to the tissue surface. The isotropic relaxation rate components were found to have similar values regardless of measurement sequence. CONCLUSIONS The fitted relaxation model for T2 and T1ρ demonstrated varying amounts anisotropy, depending on magnetization preparation, and studied the articular cartilage layer. Anisotropy mapping of full joints showed varying amounts of anisotropy depending on the quantitative MRI parameter and topographical location, and in the case of T2, showed systematic changes in anisotropy across cartilage depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Kantola
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouni Karjalainen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tomi Jaakola
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henri P P Leskinen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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2
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Pala S, Hänninen NE, Mohammadi A, Ebrahimi M, Te Moller NCR, Brommer H, René van Weeren P, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Afara IO, Töyräs J, Mikkonen S, Nissi MJ, Nykänen O. 3D T 1 relaxation time measurements in an equine model of subtle post-traumatic osteoarthritis using MB-SWIFT. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2657-2666. [PMID: 37203565 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess whether articular cartilage changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), induced by surgical creation of standard (blunt) grooves, and very subtle sharp grooves, could be detected with ex vivo T1 relaxation time mapping utilizing three-dimensional (3D) readout sequence with zero echo time. Grooves were made on the articular surfaces of the middle carpal and radiocarpal joints of nine mature Shetland ponies and osteochondral samples were harvested at 39 weeks after being euthanized under respective ethical permissions. T1 relaxation times of the samples (n = 8 + 8 for experimental and n = 12 for contralateral controls) were measured with a variable flip angle 3D multiband-sweep imaging with Fourier transform sequence. Equilibrium and instantaneous Young's moduli and proteoglycan (PG) content from OD of Safranin-O-stained histological sections were measured and utilized as reference parameters for the T1 relaxation times. T1 relaxation time was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in both groove areas, particularly in the blunt grooves, compared with control samples, with the largest changes observed in the superficial half of the cartilage. T1 relaxation times correlated weakly (Rs ≈ 0.33) with equilibrium modulus and PG content (Rs ≈ 0.21). T1 relaxation time in the superficial articular cartilage is sensitive to changes induced by the blunt grooves but not to the much subtler sharp grooves, at the 39-week timepoint post-injury. These findings support that T1 relaxation time has potential in detection of mild PTOA, albeit the most subtle changes could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Pala
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nina E Hänninen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mohammadhossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nikae C R Te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, USA
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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3
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Wan L, Searleman AC, Ma Y, Wong JH, Williams J, Murphy ME, Du J, Chang EY, Tang G. The effect of cartilage dehydration and rehydration on quantitative ultrashort echo time biomarkers. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:6942-6951. [PMID: 37869338 PMCID: PMC10585582 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The effect of dehydration of ex vivo cartilage samples and rehydration with native synovial fluid or normal saline on quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) biomarkers are unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of cartilage dehydration-rehydration on UTE biomarkers and to compare the rehydration capabilities of native synovial fluid and normal saline. Methods A total of 37 cartilage samples were harvested from patients (n=5) who underwent total knee replacement. Fresh cartilage samples were exposed to air to dehydrate for 2 hours after baseline magnetic resonance (MR) scanning, then randomly divided into two groups: one soaking in native synovial fluid (n=17) and the other in normal saline (n=20) to rehydrate for 4 hours. UTE-based biomarkers [T1, adiabatic T1r (AdiabT1r), macromolecular fraction (MMF), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and T2*] and sample weights were evaluated for fresh, dehydrated, and rehydrated cartilage samples. Differences and agreements between groups were assessed using the values of fresh cartilage samples as reference standard. Results Dehydrating in air for 2 hours resulted in significant weight loss (P=0.000). T1, AdiabT1r, and T2* decreased significantly while MMF and MTR increased significantly (all P<0.02). Non-significant differences were observed in cartilage weights after rehydrating in both synovial fluid and normal saline, with P values being 0.204 and 0.769, respectively. There were no significant differences in T1, AdiabT1r, MMF, and MTR after rehydrating in synovial fluid (P>0.0167, with Bonferroni correction) while T2* (P=0.001) still had significant differences compared with fresh samples. However, no significant differences were detected for any of the evaluated UTE biomarkers after rehydrating in normal saline (all P>0.05). No differences were detected in the agreement of UTE biomarker measurements between fresh samples and samples rehydrated with synovial fluid and normal saline. Conclusions Cartilage dehydration resulted in significant changes in UTE biomarkers. Rehydrating with synovial fluid or normal saline had non-significant effect on all the evaluated UTE biomarkers except T2* values, which still had significant differences compared with fresh samples after rehydrating with synovial fluid. No significant difference was observed in the rehydration capabilities of native synovial fluid and normal saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam C. Searleman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Wong
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Judith Williams
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark E. Murphy
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Mirmojarabian SA, Kajabi AW, Ketola JHJ, Nykänen O, Liimatainen T, Nieminen MT, Nissi MJ, Casula V. Machine Learning Prediction of Collagen Fiber Orientation and Proteoglycan Content From Multiparametric Quantitative MRI in Articular Cartilage. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:1056-1068. [PMID: 35861162 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning models trained with multiparametric quantitative MRIs (qMRIs) have the potential to provide valuable information about the structural composition of articular cartilage. PURPOSE To study the performance and feasibility of machine learning models combined with qMRIs for noninvasive assessment of collagen fiber orientation and proteoglycan content. STUDY TYPE Retrospective, animal model. ANIMAL MODEL An open-source single slice MRI dataset obtained from 20 samples of 10 Shetland ponies (seven with surgically induced cartilage lesions followed by treatment and three healthy controls) yielded to 1600 data points, including 10% for test and 90% for train validation. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 9.4 T MRI scanner/qMRI sequences: T1 , T2 , adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ , continuous-wave T1ρ and relaxation along a fictitious field (TRAFF ) maps. ASSESSMENT Five machine learning regression models were developed: random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosting (GB), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). A nested cross-validation was used for performance evaluation. For reference, proteoglycan content and collagen fiber orientation were determined by quantitative histology from digital densitometry (DD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM), respectively. STATISTICAL TESTS Normality was tested using Shapiro-Wilk test, and association between predicted and measured values was evaluated using Spearman's Rho test. A P-value of 0.05 was considered as the limit of statistical significance. RESULTS Four out of the five models (RF, GB, MLP, and GPR) yielded high accuracy (R2 = 0.68-0.75 for PLM and 0.62-0.66 for DD), and strong significant correlations between the reference measurements and predicted cartilage matrix properties (Spearman's Rho = 0.72-0.88 for PLM and 0.61-0.83 for DD). GPR algorithm had the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.75 and 0.66) and lowest prediction-error (root mean squared [RMSE] = 1.34 and 2.55) for PLM and DD, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION Multiparametric qMRIs in combination with regression models can determine cartilage compositional and structural features, with higher accuracy for collagen fiber orientation than proteoglycan content. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
| | - Juuso H J Ketola
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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5
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Eck BL, Yang M, Elias JJ, Winalski CS, Altahawi F, Subhas N, Li X. Quantitative MRI for Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disease: Cartilage and Muscle Composition, Joint Inflammation, and Biomechanics in Osteoarthritis. Invest Radiol 2023; 58:60-75. [PMID: 36165880 PMCID: PMC10198374 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable tool for evaluating musculoskeletal disease as it offers a range of image contrasts that are sensitive to underlying tissue biochemical composition and microstructure. Although MRI has the ability to provide high-resolution, information-rich images suitable for musculoskeletal applications, most MRI utilization remains in qualitative evaluation. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) provides additional value beyond qualitative assessment via objective metrics that can support disease characterization, disease progression monitoring, or therapy response. In this review, musculoskeletal qMRI techniques are summarized with a focus on techniques developed for osteoarthritis evaluation. Cartilage compositional MRI methods are described with a detailed discussion on relaxometric mapping (T 2 , T 2 *, T 1ρ ) without contrast agents. Methods to assess inflammation are described, including perfusion imaging, volume and signal changes, contrast-enhanced T 1 mapping, and semiquantitative scoring systems. Quantitative characterization of structure and function by bone shape modeling and joint kinematics are described. Muscle evaluation by qMRI is discussed, including size (area, volume), relaxometric mapping (T 1 , T 2 , T 1ρ ), fat fraction quantification, diffusion imaging, and metabolic assessment by 31 P-MR and creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer. Other notable technologies to support qMRI in musculoskeletal evaluation are described, including magnetic resonance fingerprinting, ultrashort echo time imaging, ultrahigh-field MRI, and hybrid MRI-positron emission tomography. Challenges for adopting and using qMRI in musculoskeletal evaluation are discussed, including the need for metal artifact suppression and qMRI standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Eck
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mingrui Yang
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John J. Elias
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Research, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Carl S. Winalski
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Faysal Altahawi
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Naveen Subhas
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Imaging Instute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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6
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McCreery KP, Luetkemeyer CM, Calve S, Neu CP. Hyperelastic characterization reveals proteoglycans drive the nanoscale strain-stiffening response in hyaline cartilage. J Biomech 2023; 146:111397. [PMID: 36469996 PMCID: PMC9922104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) result in deterioration of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, significantly compromising tissue function. For measurement of mechanical properties at micron resolution, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a leading technique in biomaterials research, including in the study of OA. It is common practice to determine material properties by applying classical Hertzian contact theory to AFM data. However, errors are consequential because the application of a linear elastic contact model to tissue ignores the fact that soft materials exhibit nonlinear properties even at small strains, influencing the biological conclusions of clinically-relevant studies. Additionally, nonlinear material properties are not well characterized, limiting physiological relevance of Young's modulus. Here, we probe the ECM of hyaline cartilage with AFM and explore the application of Hertzian theory in comparison to five hyperelastic models: NeoHookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Fung, and Ogden. The Fung and Ogden models achieved the best fits of the data, but the Fung model demonstrated robust sensitivity during model validation, demonstrating its ideal application to cartilage ECM and potentially other connective tissues. To develop a biological understanding of the Fung nonlinear parameter, we selectively degraded ECM components to target collagens (purified collagenase), hyaluronan (bacterial hyaluronidase), and glycosaminoglycans (chondroitinase ABC). We found significant differences in both Fung parameters in response to enzymatic treatment, indicating that proteoglycans drive the nonlinear response of cartilage ECM, and validating biological relevance of these phenomenological parameters. Our findings add value to the biomechanics community of using two-parameter material models for microindentation of soft biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P McCreery
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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7
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Wu M, Ma YJ, Liu M, Xue Y, Gong L, Wei Z, Jerban S, Jang H, Chang DG, Chang EY, Ma L, Du J. Quantitative assessment of articular cartilage degeneration using 3D ultrashort echo time cones adiabatic T 1ρ (3D UTE-Cones-AdiabT 1ρ) imaging. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:6178-6186. [PMID: 35357540 PMCID: PMC9388581 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate articular cartilage degeneration using quantitative three-dimensional ultrashort-echo-time cones adiabatic-T1ρ (3D UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ) imaging. METHODS Sixty-six human subjects were recruited for this study. Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade and Whole-Organ Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging Score (WORMS) were evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists. The human subjects were categorized into three groups, namely normal controls (KL0), doubtful-minimal osteoarthritis (OA) (KL1-2), and moderate-severe OA (KL3-4). WORMS were regrouped to encompass the extent of lesions and the depth of lesions. The UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ values were obtained using 3D UTE-Cones data acquisitions preceded by seven paired adiabatic full passage pulses that corresponded to seven spin-locking times (TSLs) of 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 ms. The performance of the UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ technique in evaluating the degeneration of knee cartilage was assessed via the ANOVA comparisons with subregional analysis and Spearman's correlation coefficient as well as the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ showed significant positive correlations with KL grade (r = 0.15, p < 0.05) and WORMS (r = 0.57, p < 0.05). Higher UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ values were observed in both larger and deeper lesions in the cartilage. The differences in UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ values among different extent and depth groups of cartilage lesions were all statistically significant (p < 0.05). Subregional analyses showed that the correlations between UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ and WORMS varied with the location of cartilage. The AUC value of UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ for mild cartilage degeneration (WORMS=1) was 0.8. The diagnostic threshold value of UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ for mild cartilage degeneration was 39.4 ms with 80.8% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The 3D UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ sequence can be useful in quantitative evaluation of articular cartilage degeneration. KEY POINTS • The 3D UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ sequence can distinguish mild cartilage degeneration from normal cartilage with a diagnostic threshold value of 39.4 ms for mild cartilage degeneration with 80.8% sensitivity. • Higher UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ values were observed in both larger and deeper lesions in the articular cartilage. • UTE-Cones-AdiabT1ρ is a promising biomarker for quantitative evaluation of early cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mouyuan Liu
- Imaging Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Xue
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lillian Gong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Douglas G Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Liheng Ma
- Imaging Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr., San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Bolcos PO, Mononen ME, Roach KE, Tanaka MS, Suomalainen JS, Mikkonen S, Nissi MJ, Töyräs J, Link TM, Souza R, Majumdar S, Ma B, Li X, Korhonen RK. Subject-specific biomechanical analysis to estimate locations susceptible to osteoarthritis-Finite element modeling and MRI follow-up of ACL reconstructed patients. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1744-1755. [PMID: 34820897 PMCID: PMC9127000 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this case-control study were to: (1) Identify cartilage locations and volumes at risk of osteoarthritis (OA) using subject-specific finite element (FE) models; (2) Quantify the relationships between the simulated biomechanical parameters and T2 and T1ρ relaxation times of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We created subject-specific FE models for seven patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and six controls based on a previous proof-of-concept study. We identified locations and cartilage volumes susceptible to OA, based on maximum principal stresses and absolute maximum shear strains in cartilage exceeding thresholds of 7 MPa and 32%, respectively. The locations and volumes susceptible to OA were compared qualitatively and quantitatively against 2-year longitudinal changes in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times. The degeneration volumes predicted by the FE models, based on excessive maximum principal stresses, were significantly correlated (r = 0.711, p < 0.001) with the degeneration volumes determined from T2 relaxation times. There was also a significant correlation between the predicted stress values and changes in T2 relaxation time (r = 0.649, p < 0.001). Absolute maximum shear strains and changes in T1ρ relaxation time were not significantly correlated. Five out of seven patients with ACL reconstruction showed excessive maximum principal stresses in either one or both tibial cartilage compartments, in agreement with follow-up information from MRI. Expectedly, for controls, the FE models and follow-up information showed no degenerative signs. Our results suggest that the presented modelling methodology could be applied to prospectively identify ACL reconstructed patients at risk of biomechanically driven OA, particularly by the analysis of maximum principal stresses of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Bolcos
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Corresponding author: Paul Octavian Bolcos, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland, Tel. +358 45 2290653,
| | - Mika E. Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Koren E. Roach
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | - Matthew S. Tanaka
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | | | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J. Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio Finland
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | - Richard Souza
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | - Benjamin Ma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Unites States of America
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Unites States of America
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Wan L, Cheng X, Searleman AC, Ma YJ, Wong JH, Meyer RS, Du J, Tang G, Chang EY. Evaluation of enzymatic proteoglycan loss and collagen degradation in human articular cartilage using ultrashort echo time-based biomarkers: A feasibility study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4664. [PMID: 34904305 PMCID: PMC9042587 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of quantitative 3D ultrashort echo time (UTE)-based biomarkers in detecting proteoglycan (PG) loss and collagen degradation in human cartilage. A total of 104 cartilage samples were harvested for a trypsin digestion study (n = 44), and a sequential trypsin and collagenase digestion study (n = 60), respectively. Forty-four cartilage samples were randomly divided into a trypsin digestion group (tryp group) and a control group (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] group) (n = 22 for each group) for the trypsin digestion experiment. The remaining 60 cartilage samples were divided equally into four groups (n = 15 for each group) for sequential trypsin and collagenase digestion, including PBS + Tris (incubated in PBS, then Tris buffer solution), PBS + 30 U col (incubated in PBS, then 30 U/ml collagenase [30 U col] with Tris buffer solution), tryp + 30 U col (incubated in trypsin solution, then 30 U/ml collagenase with Tris buffer solution), and tryp + Tris (incubated in trypsin solution, then Tris buffer solution). The 3D UTE-based MRI biomarkers included T1 , multiecho T2 *, adiabatic T1ρ (AdiabT1ρ ), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and modeling of macromolecular proton fraction (MMF). For each cartilage sample, UTE-based biomarkers (T1 , T2 *, AdiabT1ρ , MTR, and MMF) and sample weight were evaluated before and after treatment. PG and hydroxyproline assays were performed. Differences between groups and correlations were assessed. All the evaluated biomarkers were able to differentiate between healthy and degenerated cartilage in the trypsin digestion experiment, but only T1 and AdiabT1ρ were significantly correlated with the PG concentration in the digestion solution (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0001, respectively). In the sequential digestion experiment, no significant differences were found for T1 and AdiabT1ρ values between the PBS + Tris and PBS + 30 U col groups (p = 0.627 and p = 0.877, respectively), but T1 and AdiabT1ρ values increased significantly in the tryp + Tris (p = 0.031 and p = 0.024, respectively) and tryp + 30 U col groups (both p < 0.0001). Significant decreases in MMF and MTR were found in the tryp + 30 U col group compared with the PBS + Tris group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). It was concluded that AdiabT1ρ and T1 have the potential for detecting PG loss, while MMF and MTR are promising for the detection of collagen degradation in articular cartilage, which could facilitate earlier, noninvasive diagnosis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Department of Radiology, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Jonathan H. Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - R. Scott Meyer
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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10
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Hänninen NE, Nykänen O, Prakash M, Hanni M, Nieminen MT, Nissi MJ. Orientation anisotropy of quantitative MRI parameters in degenerated human articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:861-870. [PMID: 32543737 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation parameters demonstrate varying sensitivity to the orientation of the ordered tissues in the magnetic field. In this study, the orientation dependence of multiple relaxation parameters was assessed in cadaveric human cartilage with varying degree of natural degeneration, and compared with biomechanical testing, histological scoring, and quantitative histology. Twelve patellar cartilage samples were imaged at 9.4 T MRI with multiple relaxation parameters, including T1 , T2 , CW - T1ρ , and adiabatic T1ρ , at three different orientations with respect to the main magnetic field. Anisotropy of the relaxation parameters was quantified, and the results were compared with the reference measurements and between samples of different histological Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grades. T2 and CW - T1ρ at 400 Hz spin-lock demonstrated the clearest anisotropy patterns. Radial zone anisotropy for T2 was significantly higher for samples with OARSI grade 2 than for grade 4. The proteoglycan content (measured as optical density) correlated with the radial zone MRI orientation anisotropy for T2 (r = 0.818) and CW - T1ρ with 400 Hz spin-lock (r = 0.650). Orientation anisotropy of MRI parameters altered with progressing cartilage degeneration. This is associated with differences in the integrity of the collagen fiber network, but it also seems to be related to the proteoglycan content of the cartilage. Samples with advanced OA had great variation in all biomechanical and histological properties and exhibited more variation in MRI orientation anisotropy than the less degenerated samples. Understanding the background of relaxation anisotropy on a molecular level would help to develop new MRI contrasts and improve the application of previously established quantitative relaxation contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Elina Hänninen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mithilesh Prakash
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Hanni
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miika Tapio Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko Johannes Nissi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Kajabi AW, Casula V, Sarin JK, Ketola JH, Nykänen O, te Moller NCR, Mancini IAD, Visser J, Brommer H, René van Weeren P, Malda J, Töyräs J, Nieminen MT, Nissi MJ. Evaluation of articular cartilage with quantitative MRI in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:63-73. [PMID: 32543748 PMCID: PMC7818146 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondral lesions lead to degenerative changes in the surrounding cartilage tissue, increasing the risk of developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) for evaluation of articular cartilage in PTOA. Articular explants containing surgically induced and repaired chondral lesions were obtained from the stifle joints of seven Shetland ponies (14 samples). Three age-matched nonoperated ponies served as controls (six samples). The samples were imaged at 9.4 T. The measured qMRI parameters included T1 , T2 , continuous-wave T1ρ (CWT1ρ ), adiabatic T1ρ (AdT1ρ ), and T2ρ (AdT2ρ ) and relaxation along a fictitious field (TRAFF ). For reference, cartilage equilibrium and dynamic moduli, proteoglycan content and collagen fiber orientation were determined. Mean values and profiles from full-thickness cartilage regions of interest, at increasing distances from the lesions, were used to compare experimental against control and to correlate qMRI with the references. Significant alterations were detected by qMRI parameters, including prolonged T1 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ in the regions adjacent to the lesions. The changes were confirmed by the reference methods. CWT1ρ was more strongly associated with the reference measurements and prolonged in the affected regions at lower spin-locking amplitudes. Moderate to strong correlations were found between all qMRI parameters and the reference parameters (ρ = -0.531 to -0.757). T1 , low spin-lock amplitude CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ were most responsive to changes in visually intact cartilage adjacent to the lesions. In the context of PTOA, these findings highlight the potential of T1 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ in evaluation of compositional and structural changes in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Jaakko K. Sarin
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Juuso H. Ketola
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Nikae C. R. te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Irina A. D. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jetze Visser
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - P. René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands,Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland,School of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Miika T. Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland,Department of Diagnostic RadiologyOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Mikko J. Nissi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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12
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Hafner T, Post M, Said O, Schad P, Schock J, Abrar DB, Knobe M, Kuhl C, Truhn D, Nebelung S. Identifying the imaging correlates of cartilage functionality based on quantitative MRI mapping - The collagenase exposure model. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:310-321. [PMID: 32980541 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage functionality is determined by tissue structure and composition. If altered, cartilage is predisposed to premature degeneration. This pathomimetical study of early osteoarthritis evaluated the dose-dependant effects of collagenase-induced collagen disintegration and proteoglycan depletion on cartilage functionality as assessed by serial T1, T1ρ, T2, and T2* mapping under loading. 30 human femoral osteochondral samples underwent imaging on a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner (Achieva, Philips) in the unloaded reference configuration (δ0) and under pressure-controlled quasi-static indentation loading to 15.1 N (δ1) and to 28.6 N (δ2). Imaging was performed before and after exposure to low (LC, 0.5 mg/mL; n = 10) or high concentration (HC, 1.5 mg/mL; n = 10) of collagenase. Untreated samples served as controls (n = 10). Loading responses were determined for the entire sample and the directly loaded (i.e. sub-pistonal) and bilaterally adjacent (i.e. peri‑pistonal) regions, referenced histologically, quantified as relative changes, and analysed using adequate parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. Dose-dependant surface disintegration and tissue loss were reflected by distinctly different pre- and post-exposure response-to-loading patterns. While T1 generally decreased with loading, regardless of collagenase exposure, T1ρ increased significantly after HC exposure (p = 0.008). Loading-induced decreases in T2 were significant after LC exposure (p = 0.006), while changes in T2* were ambiguous. In conclusion, aberrant loading-induced changes in T2 and T1ρ reflect moderate and severe matrix changes, respectively, and indicate the close interrelatedness of matrix changes and functionality in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hafner
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Post
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Said
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schad
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Justus Schock
- University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Institute of Computer Vision and Imaging, RWTH University Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Benjamin Abrar
- University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Clinic for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Luzern, CH-6004 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Kuhl
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Truhn
- Aachen University Hospital, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Nebelung
- University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
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13
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Javaid I, Zhang S, Kader Isselmou AE, Kamhi S, Kulsum U, Salim Ahmad I. Hybrid Automated Brain Tumor Detection by Using FKM, KFCM Algorithm with Skull Stripping. 2020 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1145/3431943.3431962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Javaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
| | - Abd El Kader Isselmou
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
| | - Souha Kamhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
| | - Ummay Kulsum
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
| | - Isah Salim Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineer Hebei University of Technology 8 Dingzigu 1st Rd Hongqiao China 300131, China
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14
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Identification of locations susceptible to osteoarthritis in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Combining knee joint computational modelling with follow-up T 1ρ and T 2 imaging. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 79:104844. [PMID: 31439361 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finite element modelling can be used to evaluate altered loading conditions and failure locations in knee joint tissues. One limitation of this modelling approach has been experimental comparison. The aims of this proof-of-concept study were: 1) identify areas susceptible to osteoarthritis progression in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients using finite element modelling; 2) compare the identified areas against changes in T2 and T1ρ values between 1-year and 3-year follow-up timepoints. METHODS Two patient-specific finite element models of knee joints with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were created. The knee geometry was based on clinical magnetic resonance imaging and joint loading was obtained via motion capture. We evaluated biomechanical parameters linked with cartilage degeneration and compared the identified risk areas against T2 and T1ρ maps. FINDINGS The risk areas identified by the finite element models matched the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging findings. For Patient 1, excessive values of maximum principal stresses and shear strains were observed in the posterior side of the lateral tibial and femoral cartilage. For Patient 2, high values of maximum principal stresses and shear strains of cartilage were observed in the posterior side of the medial joint compartment. For both patients, increased T2 and T1ρ values between the follow-up times were observed in the same areas. INTERPRETATION Finite element models with patient-specific geometries and motions and relatively simple material models of tissues were able to identify areas susceptible to post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis. We suggest that the methodology presented here may be applied in large cohort studies.
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15
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Kajabi AW, Casula V, Ojanen S, Finnilä MA, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK, Nissi MJ, Nieminen MT. Multiparametric MR imaging reveals early cartilage degeneration at 2 and 8 weeks after ACL transection in a rabbit model. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1974-1986. [PMID: 32129515 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the rabbit model with anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was used to investigate early degenerative changes in cartilage using multiparametric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI). ACLT was surgically induced in the knees of skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits (n = 14). ACL transected and contralateral knee compartments-medial femur, lateral femur, medial tibia, and lateral tibia-were harvested 2 (n = 8) and 8 weeks (n = 6) postsurgery. Twelve age-matched nonoperated rabbits served as control. qMRI was conducted at 9.4 T and included relaxation times T1 , T2 , continuous-wave T1ρ (CWT1ρ ), adiabatic T1ρ (AdT1ρ ), adiabatic T2ρ (AdT2ρ ), and relaxation along a fictitious field (TRAFF ). For reference, quantitative histology and biomechanical measurements were carried out. Posttraumatic changes were primarily noted in the superficial half of the cartilage. Prolonged T1 , T2 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ were observed in the lateral femur 2 and 8 weeks post-ACLT, compared with the corresponding control and contralateral groups (P < .05). Collagen orientation was significantly altered in the lateral femur at 2 weeks post-ACLT compared with the corresponding control group. In the medial femur, all the studied relaxation time parameters, except TRAFF , were increased 8 weeks post-ACLT, as compared with the corresponding contralateral and control groups (P < .05). Similarly, significant proteoglycan loss was observed in the medial femur at 8 weeks following surgery (P < .05). Multiparametric MRI demonstrated early degenerative changes primarily in the superficial cartilage with T1 , T2 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ sensitive to cartilage changes at 2 weeks after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Ojanen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Wu M, Ma Y, Wan L, Jerban S, Jang H, Chang EY, Du J. Magic angle effect on adiabatic T 1ρ imaging of the Achilles tendon using 3D ultrashort echo time cones trajectory. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4322. [PMID: 32431025 PMCID: PMC7393640 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The protons in collagen-rich musculoskeletal (MSK) tissues such as the Achilles tendon are subject to strong dipolar interactions which are modulated by the term (3cos2 θ-1) where θ is the angle between the fiber orientation and the static magnetic field B0 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the magic angle effect in three-dimensional ultrashort echo time Cones Adiabatic T1ρ (3D UTE Cones-AdiabT1ρ ) imaging of the Achilles tendon using a clinical 3 T scanner. The magic angle effect was investigated by Cones-AdiabT1ρ imaging of five cadaveric human Achilles tendon samples at five angular orientations ranging from 0° to 90° relative to the B0 field. Conventional Cones continuous wave T1ρ (Cones-CW-T1ρ ) and Cones T2 * (Cones-T2 *) sequences were also applied for comparison. On average, Cones-AdiabT1ρ increased 3.6-fold from 13.6 ± 1.5 ms at 0° to 48.4 ± 5.4 ms at 55°, Cones-CW-T1ρ increased 6.1-fold from 7.0 ± 1.1 ms at 0° to 42.6 ± 5.2 ms at 55°, and Cones-T2* increased 12.3-fold from 2.9 ± 0.5 ms at 0° to 35.8 ± 6.4 ms at 55°. Although Cones-AdiabT1ρ is still subject to significant angular dependence, it shows a much-reduced magic angle effect compared to Cones-CW-T1ρ and Cones-T2 *, and may be used as a novel and potentially more effective approach for quantitative evaluation of the Achilles tendon and other MSK tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, US
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17
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Wu M, Ma YJ, Kasibhatla A, Chen M, Jang H, Jerban S, Chang EY, Du J. Convincing evidence for magic angle less-sensitive quantitative T 1ρ imaging of articular cartilage using the 3D ultrashort echo time cones adiabatic T 1ρ (3D UTE cones-AdiabT 1ρ ) sequence. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2551-2560. [PMID: 32419199 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the magic angle effect in three-dimensional ultrashort echo time Cones Adiabatic T1ρ (3D UTE Cones-AdiabT1ρ ) imaging of articular cartilage at 3T. METHODS The magic angle effect was investigated by repeated 3D UTE Cones-AdiabT1ρ imaging of eight human patellar samples at five angular orientations ranging from 0° to 90° relative to the B0 field. Cones continuous wave T1ρ (Cones-CW-T1ρ ) and Cones- T 2 ∗ sequences were also applied for comparison. Cones-AdiabT1ρ , Cones-CW-T1ρ and Cones- T 2 ∗ values were measured for four regions of interest (ROIs) (10% superficial layer, 60% transitional layer, 30% radial layer, and a global ROI) for each sample at each orientation to evaluate their angular dependence. RESULTS 3D UTE Cones-AdiabT1ρ values increased from the radial layer to the superficial layer for all angular orientations. The superficial layer showed the least angular dependence (around 4.4%), while the radial layer showed the strongest angular dependence (around 34.4%). Cones-AdiabT1ρ values showed much reduced magic angle effect compared to Cones-CW-T1ρ and Cones- T 2 ∗ values for all four ROIs. On average over eight patellae, Cones-AdiabT1ρ values increased by 27.2% (4.4% for superficial, 23.8% for transitional, and 34.4% for radial layers), Cones-CW-T1ρ values increased by 76.9% (11.3% for superficial, 59.1% for transitional, and 117.8% for radial layers), and Cones- T 2 ∗ values increased by 237.5% (87.9% for superficial, 262.9% for transitional, and 327.3% for radial layers) near the magic angle. CONCLUSIONS The 3D UTE Cones-AdiabT1ρ sequence is less sensitive to the magic angle effect in the evaluation of articular cartilage compared to Cones- T 2 ∗ and Cones-CW-T1ρ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Akhil Kasibhatla
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hyungseok Jang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Saeed Jerban
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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18
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Wyatt CR, Barbara TM, Guimaraes AR. T 1ρ magnetic resonance fingerprinting. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4284. [PMID: 32125050 PMCID: PMC8818303 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
T1ρ relaxation imaging is a quantitative imaging technique that has been used to assess cartilage integrity, liver fibrosis, tumors, cardiac infarction, and Alzheimer's disease. T1 , T2 , and T1ρ relaxation time constants have each demonstrated different degrees of sensitivity to several markers of fibrosis and inflammation, allowing for a potential multi-parametric approach to tissue quantification. Traditional magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) has been shown to provide quick, quantitative mapping of T1 and T2 relaxation time constants. In this study, T1ρ relaxation is added to the MRF framework using spin lock preparations. An MRF sequence involving an RF-spoiled sequence with TR , flip angle, T1ρ , and T2 preparation variation is described. The sequence is then calibrated against conventional T1 , T2 , and T1ρ relaxation mapping techniques in agar phantoms and the abdomens of four healthy volunteers. Strong intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC > 0.9) were found between conventional and MRF sequences in phantoms and also in healthy volunteers (ICC > 0.8). The highest ICC correlation values were seen in T1 , followed by T1ρ and then T2 . In this study, T1ρ relaxation has been incorporated into the MRF framework by using spin lock preparations, while still fitting for T1 and T2 relaxation time constants. The acquisition of these parameters within a single breath hold in the abdomen alleviates the issues of movement between breath holds in conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R. Wyatt
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Thomas M. Barbara
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Alexander R. Guimaraes
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239
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19
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Yang J, Shao H, Ma Y, Wan L, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Du J, Tang G. Quantitative ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) for diagnosis of early cartilage degeneration: comparison with UTE-T2* and T2 mapping. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:171-183. [PMID: 31956540 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the feasibility of using quantitative ultrashort echo time magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) technique in diagnosing early cartilage degeneration and to compare the technique's diagnostic efficacy with UTE-T2* mapping and T2 mapping. Methods Twenty human anterolateral condyle specimens with degeneration were obtained from volunteers undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA); they then underwent magnetic resonance (MR) scan on a clinical 3.0T scanner (GE, MR750). Seventy-two regions of interest (ROI) were manually drawn on specimens for UTE-MT, UTE-T2*, and T2 measurement, and the corresponding cartilage-bone regions were further divided into degeneration classifications of normal (n=11, Mankin scores 0-1), mild (n=28, Mankin scores 2-5), moderate (n=21, Mankin scores 6-9), and severe (n=12, Mankin scores 10-14) based on histological measures of degeneration (i.e., Mankin scores) as a reference standard. Differences among groups and correlations between quantitative MR parameters and Mankin scores were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tamhane-T2, LSD, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the diagnostic efficacy of different quantitative MR parameters for the detection of mild cartilage degeneration. Results The UTE magnetization transfer ratio (UTE-MTR) in the normal group was significantly different from the mild group (P=0.021), moderate group (P<0.001), and severe group (P<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the T2* values between both the normal group and the moderate group (P<0.032), and between the normal group and the severe group (P<0.001). For T2 values, the only significant difference was observed between the severe group and the normal group (P=0.011). The UTE-MTR, UTE-T2*, and T2 values were all significantly correlated with Mankin scores: UTE-MTR values were strongly (r=-0.678, P<0.001) correlated, UTE-T2* values were markedly correlated (r=-0.501, P<0.001), and T2 values were weakly correlated (r=0.337, P=0.004) correlated with Mankin scores. The diagnostic efficacy of UTE-MTR (AUC =0.828, P=0.002) was better than UTE T2* mapping and T2 mapping (AUC =0.604, P=0.318; AUC =0.644, P=0.165, respectively) for the diagnosis of early cartilage degeneration. Conclusions UTE-MTR values were strongly correlated with histological grades of cartilage degeneration, and its diagnostic efficacy was better than both UTE T2* mapping and T2 mapping in detecting early cartilage degeneration. Once the clinical potential of the technique has been confirmed, UTE-MT may provide a promising imaging biomarker with potential application in a more comprehensive diagnosis and monitoring of cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hongda Shao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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20
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Guo T, Ma YJ, High RA, Tang Q, Wong JH, Byra M, Searleman AC, To SC, Wan L, Le N, Du J, Chang EY. Assessment of an in vitro model of rotator cuff degeneration using quantitative magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging with biochemical and histological correlation. Eur J Radiol 2019; 121:108706. [PMID: 31655315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative imaging methods could improve diagnosis of rotator cuff degeneration, but the capability of quantitative MR and US imaging parameters to detect alterations in collagen is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess quantitative MR and US imaging measures for detecting abnormalities in collagen using an in vitro model of tendinosis with biochemical and histological correlation. METHOD 36 pieces of supraspinatus tendons from 6 cadaveric donors were equally distributed into 3 groups (2 subjected to different concentrations of collagenase and a control group). Ultrashort echo time MR and US imaging measures were performed to assess changes at baseline and after 24 h of enzymatic digestion. Biochemical and histological measures, including brightfield, fluorescence, and polarized microscopy, were used to verify the validity of the model and were compared with quantitative imaging parameters. Correlations between the imaging parameters and biochemically measured digestion were analyzed. RESULTS Among the imaging parameters, macromolecular fraction (MMF), adiabatic T1ρ, T2*, and backscatter coefficient (BSC) were useful in differentiating between the extent of degeneration among the 3 groups. MMF strongly correlated with collagen loss (r=-0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.90,-0.66), while the adiabatic T1ρ (r = 0.66; CI: 0.42,0.81), T2* (r = 0.58; CI: 0.31,0.76), and BSC (r = 0.51; CI: 0.22,0.72) moderately correlated with collagen loss. CONCLUSIONS MMF, adiabatic T1ρ, and T2* measured and US BSC can detect alterations in collagen. Of the quantitative MR and US imaging measures evaluated, MMF showed the highest correlation with collagen loss and can be used to assess rotator cuff degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Rachel A High
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Qingbo Tang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Jonathan H Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Michal Byra
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam C Searleman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Sarah C To
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Lidi Wan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Nicole Le
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
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21
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Pastrama MI, Ortiz AC, Zevenbergen L, Famaey N, Gsell W, Neu CP, Himmelreich U, Jonkers I. Combined enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans and collagen significantly alters intratissue strains in articular cartilage during cyclic compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:383-394. [PMID: 31349141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) progress, the matrix constituents, particularly collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, become damaged, therefore deteriorating the tissue's mechanical properties. This study aims to further the understanding of the effect of degradation of the different cartilage constituents on the mechanical loading environment in early stage OA. To this end, intact, collagen- and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage plugs were cyclically loaded in axial compression using an experimental model simulating in vivo cartilage-on-cartilage contact conditions in a micro-MRI scanner. Depletion of collagen and proteoglycans was achieved through enzymatic degradation with collagenase and chondroitinase ABC, respectively. Using a displacement-encoded imaging sequence (DENSE), strains were computed and compared in intact and degraded samples. The results revealed that, while degradation with one or the other enzyme had little effect on the contact strains, degradation with a combination of both enzymes caused an increase in the means and variance of the transverse, axial and shear strains, particularly in the superficial zone of the cartilage. This effect indicates that the balance between cartilage matrix constituents plays an essential role in maintaining the mechanical properties of the tissue, and a disturbance in this balance leads to a decrease of the load bearing capacity associated with degenerative joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioana Pastrama
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Caxaido Ortiz
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lianne Zevenbergen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Tissue Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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3D grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography for high-resolution quantitative assessment of cartilage: An experimental feasibility study with 3T MRI, 7T MRI and biomechanical correlation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212106. [PMID: 30763375 PMCID: PMC6375589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Aim of this study was, to demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution grating-based X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) for quantitative assessment of cartilage. Materials and methods In an experimental setup, 12 osteochondral samples were harvested from n = 6 bovine knees (n = 2 each). From each knee, one cartilage sample was degraded using 2.5% Trypsin. In addition to PCCT and biomechanical cartilage stiffness measurements, 3T and 7T MRI was performed including MSME SE T2 and ME GE T2* mapping sequences for relaxationtime measurements. Paired t-tests and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used for statistical analyses. Results PCCT provided high-resolution images for improved morphological cartilage evaluation as compared to 3T and 7T MRI. Quantitative analyses revealed significant differences between the superficial and the deep cartilage layer for T2 mapping as well as for PCCT (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected for PCCT between healthy and degraded samples (P>0.05). MRI and stiffness measurements showed significant differences between healthy and degraded osteochondral samples. Accuracy in the prediction of cartilage degradation was excellent for MRI and biomechanical analyses. Conclusion In conclusion, high-resolution grating-based X-ray PCCT cartilage imaging is feasible. In addition to MRI and biomechanical analyses it provides complementary, water content independent, information for improved morphological and quantitative characterization of articular cartilage ultrastructure.
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23
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Fishbein KW, Sexton KW, Celik H, Reiter DA, Bouhrara M, Spencer RG. Stabilization of T 2 relaxation and magnetization transfer in cartilage explants by immersion in perfluorocarbon liquid. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3209-3217. [PMID: 30667088 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging of ex vivo cartilage measures parameters such as T2 and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), which reflect structural changes associated with osteoarthritis. Samples are often immersed in aqueous solutions to prevent dehydration and to to improve susceptibility matching. This study sought to determine the extent to which T2 and MTR changes are attributable to immersion alone and to identify immersion conditions to minimize this confounding factor. METHODS T2 and MTR were measured before and after immersion for up to 24 hours at 4°C. Bovine nasal and articular cartilage and human articular cartilage were studied. Experimental groups included undisturbed immersion in Fluorinert FC-770, a susceptibility-matched, hydrophobic liquid with minimal tissue penetration, and immersion in Fluorinert, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), or saline, with removal from the magnet between scans. 19 F and 1 H-MRI were used to detect cartilage penetration by Fluorinert and swelling, respectively. RESULTS Saline and DPBS immersion rapidly increased T2 , wet weight and cartilage volume and decreased MTR, suggesting increased water content for all cartilage types. Fluorinert-immersed samples exhibited minimal changes in T2 or MTR. No ingress of Fluorinert was detected after 2 weeks of continuous immersion at 4°C. CONCLUSION Ex vivo quantitative MR studies of cartilage may be confounded by the effects of immersion in aqueous solution, which may be comparable to or larger than effects attributed to pathology. These effects may be mitigated by immersion in perfluorocarbon liquids such as Fluorinert FC-770.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fishbein
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyle W Sexton
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hasan Celik
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David A Reiter
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Wei H, Lin H, Qin L, Cao S, Zhang Y, He N, Chen W, Yan F, Liu C. Quantitative susceptibility mapping of articular cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1665-1675. [PMID: 30584684 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has recently been applied in humans to quantify the magnetic susceptibility of collagen fibrils in the articular cartilage. PURPOSE To determine the ability of QSM to detect cartilage matrix degeneration between normal and early knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-four patients with knee OA and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3D gradient echo, T1 turbo spin echo, and proton density-weighted (PDw) spectral attenuated inversion recovery (SPAIR) sequence at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT Scan-rescan reproducibility of the susceptibility values in the cartilage was assessed in control subjects. Cartilage thickness, volume, mean, and standard deviation (SD) of susceptibility values of the cartilage compartments were compared between normal and OA patients. The relationship between magnetic susceptibility values and cartilage lesion grading based on MR images was studied. STATISTICAL TESTS The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test was used to compare cartilage thickness, volume, mean, and SD of susceptibility values between control subjects and OA patients. A Spearman rank correlation was performed to study the relationship between the mean and SD of susceptibility values and the cartilage thinning grades. RESULTS The SD of magnetic susceptibility values in the knee cartilage was significantly lower in OA patients compared with healthy controls, and it decreased with more severe MR grades of cartilage thinning degeneration. Significant correlations between the SD of susceptibility values and cartilage thinning grades were observed with R2 = 0.64 and P = 0.000, R2 = 0.47 and P = 0.002, R2 = 0.52 and P = 0.001, R2 = 0.42 and P = 0.0006, and R2 = 0.67 and P = 0.000 for medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial tibia (MT), lateral tibia (LT), and patella, respectively. No significant difference was found in cartilage volume (P = 0.17, P = 0.13, P = 0.20, P = 0.25, and P = 0.18 for MFC, LFC, MT, LT, and patella, respectively) and thickness (P = 0.31, P = 0.19, P = 0.16, P = 0.09, and P = 0.22 for MFC, LFC, MT, LT, and patella, respectively) between OA patients and healthy controls. DATA CONCLUSION The variations of susceptibility values in the knee cartilage decrease with the degree of cartilage degeneration. QSM may be a sensitive indicator for alteration of the collagen network and shows potential to detect cartilage degeneration at early stage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Wei
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, MED-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Huimin Lin
- School of Information Scienece and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Le Qin
- School of Information Scienece and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Steven Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,School of Information Scienece and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weibo Chen
- Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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25
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Selective Enzymatic Digestion of Proteoglycans and Collagens Alters Cartilage T1rho and T2 Relaxation Times. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:190-201. [PMID: 30288634 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the relationship of T1rho and T2 relaxation mapping to the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage through selective digestion of proteoglycans and collagens. Femoral condyles were harvested from porcine knee joints and treated with either chondroitinase ABC (cABC) followed by collagenase, or collagenase followed by cABC. Magnetic resonance images were acquired and cartilage explants were harvested for biochemical, biomechanical, and histological analyses before and after each digestion. Targeted enzymatic digestion of proteoglycans with cABC resulted in elevated T1rho relaxation times and decreased sulfated glycosaminoglycan content without affecting T2 relaxation times. In contrast, extractable collagen and T2 relaxation times were increased by collagenase digestion; however, neither was altered by cABC digestion. Aggregate modulus decreased with digestion of both components. Overall, we found that targeted digestion of proteoglycans and collagens had varying effects on biochemical, biomechanical, and imaging properties. T2 relaxation times were altered with changes in extractable collagen, but not changes in proteoglycan. However, T1rho relaxation times were altered with proteoglycan loss, which may also coincide with collagen disruption. Since it is unclear which matrix components are disrupted first in osteoarthritis, both markers may be important for tracking disease progression.
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26
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Ma YJ, Carl M, Searleman A, Lu X, Chang EY, Du J. 3D adiabatic T 1ρ prepared ultrashort echo time cones sequence for whole knee imaging. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1429-1439. [PMID: 29493004 PMCID: PMC6097905 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a 3D adiabatic T1ρ prepared ultrashort echo time cones (3D AdiabT1ρ UTE-Cones) sequence for whole knee imaging on a clinical 3T scanner. METHODS A train of adiabatic full passage pulses were used for spin locking, followed by time-efficient multispoke UTE acquisition to detect signals from both short and long T2 tissues in the whole knee joint. A modified signal model was proposed for multispoke UTE data fitting. The feasibility of this 3D AdiabT1ρ UTE-Cones technique was demonstrated through numerical simulation, phantom, and ex vivo knee sample studies. The 3D AdiabT1ρ UTE-Cones technique was then applied to 6 in vivo knee joints of healthy volunteers to measure T1ρ values of quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), meniscus, patellar cartilage, and muscle. RESULTS Numerical simulation, phantom and ex vivo knee sample studies demonstrated the feasibility of whole knee imaging using the proposed multispoke 3D AdiabT1ρ UTE-Cones sequence. The healthy volunteer knee study demonstrated an averaged T1ρ of 13.9 ± 0.7 ms for the quadriceps tendon, 9.7 ± 0.8 ms for the patellar tendon, 34.9 ± 2.8 ms for the ACL, 21.6 ± 1.4 ms for the PCL, 22.5 ± 1.9 ms for the meniscus, 44.5 ± 2.4 ms for the patellar cartilage, and 43.2 ± 1.1 ms for the muscle. CONCLUSION The 3D AdiabT1ρ UTE-Cones sequence allows volumetric T1ρ assessment of both short and long T2 tissues in the knee joint on a clinical 3T scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Adam Searleman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
- Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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27
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Nykänen O, Rieppo L, Töyräs J, Kolehmainen V, Saarakkala S, Shmueli K, Nissi MJ. Quantitative susceptibility mapping of articular cartilage: Ex vivo findings at multiple orientations and following different degradation treatments. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2702-2716. [PMID: 29687923 PMCID: PMC6220965 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the feasibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) for assessing degradation of articular cartilage by measuring ex vivo bovine cartilage samples subjected to different degradative treatments. Specimens were scanned at several orientations to study if degradation affects the susceptibility anisotropy. T2*‐mapping, histological stainings, and polarized light microscopy were used as reference methods. Additionally, simulations of susceptibility in layered geometry were performed. Methods Samples (n = 9) were harvested from the patellae of skeletally mature bovines. Three specimens served as controls, and the rest were artificially degraded. MRI was performed at 9.4T using a 3D gradient echo sequence. QSM and T2* images and depth profiles through the centers of the samples were compared with each other and the histological findings. A planar isotropic model with depth‐wise susceptibility variation was used in the simulations. Results A strong diamagnetic contrast was seen in the deep and calcified layers of cartilage, while T2* maps reflected the typical trilaminar structure of the collagen network. Anisotropy of susceptibility in cartilage was observed and was found to differ from the T2* anisotropy. Slight changes were observed in QSM and T2* following the degradative treatments. In simulations, anisotropy was observed. Conclusions The results suggest that QSM is not sensitive to cartilage proteoglycan content, but shows sensitivity to the amount of calcification and to the integrity of the collagen network, providing potential for assessing osteoarthritis. The simulations suggested that the anisotropy of susceptibility might be partially explained by the layered geometry of susceptibility in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Kolehmainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karin Shmueli
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Kajabi AW, Casula V, Nissi MJ, Peuna A, Podlipská J, Lammentausta E, Saarakkala S, Guermazi A, Nieminen MT. Assessment of meniscus with adiabatic T 1ρ and T 2ρ relaxation time in asymptomatic subjects and patients with mild osteoarthritis: a feasibility study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:580-587. [PMID: 29269326 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adiabatic relaxation times in the rotating frame (adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ) to detect structural alterations in meniscus tissue of mild OA patients and asymptomatic volunteers. METHOD MR images of 24 subjects (age range: 50-67 years, 12 male), including 12 patients with mild osteoarthritis (OA) (Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) = 1, 2) and 12 asymptomatic volunteers, were acquired using a 3 T clinical MRI system. Morphological assessment was performed using semiquantitative MRI OA Knee Score (MOAKS). Adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ (AdT1ρ, AdT2ρ) relaxation time maps were calculated in regions of interest (ROIs) containing medial and lateral horns of menisci. The median relaxation time values of the ROIs were compared between subjects classified based on radiographic findings and MOAKS evaluations. RESULTS MOAKS assessment of patients and volunteers indicated the presence of meniscal and cartilage lesions in both groups. For the combined cohort group, prolonged AdT1ρ was observed in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMED) in subjects with MOAKS meniscal tear (P < 0.05). AdT2ρ was statistically significantly longer in PHMED of subjects with MOAKS full-thickness cartilage loss (P < 0.05). After adjusting for multiple comparisons, differences in medians of observed AdT1ρ and AdT2ρ values between mild OA patients and asymptomatic volunteers did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION AdT1ρ and AdT2ρ measurements have the potential to identify changes in structural composition of meniscus tissue associated with meniscal tear and cartilage loss in a cohort group of mild OA patients and asymptomatic volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Kajabi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - V Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - M J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - A Peuna
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - J Podlipská
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - E Lammentausta
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - S Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - A Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - M T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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Fang F, Lake SP. Multiscale Mechanical Evaluation of Human Supraspinatus Tendon Under Shear Loading After Glycosaminoglycan Reduction. J Biomech Eng 2018; 139:2625661. [PMID: 28462418 DOI: 10.1115/1.4036602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are broadly distributed within many soft tissues and, among other roles, often contribute to mechanical properties. Although PGs, consisting of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sidechains, were once hypothesized to regulate stress/strain transfer between collagen fibrils and help support load in tendon, several studies have reported no changes to tensile mechanics after GAG depletion. Since GAGs are known to help sustain nontensile loading in other tissues, we hypothesized that GAGs might help support shear loading in human supraspinatus tendon (SST), a commonly injured tendon which functions in a complex multiaxial loading environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether GAGs contribute to the response of SST to shear, specifically in terms of multiscale mechanical properties and mechanisms of microscale matrix deformation. Results showed that chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) treatment digested GAGs in SST while not disrupting collagen fibers. Peak and equilibrium shear stresses decreased only slightly after ChABC treatment and were not significantly different from pretreatment values. Reduced stress ratios were computed and shown to be slightly greater after ChABC treatment compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) incubation without enzyme, suggesting that these relatively small changes in stress values were not due strictly to tissue swelling. Microscale deformations were also not different after ChABC treatment. This study demonstrates that GAGs possibly play a minor role in contributing to the mechanical behavior of SST in shear, but are not a key tissue constituent to regulate shear mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1185, St. Louis, MO 63130 e-mail:
| | - Spencer P Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1185, St. Louis, MO 63130;Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1185, St. Louis, MO 63130;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1185, St. Louis, MO 63130 e-mail:
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Allen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgical Discovery Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hänninen N, Rautiainen J, Rieppo L, Saarakkala S, Nissi MJ. Orientation anisotropy of quantitative MRI relaxation parameters in ordered tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9606. [PMID: 28852032 PMCID: PMC5574987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In highly organized tissues, such as cartilage, tendons and white matter, several quantitative MRI parameters exhibit dependence on the orientation of the tissue constituents with respect to the main imaging magnetic field (B0). In this study, we investigated the dependence of multiple relaxation parameters on the orientation of articular cartilage specimens in the B0. Bovine patellar cartilage-bone samples (n = 4) were investigated ex vivo at 9.4 Tesla at seven different orientations, and the MRI results were compared with polarized light microscopy findings on specimen structure. Dependences of T2 and continuous wave (CW)-T1ρ relaxation times on cartilage orientation were confirmed. T2 (and T2*) had the highest sensitivity to orientation, followed by TRAFF2 and adiabatic T2ρ. The highest dependence was seen in the highly organized deep cartilage and the smallest in the least organized transitional layer. Increasing spin-lock amplitude decreased the orientation dependence of CW-T1ρ. T1 was found practically orientation-independent and was closely followed by adiabatic T1ρ. The results suggest that T1 and adiabatic T1ρ should be preferred for orientation-independent quantitative assessment of organized tissues such as articular cartilage. On the other hand, based on the literature, parameters with higher orientation anisotropy appear to be more sensitive to degenerative changes in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hänninen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Rautiainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko Johannes Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Casula V, Nissi MJ, Podlipská J, Haapea M, Koski JM, Saarakkala S, Guermazi A, Lammentausta E, Nieminen MT. Elevated adiabatic T 1ρ and T 2ρ in articular cartilage are associated with cartilage and bone lesions in early osteoarthritis: A preliminary study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:678-689. [PMID: 28117922 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ of articular cartilage in symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) patients and asymptomatic volunteers, and to determine their association with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based structural abnormalities in cartilage and bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 24 subjects (age range: 50-68 years; 12 female) were enrolled, including 12 early OA patients and 12 volunteers with normal joint function. Patients and volunteers underwent 3T MRI. T2 , adiabatic T1ρ , and T2ρ relaxation times of knee articular cartilage were measured. Proton density (PD)- and T1 -weighted MR image series were also obtained and separately evaluated for morphological changes using the MRI OA Knee Scoring (MOAKS) system. Comparisons using the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test were performed after dividing the study participants according to physical symptoms as determined by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score or presence of cartilage lesions, bone marrow lesions, or osteophytes. RESULTS Elevated adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ relaxation times of articular cartilage were associated with cartilage loss (P = 0.024-0.047), physical symptoms (0.0068-0.035), and osteophytes (0.0039-0.027). Elevated adiabatic T1ρ was also associated with bone marrow lesions (0.033). CONCLUSION Preliminary data suggest that elevated adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ of cartilage are associated with morphological abnormalities of cartilage and bone, and thus may be applicable for in vivo OA research and diagnostics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:678-689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jana Podlipská
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marianne Haapea
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani M Koski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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