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Fine N, Barbour A, Kaura K, Kerns KA, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Sabharwal A, McLean JS, Darveau RP, Glogauer M. Effects of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on clinical, immunomodulatory, and microbial outcomes in a human experimental gingivitis model. J Periodontol 2024; 95:421-431. [PMID: 37885337 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stannous fluoride dentifrice is well established for its beneficial clinical effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stannous fluoride on inflammation and oral microbiome. METHODS In this randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, we compared clinical resolution of experimental gingivitis by evaluating bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index between stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate (test) and sodium fluoride (control) dentifrices. Further, these groups were compared for oral neutrophil counts, systemic priming of neutrophils, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expression of inflammatory markers, and the oral microbiome. RESULTS We found significant reduction in bleeding on probing in the test group compared to the control group in experimental gingivitis when participants used the test dentifrice prior to induction of experimental gingivitis. The test group also showed significant reductions in GCF levels of inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand [RANKL]), oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and systemic neutrophil priming (CD11b expression) during experimental gingivitis. Further, significant reductions in the gram-negative genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema were noted in the test group. CONCLUSION The stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice formulation demonstrated clinical reduction in gingival inflammation and a beneficial effect on microbiome and immune markers. This intervention should be explored as a preventive aid in the progression of plaque-induced gingivitis to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kamini Kaura
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher A Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Mattos-Graner RO, Klein MI, Alves LA. The complement system as a key modulator of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:138-167. [PMID: 36622855 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the interplay between the complement system and host microbiomes in health and disease, focussing on oral bacteria known to contribute to homeostasis or to promote dysbiosis associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Host proteins modulating complement activities in the oral environment and expression profiles of complement proteins in oral tissues were described. In addition, we highlight a sub-set of bacterial proteins involved in complement evasion and/or dysregulation previously characterized in pathogenic species (or strains), but further conserved among prototypical commensal species of the oral microbiome. Potential roles of these proteins in host-microbiome homeostasis and in the emergence of commensal strain lineages with increased virulence were also addressed. Finally, we provide examples of how commensal bacteria might exploit the complement system in competitive or cooperative interactions within the complex microbial communities of oral biofilms. These issues highlight the need for studies investigating the effects of the complement system on bacterial behaviour and competitiveness during their complex interactions within oral and extra-oral host sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Araújo Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Uehara O, Bi J, Zhuang D, Koivisto L, Abiko Y, Häkkinen L, Larjava H. Altered composition of the oral microbiome in integrin beta 6-deficient mouse. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2122283. [PMID: 36117552 PMCID: PMC9481083 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2122283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Uehara
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiarui Bi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Deshu Zhuang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Leeni Koivisto
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lari Häkkinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Kantrong N, Chang AM, Bamashmous S, Hajjar AM, Bucala RJ, Darveau RP. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates specific innate immune sensor responses in gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1940-1950. [PMID: 35100435 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gingival epithelium protects periodontal tissues and the alveolar bone by maintaining a steady state of regulated inflammatory surveillance, also known as healthy homeostasis. Accordingly, the repertoire of receptors present within the gingival epithelium showcases its ability to recognize microbial colonization and contribute to bacterial sensing. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of many cytokines that are expressed in this protective state and is involved in neutrophil regulation. However, its role in the maintenance of healthy gingival tissue has not been described. METHODS Gingival tissues from wild-type (WT) and Mif knock-out (KO) mice were stained for neutrophils and three key neutrophil chemoattractants: MIF, Gro-α/CXCL1, and Gro-β/CXCL2 in the junctional epithelium (JE). In addition, gene silencing studies were performed using gingival epithelial cells (GECs) to examine the role of MIF on transcription of key bacterial recognition receptors Toll-like receptors (TLR)-1, -2, -4, -6, -9 and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R1 and IL-1R2) in response to oral bacterial stimulation. RESULTS WT murine gingival tissues demonstrated high expression of MIF in the JE. In Mif KO mice, despite the significant reduction of Gro-α/CXCL1 and Gro-β/CXCL2, there was a slight increase in neutrophils. Gene silencing experiments showed that MIF down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4, IL-1R1, and IL-1R2 in GEC, in addition to decreasing secreted IL-8/CXCL8 in response to bacteria. CONCLUSIONS MIF regulates the expression of TLR4, IL-1Rs, and IL-8/CXCL8, components that are all involved in maintaining oral health. Our data demonstrate that MIF is a significant contributor to the maintenance of healthy oral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Oral Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shatha Bamashmous
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Liu Y, Qv W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Ding C, Chu M, Chen F. The interplay between oral microbes and immune responses. Front Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1009018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbes play a critical role in maintaining oral homeostasis. Microbial dysbiosis promotes disease pathogenesis through several mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that microbial imbalance and sustained inflammation are involved in disease progression. The adverse interaction triggered by a host immune response to microorganisms can lead to oral and systemic diseases. Here, we reviewed how oral microbes communicate with hosts during the development of local and distant inflammation. Elucidation of these processes may reveal future directions in this field and the potential targets of novel biological therapies for oral and systemic diseases.
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6
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Kantrong N, Buranaphatthana W, Hormdee D, Suwannarong W, Chaichit R, Pattanaporn K, Klanrit P, Krisanaprakornkit S. Expression of human caspase-4 in the gingival epithelium affected with periodontitis: Its involvement in Porphyromonas gingivalis-challenged gingival epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 140:105466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Zenobia C, Darveau RP. Does Oral Endotoxin Contribute to Systemic Inflammation? FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:911420. [PMID: 35677024 PMCID: PMC9169450 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.911420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome, with a unique emphasis on Porphyromonas gingivalis has been associated with a constellation of inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, and non-alcoholic associated fatty liver disease. Periodontal disease has also been shown to induce “leaky gut” leading to metabolic endotoxemia. Several recent studies investigating the habitants of the blood microbiome have found the majority of species appear to be derived from oral and skin bacterial communities in otherwise healthy individuals. Many of the same pathologies associated with perturbations of oral health, such as cardiovascular disease, show alterations to the composition of the blood microbiome as well as circulating neutrophil phenotypes. Gingival inflammation is associated with activated blood neutrophil phenotypes that can exacerbate a distal inflammatory insult which may explain the connection between oral and systemic inflammatory conditions. While in the oral cavity, neutrophils encounter oral microbes that are adept in manipulating neutrophil activity which can re-enter the vasculature thereafter. Endotoxin from oral microbes can differ significantly depending on bacterial community and state of oral health to alter cellular LPS tolerance mechanisms which may contribute to the primed neutrophil phenotype seen in periodontitis and provide a mechanism by which the oral-microbes can affect systemic health outcomes. This review synthesizes the studies between inflammatory diseases and oral health with emphasis on microbiome and corresponding lipopolysaccharides in immune tolerance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Zenobia
- Os Salutem LLC, Hampton, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Camille Zenobia
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Departments of Periodontology and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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8
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Le Noci V, Bernardo G, Bianchi F, Tagliabue E, Sommariva M, Sfondrini L. Toll Like Receptors as Sensors of the Tumor Microbial Dysbiosis: Implications in Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732192. [PMID: 34604233 PMCID: PMC8485072 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is a complex ecosystem of active microorganisms resident in the body of mammals. Although the majority of these microorganisms resides in the distal gastrointestinal tract, high-throughput DNA sequencing technology has made possible to understand that several other tissues of the human body host their own microbiota, even those once considered sterile, such as lung tissue. These bacterial communities have important functions in maintaining a healthy body state, preserving symbiosis with the host immune system, which generates protective responses against pathogens and regulatory pathways that sustain the tolerance to commensal microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical in sensing the microbiota, maintaining the tolerance or triggering an immune response through the direct recognition of ligands derived from commensal microbiota or pathogenic microbes. Lately, it has been highlighted that the resident microbiota influences the initiation and development of cancer and its response to therapies and that specific changes in the number and distribution of taxa correlate with the existence of cancers in various tissues. However, the knowledge of functional activity and the meaning of microbiome changes remain limited. This review summarizes the current findings on the function of TLRs as sensors of the microbiota and highlighted their modulation as a reflection of tumor-associated changes in commensal microbiota. The data available to date suggest that commensal "onco-microbes" might be able to break the tolerance of TLRs and become complicit in cancer by sustaining its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Le Noci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarla Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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9
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhang D, Chen T, Hu A, Han X. Glycemic fluctuation exacerbates inflammation and bone loss and alters microbiota profile around implants in diabetic mice with experimental peri-implantitis. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 34401982 PMCID: PMC8368769 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-021-00360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of glycemic fluctuation under diabetic condition on peri-implantitis in diabetic patients remains unclear. We hypothesized that glycemic fluctuation has greater adverse effect on experimental peri-implantitis, compared with sustained high blood glucose in diabetes. RESULTS Maxillary left first and second molars of diabetic db/db mice were extracted and were replaced with one dental implant in the healed edentulous space. Glycemic control or fluctuation were managed by constant or interrupted oral administration of rosiglitazone to these mice. Meanwhile, experimental peri-implantitis was induced by ligation around implants. After 14 weeks, inflammatory responses, and peri-implant bone loss, together with oral microbiota profile were analyzed. Diabetic mice with glycemic fluctuation showed greater peri-implant bone loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, and osteoclastogenesis, compared with mice with sustained hyperglycemia. Compared to sustained hyperglycemia, glycemic fluctuation led to further increase in IL-1β, TNFα, RANKL, TLR2/4, IRAK1, and TRAF6 mRNA expression in peri-implant gingival tissues. Both rosiglitazone-induced glycemic control and glycemic fluctuation caused microbiota profile change in diabetic mice compared to that in uncontrolled hyperglycemic mice. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that glycemic fluctuation may aggravate peri-implantitis inflammation and bone loss, which may be associated with a shift in peri-implant microbial profile towards dysbiotic changes and the activation of TLR2/4-IRAK1-TRAF6 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Arthur Hu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA.
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115, USA.
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10
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Bamashmous S, Kotsakis GA, Jain S, Chang AM, McLean JS, Darveau RP. Clinically Healthy Human Gingival Tissues Show Significant Inter-individual Variability in GCF Chemokine Expression and Subgingival Plaque Microbial Composition. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:689475. [PMID: 35048035 PMCID: PMC8757716 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.689475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Clinically healthy gingival tissue is maintained through controlled regulation of host defense mechanisms against plaque biofilm overgrowth. One key component is the transit of neutrophils from the vasculature into gingival tissue where the expression of different neutrophil chemokines are tightly regulated. This cross-sectional study examines the inter-individual variability in chemokine profiles within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in relation to the subgingival bacterial community in a state of gingival health. Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival plaque samples were collected from mesiobuccal surfaces of all six Ramfjord teeth of 20 systemically healthy individuals (14.55 ± 1.67 years). A multiplex immunoassay was carried out to quantify the expression of 40 different chemokines in the healthy gingival tissue. Neutrophils were assessed indirectly by myeloperoxidase (MPO) in GCF using traditional ELISA. Characterization of healthy subgingival plaque was conducted with the Illumina Miseq targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Results: In health, there are distinct variations within individual gingival crevicular fluid chemokine expression profiles, as well as in the concentration of neutrophils, that divided the participants into high or low chemokine expressing groups. Specifically, key differences were identified within MIF (2683.54 ± 985.82 pg per 30-s sample), IL-8/CXCL8 (170.98 ± 176.96 pg per 30-s sample), Gro-α/CXCL1 (160.42 ± 94.21 pg per 30-s sample), ENA-78/CXCL5 (137.76 ± 76.02 pg per 30-s sample), IL-1β (51.39 ± 37.23 pg per 30-s sample), TNF-α (1.76 ± 1.79 pg per 30-s sample), and IFN-γ (0.92 ± 0.54 pg per 30-s sample). Of these identified chemokines, the highest correlation was associated between IL-8/CXCL8 and neutrophils (r = 0.54, p = 0.014). Furthermore, species characterization of healthy subgingival plaque revealed significant inter-individual variability that identified two unique groups unrelated to the previously identified chemokine groups. Conclusion: The lack of concordance between the microbial composition and chemokine profile during health may be a reflection of the unique microbial composition of each individual coupled with variations within their host response, emphasizing the vast complexity of the defense mechanisms in place to maintain gingival health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Bamashmous
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Georgios A. Kotsakis
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sumita Jain
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ana M. Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Suárez LJ, Arboleda S, Angelov N, Arce RM. Oral Versus Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune Niches in Homeostasis and Allostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705206. [PMID: 34290715 PMCID: PMC8287884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different body systems (epidermis, respiratory tract, cornea, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal tract) are in continuous direct contact with innocuous and/or potentially harmful external agents, exhibiting dynamic and highly selective interaction throughout the epithelia, which function as both a physical and chemical protective barrier. Resident immune cells in the epithelia are constantly challenged and must distinguish among antigens that must be either tolerated or those to which a response must be mounted for. When such a decision begins to take place in lymphoid foci and/or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, the epithelia network of immune surveillance actively dominates both oral and gastrointestinal compartments, which are thought to operate in the same immune continuum. However, anatomical variations clearly differentiate immune processes in both the mouth and gastrointestinal tract that demonstrate a wide array of independent immune responses. From single vs. multiple epithelia cell layers, widespread cell-to-cell junction types, microbial-associated recognition receptors, dendritic cell function as well as related signaling, the objective of this review is to specifically contrast the current knowledge of oral versus gut immune niches in the context of epithelia/lymphoid foci/MALT local immunity and systemic output. Related differences in 1) anatomy 2) cell-to-cell communication 3) antigen capture/processing/presentation 4) signaling in regulatory vs. proinflammatory responses and 5) systemic output consequences and its relations to disease pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina J Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nikola Angelov
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Abstract
Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption of this homeostatic host-bacteria relationship occurs during experimental gingivitis studies where it has been clearly established that increases in the bacterial burden increase gingival inflammation. Here, we show that experimental gingivitis resulted in three unique clinical inflammatory phenotypes (high, low, and slow) and reveal that interleukin-1β, a reported major gingivitis-associated inflammatory mediator, was not associated with clinical gingival inflammation in the slow response group. In addition, significantly higher levels of Streptococcus spp. were also unique to this group. The low clinical response group was characterized by low concentrations of host mediators, despite similar bacterial accumulation and compositional characteristics as the high clinical response group. Neutrophil and bone activation modulators were down-regulated in all response groups, revealing novel tissue and bone protective responses during gingival inflammation. These alterations in chemokine and microbial composition responses during experimental gingivitis reveal a previously uncharacterized variation in the human host response to a disruption in gingival homeostasis. Understanding this human variation in gingival inflammation may facilitate the identification of periodontitis-susceptible individuals. Overall, this study underscores the variability in host responses in the human population arising from variations in host immune profiles (low responders) and microbial community maturation (slow responders) that may impact clinical outcomes in terms of destructive inflammation.
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13
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Abstract
The central theme of this volume of Periodontology 2000 is that the microbial dental plaque biofilm, specifically the subgingival dental plaque biofilm, mimics a human tissue in both structure and function. As a basis for this assertion we use the definition of a tissue as an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a defined structure with a specific function, in a multicellular organism. Accordingly, we propose that the dental plaque biofilm represents an acquired human tissue largely of bacterial origin that maintains the health of gingival tissue. Furthermore, we acknowledge that disease can be defined as a deviation from the normal structure or an interruption to the function of any body part, organ, or system, and that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. Therefore, in this volume we present the concept that periodontitis is a disruption of the normal function of the healthy subgingival plaque biofilm with concomitant disruption to its functional properties in relation to innate defense surveillance and tissue maintenance, leading to excessive, deregulated inflammation and tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael A Curtis
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Zubeidat K, Hovav AH. Shaped by the epithelium - postnatal immune mechanisms of oral homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:622-634. [PMID: 34083119 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first encounter of mucosal barriers with the microbiota initiates host-microbiota feedback loops instructing the tailored development of both the immune system and microbiota at each mucosal site. Once established, balanced immunological interactions enable symbiotic relationships with the microbiota in adult life. This process has been extensively investigated in the mammalian monolayer epithelium-covered intestine and lung mucosae; however, the postnatal mechanisms engaged by the oral mucosa to establish homeostasis are currently being discovered. Here, we discuss the early life dialogue between the oral mucosa and the microbiota, with particular emphasis on the central role the multilayer epithelium plays to protect the oral mucosa. These intricate and unique postnatal immunological processes shape oral homeostasis, which can potentially affect buccal and systemic health in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Zubeidat
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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15
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Abstract
Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely critical tasks in responding to a variety of external stimuli and dangers through the regulation of specific built-in molecular mechanisms in a context-dependent fashion at cellular levels. Gingival epithelial cells form an anatomic architecture that confers defense, robustness, and adaptation toward external aggressions, most critically to colonizing microorganisms, among other functions. Accordingly, recent studies unraveled previously uncharacterized response mechanisms in gingival epithelial cells that are constructed to rapidly exert biocidal effects against invader pathobiotic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, through small danger molecule signaling. The host-adapted bacteria, however, have developed adroit strategies to 1) exploit the epithelia as privileged growth niches and 2) chronically target cellular bactericidal and homeostatic metabolic pathways for successful bacterial persistence. As the overgrowth of colonizing microorganisms in the gingival mucosa can shift from homeostasis to dysbiosis or a diseased state, it is crucial to understand how the innate modulatory molecules are intricately involved in antibacterial pathways and how they shape susceptibility versus resistance in the epithelium toward pathogens. Thus, in this review, we highlight recent discoveries in gingival epithelial cell research in the context of bacterial colonizers. The current knowledge outlined here demonstrates the ability of epithelial cells to possess highly organized defense machineries, which can jointly regulate host-derived danger molecule signaling and integrate specific global responses against opportunistic bacteria to combat microbial incursion and maintain host homeostatic balance. These novel examples collectively suggest that the oral epithelia are equipped with a dynamically robust and interconnected defense system encompassing sensors and various effector molecules that arrange and achieve a fine-tuned and advanced response to diverse bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ö. Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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16
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Chang AM, Kantrong N, Darveau RP. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal epithelial tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:188-200. [PMID: 33690934 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Years of coevolution with resident microbes has made them an essential component of health. Yet, little is known about oral commensal bacteria's contribution to and role in the maintenance of oral health and homeostasis. Commensal bacteria are speculated to play a host protective role in the maintenance of health. In this review, we describe and provide examples of the coordinate regulation that occurs between oral commensal bacteria and the host innate immune response to modulate and maintain oral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Oral Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Koren N, Zubeidat K, Saba Y, Horev Y, Barel O, Wilharm A, Heyman O, Wald S, Eli-Berchoer L, Shapiro H, Nadler C, Elinav E, Wilensky A, Prinz I, Bercovier H, Hovav AH. Maturation of the neonatal oral mucosa involves unique epithelium-microbiota interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:197-209.e5. [PMID: 33412104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal host-microbiota interplay governs mucosal homeostasis and is considered to have life-long health consequences. The intestine monolayer epithelium is critically involved in such early-life processes; nevertheless, the role of the oral multilayer epithelium remains ill defined. We demonstrate that unlike the intestine, the neonate oral cavity is immensely colonized by the microbiota that decline to adult levels during weaning. Neutrophils are present in the oral epithelium prenatally, and exposure to the microbiota postnatally further recruits them to the preamble neonatal epithelium by γδT17 cells. These neutrophils virtually disappear during weaning as the epithelium seals. The neonate and adult epithelium display distinct turnover kinetics and transcriptomic signatures, with neonate epithelium reminiscent of the signature found in germ-free mice. Microbial reduction during weaning is mediated by the upregulation of saliva production and induction of salivary antimicrobial components by the microbiota. Collectively, unique postnatal interactions between the multilayer epithelium and microbiota shape oral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Koren
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Khaled Zubeidat
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yasmin Saba
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Horev
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Or Barel
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oded Heyman
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Wald
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luba Eli-Berchoer
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chen Nadler
- Oral Medicine Department, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hillel Bercovier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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18
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Baker JL, Morton JT, Dinis M, Alvarez R, Tran NC, Knight R, Edlund A. Deep metagenomics examines the oral microbiome during dental caries, revealing novel taxa and co-occurrences with host molecules. Genome Res 2020; 31:64-74. [PMID: 33239396 PMCID: PMC7849383 DOI: 10.1101/gr.265645.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries, the most common chronic infectious disease worldwide, has a complex etiology involving the interplay of microbial and host factors that are not completely understood. In this study, the oral microbiome and 38 host cytokines and chemokines were analyzed across 23 children with caries and 24 children with healthy dentition. De novo assembly of metagenomic sequencing obtained 527 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), representing 150 bacterial species. Forty-two of these species had no genomes in public repositories, thereby representing novel taxa. These new genomes greatly expanded the known pangenomes of many oral clades, including the enigmatic Saccharibacteria clades G3 and G6, which had distinct functional repertoires compared to other oral Saccharibacteria. Saccharibacteria are understood to be obligate epibionts, which are dependent on host bacteria. These data suggest that the various Saccharibacteria clades may rely on their hosts for highly distinct metabolic requirements, which would have significant evolutionary and ecological implications. Across the study group, Rothia, Neisseria, and Haemophilus spp. were associated with good dental health, whereas Prevotella spp., Streptococcus mutans, and Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) were more prevalent in children with caries. Finally, 10 of the host immunological markers were significantly elevated in the caries group, and co-occurrence analysis provided an atlas of potential relationships between microbes and host immunological molecules. Overall, this study illustrated the oral microbiome at an unprecedented resolution and contributed several leads for further study that will increase the understanding of caries pathogenesis and guide therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon L Baker
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - James T Morton
- Systems Biology Group, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Márcia Dinis
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
| | - Ruth Alvarez
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
| | - Nini C Tran
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Anna Edlund
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
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19
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Gürsoy UK, Fteita D, Bikker FJ, Grande MA, Nazmi K, Gürsoy M, Könönen E, Belstrøm D. Elevated Baseline Salivary Protease Activity May Predict the Steadiness of Gingival Inflammation During Periodontal Healing: A 12-Week Follow-Up Study on Adults. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090751. [PMID: 32942694 PMCID: PMC7558121 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim was to profile salivary total protease, Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain, and neutrophil elastase activities in relation to the resolution of periodontal inflammation, salivary macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α concentrations. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment was performed in 24 periodontitis patients in a prospective interventional study design. Periodontal clinical parameters were recorded, and stimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline and 2, 6, and 12 weeks after treatment. Salivary total protease and gingipain activities were determined using fluorogenic substrates, elastase activity by chromogenic substrates, and cytokine concentrations by Luminex immunoassay. For statistical analyses, generalized linear mixed models for repeated measures were used. Salivary total protease activity elevated, while gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation decreased 2 and 6 weeks after periodontal therapy. Salivary MDC concentration was elevated 12 weeks after periodontal treatment. Patients with elevated protease activities at baseline in comparison to patients with low baseline total protease activities, had higher levels of gingival inflammation before and after periodontal treatment. In conclusion, elevations in salivary total protease activity seem to be part of periodontal healing at its early phases. Higher levels of salivary total protease activities before periodontal treatment may predict the severity and steadiness of unresolved gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (D.F.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dareen Fteita
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (D.F.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, 1081LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.J.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Maria Anastasia Grande
- Section for Clinical Oral Microbiology, Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.G.); (D.B.)
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, 1081LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.J.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (D.F.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (D.F.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Daniel Belstrøm
- Section for Clinical Oral Microbiology, Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.A.G.); (D.B.)
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