Association between sleep and severe periodontitis in a nationally representative adult US population

Sleep and periodontal health

Sleep is fundamental for health and well-being. An adequate amount and quality of sleep is a cardinal component of a healthy lifestyle at the basis of the prevention of many non-communicable chronic diseases. Recent evidence suggests that sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, represent an emerging risk factor for periodontal health. This review article provides a critical appraisal of the existing literature concerning the association between sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep disorders in general, and obstructive sleep apnea with periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis. The putative mechanisms underlying these associations are described as well as the potential clinical implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Association between sleep and periodontitis: NHANES 2009-2014 and Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

We assessed association between periodontitis and sleep patterns.

METHODS

Our study included 7289 participants based on a large-scale study in NHANES. Periodontitis was defined through an oral examination. We used logistic regression to explore association between sleep status and risk of periodontitis. Further, stratified analysis was conducted. We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available genetic data from corresponding studies.

RESULTS

Odds Ratio (OR) of periodontitis was 1.25 (1.07-1.46) in individuals with < 7 hours/per night. Stratification analysis showed individuals under 45 years old (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.07-1.54), women (1.28(1.07-1.54)), education levels below high school (1.45(1.03-2.05)) and higher family income (-1.28(1.06-1.56)) were more likely to deteriorate to periodontitis if sleep time less than 7 hours. IVW-MR showed periodontitis risk was not associated with genetically increased levels of sleep time (0.22 (0.02-3.05)) or insomnia (0.83(0.55-1.24)).

CONCLUSION

There was no indication that sleep status was associated with periodontitis.

Effect of sleep on oral health: A scoping review

Sleep is a vital biological process that facilitates numerous vital functions integral to mental and physical restoration of the body. Sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality not only affects physical health but may also affect oral health. This scoping review aims to collate existing evidence related to the impact of sleep duration and/or quality on oral health. A systematic search strategy using PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL databases was performed to identify studies that assessed the association between sleep quality or duration and oral health or hygiene. Two researchers independently screened and extracted the data. Eligible studies were critically appraised using the NIH quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies checklist. The search identified 18,398 studies, from which 14 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of the 14 papers, four papers were associated with effect of sleep on caries, 8 papers described the effect of sleep on gingival and periodontal health, and two papers described the effect of sleep on general oral health and oral disease symptoms. This review found a direct link between sleep and dental decay in children, and short sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis adults.

The Association between Dental Caries, Periodontal Status, and Sleep Patterns in Children

Aim and background

Sleep quality has a significant impact on children's overall health and is associated with oral diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dental caries, periodontal status, and sleep patterns in 8-12-year-old children.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 children aged 8-12 years. The children's sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ) was employed to evaluate sleep status. Another questionnaire was used to collect data on lifestyle habits. Dental caries status was evaluated using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) indices. Periodontal status was assessed through the plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and periodontal screening and recording (PSR). The association between oral health and sleep patterns was evaluated using Spearman's coefficient correlation, independent t-test, and the Chi-squared test.

Results

The ICDAS mean was significantly higher in children with improper sleep patterns (p = 0.032). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between DMFT and sleep patterns (p = 0.346). The GI, PD, and PSR mean were significantly higher in the inappropriate sleep pattern group. There was a significant relationship between children's sleep patterns and GI, PD, and PSR indices (p = 0.033, p = 0.020, p = 0.028, respectively). However, there was no significant association between PI and sleep patterns (p = 0.277).

Conclusion

Children's sleep patterns were associated with dental caries and periodontal status. Adequate sleep is required to prevent oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Clinical significance

According to this study, it is recommended that children should be encouraged to get adequate sleep by their parents and dentists.

How to cite this article

Mehdipour A, Abbasi R, Keykha E, et al. The Association between Dental Caries, Periodontal Status, and Sleep Patterns in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):925-932.

No genetic association between sleep traits and periodontitis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the potential genetic link between sleep traits and periodontitis.

METHODS

A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using publicly available genome-wide association studies data on chronotype, daytime sleepiness, daytime napping frequency, insomnia, sleep duration, snoring, and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), along with a separate dataset on periodontitis.

RESULTS

Chronotype (OR = 0.929, 95% CI = 0.788-1.095), daytime sleepiness (OR = 0.492, 95% CI = 0.186-1.306), daytime napping frequency (OR = 1.178, 95% CI = 0.745-1.863), sleep duration (OR = 0.868, 95% CI = 0.644-1.169), AHI (OR = 1.124, 95% CI = 0.980-1.289), insomnia (OR = 0.832, 95% CI = 0.440-1.573), and snoring (OR = 0.641, 95% CI = 0.198-2.075) had no effect on periodontitis. Similarly, periodontitis demonstrated no significant effect on sleep traits.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no evidence of a bidirectional genetic relationship between sleep traits and the risk of periodontitis.

Causal associations between sleep traits and temporomandibular disorders: a bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the relationship between five sleep traits (insomnia, sleep duration, getting up in morning, snoring, and daytime nap) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using bi-directional Mendelian randomization.

Methods

The bi-directional Mendelian randomization study was conducted in two stages. Initially, sleep traits were examined as exposures while TMD was evaluated as an outcome, whereas the second step was reversed. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method and other Mendelian randomization methods were used for analysis. Furthermore, we performed the MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, Cochran's Q test, and "Leave-one-out" to assess the levels of pleiotropy and heterogeneity.

Results

The IVW method indicates that getting up in the morning reduces the risk of developing TMD (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.81, p = 0.005), while insomnia may increase the risk of TMD (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.10-3.85, p = 0.025). However, other sleep traits are not associated with the risk of TMD, and having TMD does not alter an individual's sleep traits. After removing outliers, the results remained robust, with no pleiotropy detected.

Conclusion

Genetically determined difficulty in getting up in the morning and insomnia can increase the risk of TMD. By optimizing sleep, the risk of developing TMD can be reduced. This underscores the importance of sleep in preventing TMD.

Associations of dietary antioxidant intake with periodontal health among US adults: An exploratory mediation analysis via mitochondrial function

AIM

To assess the relationship between dietary antioxidant intake and periodontal health in US adults and the potential role of mitochondrial function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Dietary antioxidant intake was evaluated using three diet-related indices: dietary oxidative balance score (DOBS), dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) of antioxidant vitamins and composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). Periodontal parameters included attachment loss (AL) and probing pocket depth (PPD). Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed using the methylmalonic acid (MMA) level. Weighted multivariable linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between dietary antioxidant intake and periodontal status. Additionally, exploratory mediation analyses were conducted to determine the mediating effect of MMA on the association.

RESULTS

Totally, 5520 participants were included in our study. Participants with higher DOBS and DTAC scores had lower mean AL/PPD and MMA values. CDAI was negatively associated with mean AL and PPD. Furthermore, MMA mediated 9.4% and 4.9% of the associations between DOBS and mean AL and mean PPD, respectively. MMA also accounted for 7.2% and 3.3% of the association between DTAC and mean AL and PPD, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings support that dietary antioxidant intake helps in improving periodontal health, possibly and partially by enhancing mitochondrial function.

Sleep Duration and Risk of Periodontitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Periodontitis, with a high prevalence in the whole population, is the main cause of tooth loss. Some studies have revealed that sleep duration may be related to periodontitis, however, the opinions are not consistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to study the potential relationship between sleep duration and periodontitis. A search of relevant articles was conducted on Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Papers published until the end of November 2022 reporting associations between sleep duration and periodontitis were considered. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the association. Software STATA 14.0 was employed to conduct this analysis. A total of 11 cross-sectional studies were included. Our study showed neither short sleep duration (SSD) nor long sleep duration (LSD) were associated with periodontitis (SSD: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.29; LSD: OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.23), while higher prevalence was observed when sleep duration ≤5 h (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.51). In addition, both SSD and LSD were not associated with severe periodontitis (SSD: OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.16; LSD: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.76). In conclusion, the present review indicated that too little sleep duration (≤5 h) significantly increased the risk of periodontitis. However, the evidence is limited due to cross-sectional design of most studies, Hence longitudinal studies should be conducted to support this finding.

Implications of sleep disorders for periodontitis

PURPOSE

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by multi-factors. Sleep is a natural physiologic process, and the sleep duration, quality, and patterns might be associated with periodontitis. Meanwhile, periodontitis might in turn induce systemic inflammation and thus impact sleep in different ways as well.

METHODS

To investigate the bidirectional relationship between sleep disorder and periodontitis, a literature search was conducted to reveal the interaction and possible mechanism between these two diseases.

RESULTS

The results show that sleep disorders can affect the progression of periodontitis via some pathomechanisms, and periodontitis also has a reverse impact on sleep.

CONCLUSION

Although the epidemiologic and clinical trials found the possible associations between sleep disorder and periodontitis, their relationship is still not that explicit. Further studies are warranted to shed light on them, to improve preventive health care.

The relationship between sleep and salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents

Objectives

Poor sleep behavior can trigger an inflammatory response and contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases. Cytokines can act as indicators of inflammation and may precede the onset of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to determine the association between sleep timing parameters (bedtime, sleep duration, sleep debt, and social jetlag) and the levels of nine serum and salivary inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers.

Methods

Data were collected from 352 adolescents aged 16-19 years enrolled in Kuwait's public high schools. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adiponectin, leptin, and insulin were measured from saliva and serum samples. We conducted mixed-effect multiple linear regression modeling to account for the school variable as a random effect to assess the relationship between the sleep variables and salivary and serum biomarkers. Mediation analysis was conducted to check if BMI was a mediator between bedtime and the biomarkers.

Results

There was a statistically significant elevation in serum IL-6 level associated with later bedtime (0.05 pg./mL, p = 0.01). Adolescents with severe sleep debt of ≥2 h had an increase in salivary IL-6 biomarker levels (0.38 pg./mL, p = 0.01) compared to those who had sleep debt of <1 h. Adolescents with sleep debt of ≥2 h had significantly higher levels of serum CRP (0.61 μg/mL, p = 0.02) than those without sleep debt. Additionally, we found that the inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, VEGF, and MCP-1) and metabolic biomarkers (adiponectin, leptin, and insulin) had more statistically significant associations with the bedtime variables than with sleep duration variables. CRP, IL-6, and IL-8 were associated with sleep debt, and IL-6, VEGF, adiponectin, and leptin levels were associated with social jetlag. BMIz was a full mediator in the relationship between late bedtime and increased serum levels of CRP, IL-6, and insulin.

Conclusion

Adolescents who go to bed at or later than midnight had dysregulated levels of salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting that disrupted circadian rhythm can trigger higher levels of systemic inflammation and potentially exacerbate chronic inflammation and the risk of metabolic diseases.

Social support as a mediator between anxiety and quality of sleep among Chinese parents of special children

Objective

The psychological problems among Chinese parents of special children (mental retardation, limb disorder, hearing impairment, autism, cerebral palsy and other types) should be paid more attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between anxiety, social support, coping style and sleep quality among Chinese parents of special children during the early COVID-19 epidemic, so as to provide more help for the mental health of parents of special children scientifically and effectively.

Method

A total of 305 Chinese parents of special children were invited to accomplish four questionnaires. Anxiety was measured by the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, social support was evaluated by the Perceived Social Support Scale, sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and coping style was measured by the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire.

Results

This study revealed that anxiety was positively correlated with sleep quality (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with social support (p < 0.01) and coping style (p < 0.01). Sleep quality was negatively correlated with social support (p < 0.01), but not significantly correlated with coping style (p > 0.05). Social support was positively correlated with coping style (p < 0.01). The study confirmed that social support had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between anxiety and sleep quality.

Conclusion

The anxiety of parents of special children not only directly affects sleep quality, but also indirectly affects sleep quality through social support. Social support can alleviate the impact of anxiety on sleep quality through the mediating role.

Is insufficient sleep duration a risk indicator for periodontal disease? A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether people who achieved <7 h of sleep were more likely to develop periodontal disease (PD).

SOURCES

We executed electronic searches in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, as well as a manual search of articles published by leading journals in related fields, for observational studies, published in English from 1 January 1966 to 31 March 2021.which evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and PD. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) quality evaluation scale was used for the cross-sectional studies, and the random effects model was used to summarize the effect sizes in the included studies with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

A total of six cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, totaling 107,777 participants, of which 69,773 had PD. The results of the present indicated that shorter sleep duration (<7 h) is significantly associated with PD (Odd ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.16-1.23; p < 0.001; I² , 0.0%, I² interval, 0%-75%). The strength of the sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta-analysis confirmed the reliability of the results.

CONCLUSION

Although the inclusion of only six studies makes it difficult to explore whether there is a publication bias, we found that insufficient sleep duration was closely related to PD, and we therefore speculated that getting enough sleep may help prevent PD.

Circadian Rhythm Disorders Aggravate Periodontitis by Modulating BMAL1

Circadian rhythms regulate the body's homeostasis through the temporal control of tissue-specific circadian rhythm control genes. Circadian rhythm disorders (CRD) affect the expression levels of circadian rhythms-associated genes in brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like-1(BMAL1), which is thought to contribute to metabolic disorders and an altered immune system. However, the relationship between CRD and the development of periodontitis was poorly reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role played by BMAL1 in periodontitis. We used a modified multi-platform approach (MMPM) to induce circadian rhythm disturbances in rats to investigate the role of BMAL1 in periodontitis. Our results showed significant downregulation of BMAL1 in the CRD with periodontitis group, significant resorption of alveolar bone, increased osteoclast differentiation, and upregulation of the inflammatory signaling molecule NF-κB. In addition, apoptosis and oxidative stress levels were increased in periodontal tissues. Collectively, our study suggests that BMAL1 is a key regulator in periodontitis exacerbated by CRD and that CRD may lead to the downregulation of BMAL1, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress and apoptosis in periodontal tissues. Our study found that BMAL1 may be associated with the progression of periodontitis and provides a new perspective on the treatment of periodontitis.

Sleep duration and severe periodontitis in middle-aged Japanese workers

AIM

To evaluate the association between sleep duration and severe periodontitis in Japanese workers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 1130 workers (mean age 43.0 years) who underwent full-mouth periodontal examinations and health check-ups and completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on sleep duration. Logistic regression and a restricted cubic spline model were used to analyse the data.

RESULTS

Severe periodontitis was identified in 6.3% of the study population. Those with <5, 5-5.9, 6-6.9, 7-7.9, and ≥8 hr of sleep were 6.7%, 17.4%, 40.3%, 26.3%, and 8.9%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, study participants who slept <5 hr were more likely to have severe periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-6.60) than those who slept 7-7.9 hr. The spline model, with a reference value of 399 min (the median sleep duration), showed a non-linear association between sleep duration and severe periodontitis, where an increased prevalence of severe periodontitis was observed only among those with a shorter sleep duration. The prevalence of severe periodontitis did not increase with longer sleep duration.

CONCLUSIONS

Short sleep duration was associated with severe periodontitis in this cohort of Japanese adults.

The psychobiological links between chronic stress-related diseases, periodontal/peri-implant diseases, and wound healing

Chronic stress is a relevant disease to periodontal practice, encompassing 25%-28% of the US population (American Psychological Association 2015). While it is well established that chronic psychologic stress can have significant deleterious systemic effects, only in recent decades have we begun to explore the biochemical, microbial, and physiologic impacts of chronic stress diseases on oral tissues. Currently, chronic stress is classified as a "risk indicator" for periodontal disease. However, as the evidence in this field matures with additional clinically controlled trials, more homogeneous data collection methods, and a better grasp of the biologic underpinnings of stress-mediated dysbiosis, emerging evidence suggests that chronic stress and related diseases (depression, anxiety) may be significant contributing factors in periodontal/peri-implant disease progression and inconsistent wound healing following periodontal-related therapeutics. Ideal solutions for these patients include classification of the disease process and de-escalation of chronic stress conditions through coping strategies. This paper also summarizes periodontal/implant-related therapeutic approaches to ensure predictable results for this specific patient subpopulation.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is negatively associated with severe periodontitis: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis can lead to the destruction of periodontium and adversely influence the overall health, wellbeing, and quality of life. However, studies on the relationship between severe periodontitis and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are limited. This study is designed to explore the relationship between 25(OH)D and severe periodontitis.

METHODS

A cross-section study of 2928 participants enrolled from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2014 was conducted. The periodontal examination was performed using a total oral periodontal examination program, and probe measurements were collected at six sites per tooth in NHANES. Severe periodontitis was characterized as: ≥ 2 interproximal sites with attachment loss (AL) ≥ 6 mm (not on the same tooth) and ≥ 1 interproximal site with probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm. Severe periodontitis and serum 25(OH)D were the dependent and independent variables, respectively. Univariate, multivariate, and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the relationship between severe periodontitis and serum 25(OH)D.

RESULTS

Among the 2928 participants, the average age of the population was 50 ± 13.71 years old, with 1425 (48.67%) males, 316 (10.79%) exhibited severe periodontitis. Serum 25(OH)D showed a significantly negative association with severe periodontitis after adjusting all variables (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63-0.89). In addition, severe periodontitis has a nonlinear relationship with serum 25(OH)D, whoes inflection point was 102 (nmol/L). On the left side of the inflection point (25(OH)D ≤ 102 nmol/L), the effect size was 0.98 and 95%CI was 0.98-0.99 (25(OH)D per 1 nmol/L increments). On the right side of the inflection point (25(OH)D > 102 nmol/L), the effect size was 0.99 and 95% CI was 0.98-1.01. The subgroup analysis showed pronounced changes in non-Hispanic white, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and health insurance.

CONCLUSION

Serum 25 (OH) D in relation to severe periodontitis is nonlinear in our study.When serum 25 (OH) D is less than 102 nmol/L, serum 25 (OH) D is negatively associated with severe periodontitis.

Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry

The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of the 2020 professional literature in restorative dentistry to inform busy dentists regarding noteworthy scientific and clinical progress over the past year. Each member of the committee brings discipline-specific expertise to this work to cover this broad topic. Specific subject areas addressed include prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; implant dentistry; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs); sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and dental caries and cariology. The authors focused their efforts on reporting information likely to influence day-to-day dental treatment decisions with a keen eye on future trends in the profession. With the tremendous volume of dentistry and related literature being published today, this review cannot possibly be comprehensive. The purpose is to update interested readers and provide important resource material for those interested in pursuing greater detail. It remains our intent to assist colleagues in navigating the extensive volume of important information being published annually. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in successfully managing the dental patients they encounter.

Shift work sleep disorder is closely associated with an increased risk for periodontal disease

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the association between work patterns and periodontal disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012, and data from 22,508 subjects aged ≥19 years were included. An individual's work pattern was classified as either daytime or shift work. Sleep duration was categorized into three ranges: ≤5, 6-8, and ≥9 h/day. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CPI (Community Periodontal Index) ≥3. The CONTRAST statement was used to show the interaction effect of work patterns and sleep duration.

RESULTS

The adjusted OR of shift work was 2.168 (CI: 1.929-2.438, p < .0001). Participants who sleep ≤5 or ≥9 h/day showed ORs 0.735 and 0.663, respectively (p = .0181). Interaction effect analysis revealed that the work pattern had a strong influence on periodontal condition when combined with the sleep amount. Shift workers with ≤5 or ≥ 9 h of sleep showed significantly increased ORs for CPI ≥3 (2.1406 and 2.3251, respectively, p < .0001). The ORs for daytime workers were comparable to the original values (≤5: 0.7348, p = .0292; ≥9: 0.6633, p = .0428).

CONCLUSION

Altered sleep patterns caused by shift work have more influence on periodontal disease than sleep duration.

Association of short sleep with risk of periodontal disease: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study

AIM

The aim of this meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to assess the association between short sleep and periodontal disease, including tooth loss and periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The meta-analysis of relevant studies was conducted to assess the association between short sleep and periodontal disease. MR analyses were conducted with the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method, weighted median method, MR-Egger method, and MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS) method to assess the causal effect of short sleep on tooth loss and periodontitis.

RESULTS

Seven cross-sectional studies involving 40,196 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The association between short sleep and periodontal disease was not statistically significant (odds ratios (OR) =1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99, 1.28; p = 0.076). In the MR analysis, we did not observe statistically significant causal associations of genetically determined short sleep with tooth loss (β: -0.056; 95% CI: -0.181 to 0.068; p = 0.376) and periodontitis (β: -0.112; 95% CI: -0.340 to 0.117; p = 0.339).

CONCLUSIONS

Short sleep is not associated with the risk of periodontal disease according to current evidence. Future studies need to pay attention to the measurement of sleep duration, the choice of statistical models, and other domains of sleep health.

Are periodontal diseases associated with sleep duration or sleep quality? A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to systematically review the associations between periodontal diseases/tooth loss and sleep duration/quality.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched (up to May 2021) to identify studies that assessed the association between periodontal diseases or number of teeth with sleep quality and sleep duration. Two researchers independently selected the studies and extracted the data. Considering the high heterogeneity among the included studies, meta-analysis was deemed unviable. Results are presented descriptively for sleep quality (studies that have used PSQI), self-reported sleep hours, and other tools that assessed sleep patterns.

RESULTS

Twenty studies (16 cross-sectional, two case-control, and two cohort) were included. Eight studies used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess quality of sleep. Six of these studies demonstrated that individuals with worse periodontal conditions demonstrated poorer sleep quality. However, most of the included studies that performed adjusted analysis showed no statistically significant association between self-reported hours of sleep and periodontitis. The mean number of present teeth was assessed in four studies; three of them demonstrated lower numbers of present teeth in individuals with inadequate sleep.

CONCLUSION

The literature shows conflicting results for the association between sleep hours and periodontitis. However, inadequate sleep may be associated with lower number of present teeth and periodontal diseases. Further studies are necessary in order to confirm these results.

Sleep time and duration is associated with periodontitis in a representative sample of Koreans

BACKGROUND

So far, studies on the association between sleep and periodontitis have shown conflicting results. This study assessed the association among sleep duration, sleep time, and periodontitis among a nationally representative Korean population and the mediation effect of WBC.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII) collected from 2016 to 2018. With the screenings by age (45 to 64), edentate, and the adequacy of information provided, the analysis was confined to a selected group of respondents of 4407 with measurements for the sleep survey and periodontal health status out of total 24,269. Periodontitis was defined according to the World Health Organization's community periodontal index (CPI) code greater than or equal to three, and severe periodontitis was defined as CPI code 4. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between sleep and periodontitis controlling the confounding factors.

RESULTS

Those who went to bed during the daytime were associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 2.07). In a combined sleep time and duration model, those who went to bed at night with a sleep duration of 9 hours or more were associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.77) and severe periodontitis (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.02-3.45). WBC count had the highest impact on the association between sleep time and periodontitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that an extra-long sleep duration and going to bed during the daytime are associated with periodontitis.

Association between Sleep Quality and Duration and Periodontal Disease among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between sleep quality and duration, and periodontal disease among a group of young Japanese university students. First-year students (n = 1934) at Okayama University who voluntarily underwent oral health examinations were included in the analysis. Sleep quality and duration were assessed by the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Dentists examined Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), probing pocket depth (PPD), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP). Periodontal disease was defined as presence of PPD ≥ 4 mm and BOP ≥ 30%. Overall, 283 (14.6%) students had periodontal disease. Poor sleep quality was observed among 372 (19.2%) students. Mean (± standard deviation) sleep duration was 7.1 ± 1.1 (hours/night). In the logistic regression analysis, periodontal disease was significantly associated with OHI-S (odds ratio [OR]: 2.30, 95% confident interval [CI]: 1.83–2.90; p < 0.001), but not sleep quality (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.79–1.53; p = 0.577) or sleep duration (OR: 0.98, CI: 0.87–1.10; p = 0.717). In conclusion, sleep quality and duration were not associated with periodontal disease among this group of young Japanese university students.

Sleep Time Duration Does Not Affect Oral Inflammation and Periodontal Health Status in Night-Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Night-shift workers experience circadian rhythm disruption, changes in sleep time duration, and effects on their eating habits. All these factors may be related to the release of inflammatory mediators and may affect oral inflammation and periodontal health status. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of sleep time duration on oral inflammation and periodontal health status in night-shift workers and non-night-shift workers.

METHODS

This study involved two groups with 27 participants each: one group of night-shift workers and one group of non-night-shift workers. Examination of depth of pocket and bleeding on probing (BOP) was conducted with a periodontal probe. Non-stimulating saliva samples were collected to analyze the levels of melatonin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) using ELISA. Comparisons for each parameter were performed using independent t-tests, and the relationships between duration of sleep and depth of pocket, BOP, salivary melatonin, MDA, and TNF-α were calculated using linear regression.

RESULTS

The night-shift worker group had a short sleep time duration (p = 0.000). The salivary melatonin level of the night-shift workers was lower than that of the non-night-shift workers (p = 0.000). MDA, depth of pocket, and BOP were higher in the night-shift workers (p = 0.000). Only salivary melatonin showed a correlation with sleep time duration in the night-shift worker group (p < 0.05). Neither subject group showed an effect of sleep time duration on depth of pocket, BOP, salivary melatonin, MDA, or TNF-α (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Night-shift workers showed higher rates of oral inflammation and periodontal health status, but there was no relationship between these factors and sleep time duration.