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Li C, Zhang C, Xiang M, Chen Q, Luo Z, Luo Y. Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics for Supercritical CO 2-Sprayed Polyurethane Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:940. [PMID: 38611196 PMCID: PMC11013771 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional paint spraying processes often use small molecule organic solvents and emit a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are highly toxic, flammable, and explosive. Alternatively, the spraying technology using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a solvent has attracted attention because of its ability to reduce VOC emissions, but the flow characteristics of coatings have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we numerically simulate the spraying process based on the actual process of scCO2 spraying polyurethane coatings by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effects of inlet pressure and volume fraction of scCO2 on the fluid motion parameters inside the nozzle as well as the atomization effect of droplets outside the nozzle are investigated. The simulated results show that a fluid with a large volume fraction of scCO2 will obtain a smaller density, resulting in a larger velocity and a larger distance for the spray to effectively spray. Higher coating content and bigger inlet pressures will result in higher discrete phase model (DPM) concentrations, and thus a bigger inlet pressure should be used to make the droplets more uniform across the 30° spray range. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the process of scCO2-sprayed polyurethane resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chichao Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chengrui Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Minghua Xiang
- Shaoxing Huachuang Polyurethane Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312037, China;
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Solid Dosage Forms of Biopharmaceuticals in Drug Delivery Systems Using Sustainable Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247653. [PMID: 34946733 PMCID: PMC8708471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) often comprise biopharmaceuticals in aqueous form, making them susceptible to physical and chemical degradation, and therefore requiring low temperature storage in cold supply and distribution chains. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying are some of the techniques used to convert biopharmaceuticals-loaded DDS from aqueous to solid dosage forms. However, the risk exists that shear and heat stress during processing may provoke DDS damage and efficacy loss. Supercritical fluids (SCF), specifically, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a sustainable alternative to common techniques. Due to its moderately critical and tunable properties and thermodynamic behavior, scCO2 has aroused scientific and industrial interest. Therefore, this article reviews scCO2-based techniques used over the year in the production of solid biopharmaceutical dosage forms. Looking particularly at the use of scCO2 in each of its potential roles—as a solvent, co-solvent, anti-solvent, or co-solute. It ends with a comparison between the compound’s stability using supercritical CO2-assisted atomization/spray-drying and conventional drying.
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Tutek K, Masek A, Kosmalska A, Cichosz S. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33673482 PMCID: PMC7956827 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tutek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kosmalska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Development of innovative medical devices by dispersing fatty acid eutectic blend on gauzes using supercritical particle generation processes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:599-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Badens E, Masmoudi Y, Mouahid A, Crampon C. Current situation and perspectives in drug formulation by using supercritical fluid technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Keles H, Naylor A, Clegg F, Sammon C. Investigation of factors influencing the hydrolytic degradation of single PLGA microparticles. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Due mainly to their poor stability and short plasma half-life, peptides are usually administered by injection, often several times daily. Injectable sustained-release formulations of peptides based on biodegradable polymer microparticles or implants early demonstrated the power of drug delivery technologies to enhance patient adherence and convenience, and increase safety and efficacy. Injectable sustained-release formulations are likely to remain a significant part of new peptide products. However, a new generation of technologies that enable solvent-free formulations and manufacturing processes, injection through narrow gauge needles and ready-to-use presentations will be increasingly used. In addition, the tremendous developments in noninvasive routes of delivery are likely to result in more and more peptides being delivered by the oral, transdermal, nasal or inhalation routes.
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Tran MK, Swed A, Calvignac B, Dang KN, Hassani LN, Cordonnier T, Boury F. Preparation of polymeric particles in CO2 medium using non-toxic solvents: discussions on the mechanism of particle formation. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1573-1582. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of a novel and effective process for protein encapsulation into PLGA microparticles by the emulsification–extraction method in CO2 medium using non-toxic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Kien Tran
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Amin Swed
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Brice Calvignac
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Kim-Ngan Dang
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Leila N. Hassani
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Thomas Cordonnier
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
| | - Frank Boury
- LUNAM Université
- Angers
- France
- INSERM U1066
- Micro-Nanomédecines Biomimétiques
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10
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Perinelli DR, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Naylor A, Whitaker M, Palmieri GF, Giorgioni G, Casettari L. Evaluation of P(L)LA-PEG-P(L)LA as processing aid for biodegradable particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process. Int J Pharm 2014; 468:250-7. [PMID: 24746690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of biodegradable P(L)LA-PEG1.5 kDa-P(L)LA copolymers have been synthesized and compared as processing aid versus Poloxamer 407 (PEO-PPO-PEO), in the formulation of protein encapsulated microparticles, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded microcarriers were prepared applying the particles from the gas saturated solutions (PGSS) technique using scCO2 and thus, avoiding the standard practice of organic solvent encapsulation. Four triblock copolymers were synthesized and characterized, particularly in terms of thermal properties and behaviour when exposed to scCO2. The effects of the inclusion of these copolymers in the formulation of poly(α-hydroxy acids) based microparticles - e.g. poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) - were analysed in terms of yield, particle size, morphology and drug release. The use of P(L)LA-PEG1.5 kDa-P(L)LA triblock copolymers were found to increase the yield of the PGSS-based process and to decrease the size of the microparticles produced, in comparison with the formulation containing the Poloxamer 407. Moreover the microparticles formulated with the triblock copolymers possessing the higher hydrophobic character were able to maintain a controlled drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - G Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - M Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - A Naylor
- Critical Pharmaceuticals Limited BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - M Whitaker
- Critical Pharmaceuticals Limited BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - G F Palmieri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - G Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - L Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, PU 61029, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
In recent years, CO2-based technologies have gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industry for their potential applications in drug formulation and drug delivery. The exploitation of peculiar properties of gases under supercritical conditions has been studied in the last 20 years with mixed results. Promising drug-delivery technologies, based on supercritical CO2, have mostly failed when facing challenges of industrial scaleability and economical viability. Nevertheless, a ‘second generation‘ of processes, based on CO2 around and below critical point has been developed, possibly offering technology-based solutions to some of the current issues of pharmaceutical development. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements in this field, with a particular focus on the potential of CO2-based technologies in addressing critical issues in oral delivery, and briefly discuss the future perspectives of dense CO2-assisted processes as enabling technologies in drug delivery.
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12
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Vijayaraghavan M, Stolnik S, Howdle SM, Illum L. Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: preparation of microparticles using PEG, fatty acids and physical or chemicals blends of PEG and fatty acids. Int J Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23178217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of microparticles using a supercritical carbon dioxide based PGSS technique (CriticalMix™) has been exploited to develop blended systems targeted at pulmonary delivery. Hence, PEG based polymers of different molecular weights (1000-6000 Da) were blended in situ with fatty acids (stearic, palmitic or myristic acid) or with commercially available PEG-stearates. The effect of the different thermodynamic properties of the polymers was evaluated by characterising the microparticles produced in terms of their melting temperature by conventional DSC and in the presence of high pressure CO(2) using a high pressure variable volume view cell. The microparticles produced were also assessed by SEM and particle size distribution. It is well known that as the molecular weight of the PEG chains increases, so does the viscosity of the melt and this leads to an increase in the particle size. In the paper we show that blending with myristic acid provides optimal control of particle size when the blend is sprayed from scCO(2) leading to high yields in the optimal aerodynamic size range of 2-5 μm for the deep lung delivery. The highest yield and smallest particles (~5 μm) were produced with a blend of PEG 3000 and myristic acid (1:1) whereas the batches containing palmitic acid and stearic acid showed lower yields and larger particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Vijayaraghavan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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13
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Abstract
Proteins constitute an increasing proportion of the drugs in development. The barriers to their entry into the blood stream and rapid clearance means that they often have to be injected several times a day, affecting patient compliance. This paper reviews the major technologies enabling the development of injectable sustained-release products and formulation strategies to maintain protein integrity and modify release rates. Whilst many injectable sustained-release products are on the market, these are all delivering small molecular weight drugs and peptides. This is due to the manufacturing processes that denature and degrade the proteins upon encapsulation and release into the body. Formulation strategies are discussed and a number of new technologies reviewed that are able to overcome the issues with conventional manufacturing processes. The reliance of many processes on organic solvents has prevented their application to the development of injectable sustained release protein products. The development of entirely solvent free and aqueous methods of manufacture of these products has meant that numerous sustained-release protein products are close to reaching the market.
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14
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Kelly CA, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM, Jenkins MJ, Leeke GA. Viscosity studies of poly(DL
-lactic acid) in supercritical CO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Ji C, Annabi N, Hosseinkhani M, Sivaloganathan S, Dehghani F. Fabrication of poly-DL-lactide/polyethylene glycol scaffolds using the gas foaming technique. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:570-8. [PMID: 21996623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare poly-DL-lactide/polyethylene glycol (PDLLA/PEG) blends to improve medium absorption and cell proliferation in the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of their scaffolds. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was used as a foaming agent to create porosity in these blends. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that the blends were homogeneous mixtures of PDLLA and PEG. The peak shifts at 1092 and 1744 cm(-1) confirmed the presence of molecular interactions between these two compounds. Increasing the PEG weight ratio enhanced the relative crystallinity and hydrophilicity. The PDLLA/PEG blends (especially 80/20 and 70/30 weight ratios) exhibited linear degradation profiles over an incubation time of 8 weeks. The mechanical properties of PDLLA/PEG blends having less than 30 wt.% PEG were suitable for the fabrication of porous scaffolds. Increasing the concentration of PEG to above 50% resulted in blends that were brittle and had low mechanical integrity. Highly porous scaffolds with controllable pore size were produced for 30 wt.% PEG samples using the gas foaming technique at temperatures between 25 and 55 °C and pressures between 60 and 160 bar. The average pore diameters achieved by gas foaming process were between 15 and 150 μm, and had an average porosity of 84%. The medium uptake and degradation rate of fabricated PDLLA/PEG scaffolds were increased compared with neat PDLLA film due to the presence of PEG and porosity. The porous scaffolds also demonstrated a lower modulus of elasticity and a higher elongation at break compared to the non-porous film. The fabricated PDLLA/PEG scaffolds have high potential for various tissue-engineering applications.
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Kelly CA, Howdle SM, Naylor A, Coxhill G, Tye LC, Illum L, Lewis AL. Stability of Human Growth Hormone in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:56-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nunes AVM, Duarte CMM. Dense CO₂ as a Solute, Co-Solute or Co-Solvent in Particle Formation Processes: A Review. MATERIALS 2011; 4:2017-2041. [PMID: 28824121 PMCID: PMC5448852 DOI: 10.3390/ma4112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of dense gases in particle formation processes has attracted great attention due to documented advantages over conventional technologies. In particular, the use of dense CO₂ in the process has been subject of many works and explored in a variety of different techniques. This article presents a review of the current available techniques in use in particle formation processes, focusing exclusively on those employing dense CO₂ as a solute, co-solute or co-solvent during the process, such as PGSS (Particles from gas-saturated solutions®), CPF (Concentrated Powder Form®), CPCSP (Continuous Powder Coating Spraying Process), CAN-BD (Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer®), SEA (Supercritical Enhanced Atomization), SAA (Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Atomization), PGSS-Drying and DELOS (Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution). Special emphasis is given to modifications introduced in the different techniques, as well as the limitations that have been overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V M Nunes
- Requimte/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Catarina M M Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal.
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Whitaker MA, Langston P, Naylor A, Azzopardi BJ, Howdle SM. Particle size and shape effects in medical syringe needles: experiments and simulations for polymer microparticle injection. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1975-1983. [PMID: 21667187 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Injection of polymeric microparticles is the final step in the drug delivery process. Experience has shown that blockage of the syringe mechanism can be a problem under certain conditions leading to poor control of the final product. Particle size and shape are postulated to be significant factors. In this article 2D Discrete element model (DEM) simulations of circles and semi-circles are used to demonstrate the effect of shape on blockage of the syringe mechanism. To corroborate the calculations, a range of experiments on glass spheres and polymers show good agreement with simulations of normally distributed particle sizes. A similar scenario is also briefly modelled in 3D DEM showing similar trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Whitaker
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Casettari L, Castagnino E, Stolnik S, Lewis A, Howdle SM, Illum L. Surface characterisation of bioadhesive PLGA/chitosan microparticles produced by supercritical fluid technology. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1668-82. [PMID: 21394661 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel biodegradable and mucoadhesive PLGA/chitosan microparticles with the potential for use as a controlled release gastroretentive system were manufactured using supercritical CO(2) (scCO(2)) by the Particle Gas Saturated System (PGSS) technique (also called CriticalMix(TM)). METHODS Microparticles were produced from PLGA with the addition of mPEG and chitosan in the absence of organic solvents, surfactants and crosslinkers using the PGSS technique. Microparticle formulations were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscope; particle size distribution was measured using laser diffraction. Microparticle surface was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to evaluate the presence of chitosan on the surface. Mucoadhesiveness of the microparticles was evaluated in vitro using a mucin assay employing two different kinds of mucin (Mucin type III and I-S) with different degrees of sialic acid contents, 0.5-1.5% and 9-17%, respectively. RESULTS The two analytical surface techniques (XPS and ToF-SIMS) demonstrated the presence of the chitosan on the surface of the particles (<100 μm), dependent on the polymer composition of the microparticles. The interaction between the mucin solutions and the PLGA/chitosan microparticles increased significantly with an increasing concentration of mucin and chitosan. CONCLUSIONS The strong interaction of mucin with the chitosan present on the surface of the particles suggests a potential use of the mucoadhesive carriers for gastroretentive and oral controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Casettari
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino P.zza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, 61029, Italy
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Kiran E. Foaming strategies for bioabsorbable polymers in supercritical fluid mixtures. Part II. Foaming of poly(ɛ-caprolactone-co-lactide) in carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide+acetone fluid mixtures and formation of tubular foams via solution extrusion. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Kiran E. Foaming strategies for bioabsorbable polymers in supercritical fluid mixtures. Part I. Miscibility and foaming of poly(l-lactic acid) in carbon dioxide+acetone binary fluid mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Measurement of CO2 solubility and diffusivity in poly(l-lactide) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) by magnetic suspension balance. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Howard D, Buttery LD, Shakesheff KM, Roberts SJ. Tissue engineering: strategies, stem cells and scaffolds. J Anat 2008; 213:66-72. [PMID: 18422523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds are designed to influence the physical, chemical and biological environment surrounding a cell population. In this review we focus on our own work and introduce a range of strategies and materials used for tissue engineering, including the sources of cells suitable for tissue engineering: embryonic stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, we emphasize the developments in custom scaffold design and manufacture, highlighting laser sintering, supercritical carbon dioxide processing, growth factor incorporation and zoning, plasma modification of scaffold surfaces, and novel multi-use temperature-sensitive injectable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Howard
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
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Davies OR, Lewis AL, Whitaker MJ, Tai H, Shakesheff KM, Howdle SM. Applications of supercritical CO2 in the fabrication of polymer systems for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:373-87. [PMID: 18069079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical CO(2) has the potential to be an excellent environment within which controlled release polymers and dry composites may be formed. The low temperature and dry conditions within the fluid offer obvious advantages in the processing of water, solvent or heat labile molecules. The low viscosity and high diffusivity of scCO(2) offer the possibility of novel processing routes for polymer drug composites, but there are still technical challenges to overcome. Moreover, the low solubility of most drug molecules in scCO(2) presents both challenges and advantages. This review explores the current methods that use high pressure and scCO(2) for the production of drug delivery systems and the more specialized application of the fluid in the formation of highly porous tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Mishima K. Biodegradable particle formation for drug and gene delivery using supercritical fluid and dense gas. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:411-32. [PMID: 18061302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in biodegradable particle formation using supercritical fluids and dense gases have been reviewed with an emphasis on studies of micronizing and encapsulating poorly-soluble pharmaceuticals and gene. General review articles published in previous years have then been provided. A brief description of the operating principles of some types of particle formation processes is given. These include the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), the particles from gas-saturated solution (PGSS) processes, the gas antisolvent process (GAS), and the supercritical antisolvent process (SAS). The papers have been reviewed under two groups, one involving the production of particles from pure biodegradable substances, and the other involving coating, capsule, and impregnation that contain active components, especially those that relate to pharmaceuticals. This review is a comprehensive review specifically focused on the formation of biodegradable particles for drug and gene delivery system using supercritical fluid and dense gas.
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Yasuji T, Takeuchi H, Kawashima Y. Particle design of poorly water-soluble drug substances using supercritical fluid technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:388-98. [PMID: 18068261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drugs, some drugs were subjected to micronization or prepared as composite particles using supercritical fluid (SCF) technology with carbon dioxide (CO(2)). Solubility in CO(2) is the key when using this method. Solubility affects the supersaturation of the materials in the solvent as well as the mass transfer of that solvent, which are both critical to the micronization of the materials and the formation of the composite particles. Some useful techniques that can be used to avoid the problems posed by the characteristics of the drug itself are combining SC-CO(2) with other technologies, such as the formation of coacervates or emulsions, and other equipment types, such as milling or ultrasound fields. Another advantage of SCF technology is that it is considered to be green chemistry. SC-CO(2) can improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug substances using few or no organic solvents and with little or no heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Yasuji
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
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Nalawade SP, Picchioni F, Janssen LPBM, Grijpma DW, Feijen J. Investigation of the interaction of CO2 with poly (L-lactide), poly(DL-lactide) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) using FTIR spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tai H, Popov VK, Shakesheff KM, Howdle SM. Putting the fizz into chemistry: applications of supercritical carbon dioxide in tissue engineering, drug delivery and synthesis of novel block copolymers. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:516-21. [PMID: 17511642 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the recent progress at Nottingham towards the exploitation of the unique properties of scCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) for the preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and new devices for controlled drug delivery, as well as the synthesis of novel block copolymers by the combination of eROP (enzymatic ring opening polymerization) and controlled polymerization methods for the potential use as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tai
- Clean Technology Group, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG 7 2RD, UK
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29
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Zhou J, Villarroya S, Wang W, Wyatt MF, Duxbury CJ, Thurecht KJ, Howdle SM. One-Step Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Poly(ε-caprolactone-block-methyl methacrylate) in Supercritical CO2. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060046y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Silvia Villarroya
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark F. Wyatt
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christopher J. Duxbury
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Barry JJ, Silva MM, Popov VK, Shakesheff KM, Howdle SM. Supercritical carbon dioxide: putting the fizz into biomaterials. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2006; 364:249-61. [PMID: 17464360 PMCID: PMC1855442 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes recent progress made in the use of high pressure or supercritical fluids to process polymers into three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds. Three current examples are highlighted: foaming of acrylates for use in cartilage tissue engineering; plasticization and encapsulation of bioactive species into biodegradable polyesters for bone tissue engineering; and a novel laser sintering process used to fabricate three-dimensional biodegradable polyester structures from particles prepared via a supercritical route.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J.A. Barry
- Tissue Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marta M.C.G. Silva
- Tissue Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Chemistry, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vladimir K. Popov
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of SciencesPionerskaya 2, Troitsk, Moscow Region 142092, Russia
| | - Kevin M. Shakesheff
- Tissue Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Steven M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry, The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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Nalawade SP, Picchioni F, Janssen L. Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent for processing polymer melts: Processing aspects and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Whitaker MJ, Hao J, Davies OR, Serhatkulu G, Stolnik-Trenkic S, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM. The production of protein-loaded microparticles by supercritical fluid enhanced mixing and spraying. J Control Release 2005; 101:85-92. [PMID: 15588896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we use supercritical carbon dioxide as a processing medium for the fabrication of poly(DL-lactic acid) P(DLLA) microparticles that encapsulate a protein material. We have previously demonstrated that this polymer and a dry powder of a protein can be mixed under supercritical carbon dioxide conditions (above 31.1 degrees C and 73.8 bar) and that the protein component retains its biological activity. In this paper, we progress the work to demonstrate that the plasticized polymer and dry powder protein mixture can be sprayed to form solid polymer particles that encapsulate the protein. Particle size range is between 10 and 300 microm after spraying. Ribonuclease A and lysozyme were encapsulated in the polymer without significant loss of enzymatic activity. Biological assays of insulin and calcitonin confirm retention of activity after fabrication of the microparticles and release of the peptides/proteins.
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Hao J, J. Whitaker M, Serhatkulu G, M. Shakesheff K, M. Howdle S. Supercritical fluid assisted melting of poly(ethylene glycol): a new solvent-free route to microparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b411187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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