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Vinjamuri BP, Pan J, Peng P. A Review on Commercial Oligonucleotide Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1749-1768. [PMID: 38679232 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide drug products commercially approved in the US and the EU are reviewed. A total of 20 products that includes 1 aptamer, 12 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), 6 small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), and 1 mixture of single-stranded and double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides have been identified. A typical oligonucleotide formulation is composed of an oligonucleotide with buffering agent(s), pH adjusting agents, and a tonicity adjusting agent. All the products are presented as 2.1 - 200 mg/mL solutions at pH between 6 and 8.7. Majority of the products are approved for intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) routes, with two for intravitreal (IVT), two for intrathecal (IT), and one for intramuscular (IM) routes. The primary packaging includes vials and prefilled syringes (PFS). Products approved for IV and IT administration routes and requiring >1.5 mL dose volumes are supplied in vials, while those approved for SC, IM, and IVT and requiring ≤1.5 mL dose volume are supplied in PFS. Based on the compiled dataset, we propose a generalized starting point for an oligonucleotide formulation during early phase development for IV, SC, and IT administration routes. Overall, we believe this harmonized evaluation and understanding of various oligonucleotide drug product attributes will help derive platform generalizations and allows for accelerated early phase development for first-in-human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Prasad Vinjamuri
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Paul Peng
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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2
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Seidl LL, Moog R, Graeser KA. Antisense oligonucleotides and their technical suitability to nebulization. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124390. [PMID: 38936443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In vivo studies investigating the inhalative efficacy of biotherapeutics, such as nucleic acids, usually do not perform an aerosolization step, rather the solution is directly administered into the lungs e.g. intratracheally. In addition, there is currently very little information on the behavior of nucleic acid solutions when subjected to the physical stress of the nebulization process. In this study, the aim was to assess the technical suitability of Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs), as a model antisense oligonucleotide, towards nebulization using two commercially available nebulizers. A jet nebulizer (Pari LC Plus) and a vibrating mesh nebulizer (Aerogen Solo) were employed and solutions of five different LNAs investigated in terms of their physical and chemical stability to nebulization and the quality of the generated aerosols. The aerosol properties of the Aerogen Solo were mainly influenced by the viscosity of the solutions with the output rate and the droplet size decreasing with increasing viscosity. The Pari LC Plus was less susceptible to viscosity and overall the droplet size was smaller. The LNAs tolerated both nebulization processes and the integrity of the molecules was shown. Chemical stability of the molecules from the Aerogen Solo was confirmed, whereas aerosol generation with the Pari LC Plus jet nebulizer led to a slight increase of phosphodiester groups in a fully phosphorothiolated backbone of the LNAs. Overall, it could be shown that nebulization of different LNAs is possible and inhalation can therefore be considered a potential route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Seidl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, pCMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina Moog
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, pCMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten A Graeser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, pCMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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DeCollibus DP, Searcy J, Tivesten A, Akhtar N, Lindenberg C, Abarrou N, Pradhan S, Fiandaca M, Franklin J, Govindan G, Liu HY, Royle D, Soo PL, Storch K. Considerations for the Terminal Sterilization of Oligonucleotide Drug Products. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023. [PMID: 36787481 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary function of the parenteral drug product manufacturing process is to ensure sterility of the final product. The two most common methods for sterilizing parenteral drug products are terminal sterilization (TS), whereby the drug product is sterilized in the final container following filling and finish, and membrane sterilization, whereby the product stream is sterilized by membrane filtration and filled into presterilized containers in an aseptic processing environment. Although TS provides greater sterility assurance than membrane sterilization and aseptic processing, not all drug products are amenable to TS processes, which typically involve heat treatment or exposure to ionizing radiation. Oligonucleotides represent an emerging class of therapeutics with great potential for treating a broad range of indications, including previously undruggable targets. Owing to their size, structural complexity, and relative lack of governing regulations, several challenges in drug development are unique to oligonucleotides. This exceptionality justifies a focused assessment of traditional chemistry, manufacturing, and control strategies before their adoption. In this article, we review the current state of sterile oligonucleotide drug product processing, highlight the key aspects to consider when assessing options for product sterilization, and provide recommendations to aid in the successful evaluation and development of TS processes. We also explore current regulatory expectations and provide our interpretation as it pertains to oligonucleotide drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Searcy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Anna Tivesten
- CVRM CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nadim Akhtar
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Lindenberg
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nounja Abarrou
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sujana Pradhan
- GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maggie Fiandaca
- GSK, Strategic External Development, Analytical Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Franklin
- CMC Regulatory Affairs, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Geetha Govindan
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Yi Liu
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Technology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Royle
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Lim Soo
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirsten Storch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Elzahar NM, Magdy N, El-Kosasy AM, Bartlett MG. Degradation product characterization of therapeutic oligonucleotides using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3375-3384. [PMID: 29654340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS) have undergone rapid development as novel therapeutic agents. The increasing significance of this class of drugs requires significant investment in the development of quality control methods. The determination of the many degradation pathways of such complex molecules presents a significant challenge. However, an understanding of the potential impurities that may arise is necessary to continue to advance these powerful new therapeutics. In this study, four different antisense oligonucleotides representing several generations of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents were evaluated under various stress conditions (pH, thermal, and oxidative stress) using ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (IP-RPLC-MS/MS) to provide in-depth characterization and identification of the degradation products. The oligonucleotide samples were stressed under different pH values at 45 and 90 °C. The main degradation products were observed to be losses of nucleotide moieties from the 3'- and 5'-terminus, depurination, formation of terminal phosphorothioates, and production of ribose, ribophosphorothioates (Rp), and phosphoribophosphorothioates (pRp). Moreover, the effects of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were studied resulting in primarily extensive desulfurization and subsequent oxidation of the phosphorothioate linkage to produce the corresponding phosphodiester. The reaction kinetics for the degradation of the oligonucleotides under the different stress conditions were studied and were found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. Differences in rates exist even for oligonucleotides of similar length but consisting of different sequences. Graphical abstract Identification of degradation products across several generations of oligonucleotide therapeutics using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Elzahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - N Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Amira M El-Kosasy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA.
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Li L, Leone T, Foley JP, Welch CJ. Separation of small interfering RNA stereoisomers using reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1500:84-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Friese OV, Sperry JB, He Y, Joseph L, Carroll JA, Rouse JC. Characterization of Apolipoprotein C3 (Apo C3) LNA/DNA Impurities and Degradation Products by LC-MS/MS. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1735-1744. [PMID: 28488174 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C3 (Apo C3) LNA/DNA gapmer was evaluated under various stress and formulation conditions for the purpose of its development as a potential biotherapeutic for low density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering. Using ion-pairing (IP) reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography ultra-high resolution (UHR) tandem mass spectrometry (IP-RPLC-MS/MS), a combination of accurate mass measurements and collision-induced dissociation enabled in-depth characterization of Apo C3 LNA/DNA oligonucleotide, in particular the inherent impurities following synthesis and degradation products after exposure to stress conditions. In this study, oligonucleotide samples were stressed under different pH and UV exposure conditions. The primary impurities in Apo C3 LNA/DNA were losses of nucleotide moieties from both the 5'- and 3'-terminus leading to n-1, n-2, etc. species. Desulfurization and depurination were observed in Apo C3 LNA/DNA after a week under UV light stress conditions at low pH. Guanine oxidation and dimerization were the primary degradation products detected under UV light exposure for 1 week at high pH. The effect of antioxidants on the levels of these degradation products was evaluated under neutral pH conditions. In the presence of all antioxidants, levels of guanine oxidation and desulfurization under tested conditions were the same as those in the unstressed sample, except for sodium ascorbate. The thorough understanding of the Apo C3 LNA/DNA oligonucleotide structure, its impurities, and degradation products laid the foundation for the successful formulation development of this novel biotherapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Friese
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Justin B Sperry
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan He
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liji Joseph
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer WRD, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Evans DM, Thorn JM, Arch-Douglas K, Sperry JB, Thompson B, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ. Support for the revocation of general safety test regulations in biologics license applications. Biologicals 2016; 44:178-81. [PMID: 26996102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration recently removed the requirement for a General Safety Test (GST) for biologics in the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 610.11). The GST, as well as abnormal toxicity (European Pharmacopeia) and innocuity tests (World Health Organization), were designed to test for extraneous toxic contaminants on each product lot intended for human use. Tests require one-week observations for general health and weight following injection of specified volumes of product batches into guinea pigs and mice. At the volumes specified, dose-related toxicity may result when the product is pharmacologically active in rodents. With vaccines, required doses may be > 3 logs higher than intended human dose on a weight-adjusted basis and if an immune modulatory adjuvant is included, systemic immune hyperactivation may cause toxicity. Herein, using the CpG/alum adjuvant combination we evaluated the different test protocols and showed their unsuitability for this adjuvant combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Evans
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Justin B Sperry
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce Thompson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics, Ottawa Laboratories, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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8
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Singh S, Topuz F, Hahn K, Albrecht K, Groll J. Embedding of active proteins and living cells in redox-sensitive hydrogels and nanogels through enzymatic cross-linking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3000-3. [PMID: 23386357 PMCID: PMC3601431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Singh
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Fuat Topuz
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Kathrin Hahn
- Department and Chair of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of WürzburgPleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Krystyna Albrecht
- Department and Chair of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of WürzburgPleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Groll
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056 Aachen (Germany)
- Department and Chair of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of WürzburgPleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg (Germany) E-mail:
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9
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Singh S, Topuz F, Hahn K, Albrecht K, Groll J. Einbau aktiver Proteine und lebender Zellen in redoxsensitive Hydrogele und Nanogele durch enzymatische Vernetzung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Erb R, Leithner K, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Oberacher H. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide quantification by μ-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:728-37. [PMID: 22806756 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosporothioate oligonucleotides represent an important class of therapeutic oligonucleotides, in which none-bridging oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups are replaced by sulfur. These oligonucleotides are designed to treat disease by modulating gene expression of an affected individual. As the development and application of these therapeutical oligonucleotides require analytical support, the development, validation, and application of an assay for the quantitative analysis of a phosporothioate oligonucleotide in rat plasma is described. The method employs ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography on a monolithic capillary column with acetonitrile gradients in cyclohexyldimethylammonium acetate for separation and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry for detection of nucleic acids. Chromatographic parameters (i.e. column temperature, mobile phase composition) as well as mass spectrometric parameters (i.e. spray voltage, gas flow, and capillary position, scan mode) have been optimized for sensitive oligonucleotide quantification. Furthermore, a solid-phase extraction method was developed which enabled processing of 10 μl of plasma. The five-point calibration curve showed linearity over the range of concentrations from 100 to 1,000 nM of the oligonucleotide. The limit of detection was 50 nM. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracies were always better than 10.2 %. Using this assay, we performed a pharmacokinetic study of the phosporothioate oligonucleotide in rat treated with a single intravenous dose of 0.39 μmol/kg. The assay sensitivity was sufficient to study the early phase elimination of the oligonucleotide. Small amounts of the oligonucleotide were detectable up to 3 h after dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Wu L, White DE, Ye C, Vogt FG, Terfloth GJ, Matsuhashi H. Desulfurization of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides via the sulfur-by-oxygen replacement induced by the hydroxyl radical during negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:836-844. [PMID: 22791250 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While the occurrence of desulfurization of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in solution is well established, this study represents the first attempt to investigate the basis of the unexpected desulfurization via the net sulfur-by-oxygen (S-O) replacement during negative electrospray ionization (ESI). The current work, facilitated by quantitative mass deconvolution, demonstrates that considerable desulfurization can take place even under common negative ESI operating conditions. The extent of desulfurization is dependent on the molar phosphorothioate oligonucleotide-to-hydroxyl radical ratio, which is consistent with the corona discharge-induced origin of the hydroxyl radical leading to the S-O replacement. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that an increase of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) flow rate and the on-column concentration of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, as well as a decrease of the electrospray voltage reduce the degree of desulfurization. Comparative LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) sequencing of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide and its corresponding desulfurization product revealed evidence that the S-O replacement occurs at multiple phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage sites. In practice, the most convenient and effective strategy for minimizing this P = O artifact is to increase the LC flow rate and the on-column concentration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Another approach to mitigate possible detrimental effects of the undesired desulfurization is to operate the ESI source at a very low electrospray voltage to diminish the corona discharge; however this will significantly compromise sensitivity when analyzing the low-level P = O impurities in phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianming Wu
- API Chemistry and Analysis, Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Gindy ME, Leone AM, Cunningham JJ. Challenges in the pharmaceutical development of lipid-based short interfering ribonucleic acid therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:171-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.642363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Narang AS, Rao VM, Desai DS. Effect of Antioxidants and Silicates on Peroxides in Povidone. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:127-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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JIANG Z, LÜ H, ZHANG Y, LI C. Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuel Oils. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(10)60246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Krotz AH, Gaus H, Hardee GE. Formation of oligonucleotide adducts in pharmaceutical formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2005; 10:283-90. [PMID: 15926677 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-54464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During preformulation studies, we observed that oligonucleotide extracted from topical formulations contained considerable amounts of covalently modified oligonucleotide adducts. In this report, we describe the identification and characterization of reaction products that form when PS-oligodeoxyribonucleotide ISIS 2302 (1) is brought into contact with aqueous solutions of glycerol-derived excipients. Compatibility tests showed that the presence of certain glycerides in the formulation lead to adduct formation (1+58x amu, 1+72x amu, 1+58x+72y amu, x, and y are the number of modifications on one oligonucleotide strand). No adduct formation was observed in the presence of triglycerides or propylene glycol-derived excipients used in the study. Using nucleosides as model compounds, two modifications of deoxyguanosine were isolated by preparative reversed phase (RP)-high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Modifications were identified as N2-(1-carboxymethyl)- and N2-(1-carboxyethyl) derivatives of 2'-deoxyguanosine. The mechanism of formation of these adducts may involve advanced glycation reactions possibly caused by excipient impurities or degradation products such as glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim H Krotz
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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