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Gourin C, Alain S, Hantz S. Anti-CMV therapy, what next? A systematic review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1321116. [PMID: 38053548 PMCID: PMC10694278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1321116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the main causes of serious complications in immunocompromised patients and after congenital infection. There are currently drugs available to treat HCMV infection, targeting viral polymerase, whose use is complicated by toxicity and the emergence of resistance. Maribavir and letermovir are the latest antivirals to have been developed with other targets. The approval of letermovir represents an important innovation for CMV prevention in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, whereas maribavir allowed improving the management of refractory or resistant infections in transplant recipients. However, in case of multidrug resistance or for the prevention and treatment of congenital CMV infection, finding new antivirals or molecules able to inhibit CMV replication with the lowest toxicity remains a critical need. This review presents a range of molecules known to be effective against HCMV. Molecules with a direct action against HCMV include brincidofovir, cyclopropavir and anti-terminase benzimidazole analogs. Artemisinin derivatives, quercetin and baicalein, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 are derived from natural molecules and are generally used for different indications. Although they have demonstrated indirect anti-CMV activity, few clinical studies were performed with these compounds. Immunomodulating molecules such as leflunomide and everolimus have also demonstrated indirect antiviral activity against HCMV and could be an interesting complement to antiviral therapy. The efficacy of anti-CMV immunoglobulins are discussed in CMV congenital infection and in association with direct antiviral therapy in heart transplanted patients. All molecules are described, with their mode of action against HCMV, preclinical tests, clinical studies and possible resistance. All these molecules have shown anti-HCMV potential as monotherapy or in combination with others. These new approaches could be interesting to validate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gourin
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Limoges, France
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2
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Sawadpongpan S, Jaratsittisin J, Hitakarun A, Roytrakul S, Wikan N, Smith DR. Investigation of the activity of baicalein towards Zika virus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:143. [PMID: 37138273 PMCID: PMC10158012 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito transmitted virus spread primarily by Aedes species mosquitoes that can cause disease in humans, particularly when infection occurs in pregnancy where the virus can have a significant impact on the developing fetus. Despite this, there remains no prophylactic agent or therapeutic treatment for infection. Baicalein is a trihydroxyflavone, that is found in some traditional medicines commonly used in Asia, and has been shown to have several activities including antiviral properties. Importantly, studies have shown baicalein to be safe and well tolerated in humans, increasing its potential utilization. METHODS This study sought to determine the anti-ZIKV activity of baicalein using a human cell line (A549). Cytotoxicity of baicalein was determined by the MTT assay, and the effect on ZIKV infection determined by treating A549 cells with baicalien at different time points in the infection process. Parameters including level of infection, virus production, viral protein expression and genome copy number were assessed by flow cytometry, plaque assay, western blot and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that baicalein had a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of > 800 µM, and a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 124.88 µM. Time-of-addition analysis showed that baicalein had an inhibitory effect on ZIKV infection at the adsorption and post-adsorption stages. Moreover, baicalein also exerted a significant viral inactivation activity on ZIKV (as well as on dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus) virions. CONCLUSION Baicalein has now been shown to possess anti-ZIKV activity in a human cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atitaya Hitakarun
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, 73170, Thailand.
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Sun J, Zhu B, Sun Y, Li Z, Dong L, Chen J. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic markers of the scorching degree of Scutellariae Radix related to the variation patterns of flavonoids and carbohydrates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122312. [PMID: 36608518 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellariae Radix (SR) is a common herb in Asia and Europe. In the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, the raw SR is often stir-baked to partly scorch to reduce the side effects (stomach discomfort, diarrhea, etc.) but enhance some desired effects (such as the hemostatic activity). The scorching degree is crucial to assure the safety and efficacy of the scorched SR. Under-scorching is insufficient to adapt the adverse and favorable activities, while over-scorching can destroy all activities. Up to now, the scorching degree of SR is still determined by the manual observation of colors. Since the visual judgement is vulnerable to personal knowledge and experience, it is difficult to control the optimization and consistence of the scorching degree of SR. This research was designed to explore the potential indicators that can exactly reflect the scorching degree of SR and be measured objectively and quantitatively. A total of 15 morphological and chemical properties as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were included to profile the variations of the SR slices that were stir-baked at different temperatures for different times. According to the principal component analysis and statistical tests, 10 properties showed close relationships with the scorching degree of SR. As the increase of the heating time at the same heating temperature, the yield, L*, a*, b*, sucrose, baicalin and wogonoside decreased continuously and showed the monotone variation patterns. Meanwhile, 5-HMF, baicalein and wogonin showed the inflection variation patterns, which means these properties increased in the earlier stage but decreased in the later stage during the scorching process. FTIR spectra also revealed the variations of flavonoids and carbohydrates. The scorching degree of SR can be determined by the intuitive observation of FTIR spectral peaks at 1738 cm-1, 1705 cm-1, 1611 cm-1, 1586 cm-1, 1450 cm-1, 1410 cm-1 and 1023 cm-1. In summary, FTIR spectroscopy can be used for the rapid assessment of the scorching degree of SR, while the contents of flavonoid glycosides and aglycones may be used as the quality criteria of the scorched SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jianbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Song S, Ding L, Liu G, Chen T, Zhao M, Li X, Li M, Qi H, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang Q, Li X, Wang Z. The protective effects of baicalin for respiratory diseases: an update and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1129817. [PMID: 37007037 PMCID: PMC10060540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1129817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory diseases are common and frequent diseases. Due to the high pathogenicity and side effects of respiratory diseases, the discovery of new strategies for drug treatment is a hot area of research. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) has been used as a medicinal herb in China for over 2000 years. Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid active ingredient extracted from SBG that BA has been found to exert various pharmacological effects against respiratory diseases. However, there is no comprehensive review of the mechanism of the effects of BA in treating respiratory diseases. This review aims to summarize the current pharmacokinetics of BA, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its molecular mechanisms and therapeutical effects for treating respiratory diseases.Method: This review reviewed databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Web of Science from their inception to 13 December 2022, in which literature was related to “baicalin”, “Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi”, “COVID-19”, “acute lung injury”, “pulmonary arterial hypertension”, “asthma”, “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”, “pulmonary fibrosis”, “lung cancer”, “pharmacokinetics”, “liposomes”, “nano-emulsions”, “micelles”, “phospholipid complexes”, “solid dispersions”, “inclusion complexes”, and other terms.Result: The pharmacokinetics of BA involves mainly gastrointestinal hydrolysis, the enteroglycoside cycle, multiple metabolic pathways, and excretion in bile and urine. Due to the poor bioavailability and solubility of BA, liposomes, nano-emulsions, micelles, phospholipid complexes, solid dispersions, and inclusion complexes of BA have been developed to improve its bioavailability, lung targeting, and solubility. BA exerts potent effects mainly by mediating upstream oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune response pathways. It regulates are the NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2/HO-1, and ERK/GSK3β pathways.Conclusion: This review presents comprehensive information on BA about pharmacokinetics, baicalin-loaded nano-delivery system, and its therapeutic effects and potential pharmacological mechanisms in respiratory diseases. The available studies suggest that BA has excellent possible treatment of respiratory diseases and is worthy of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangwen Liu
- GCP Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Chen
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiru Zhao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Zeyu Wang,
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Zeyu Wang,
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Srivastava S, Mathew J, Pandey AC. Baicalein—A review on its molecular mechanism against breast cancer and delivery strategies. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Tuli HS, Bhushan S, Kumar A, Aggarwal P, Sak K, Ramniwas S, Vashishth K, Behl T, Rana R, Haque S, Prieto MA. Autophagy Induction by Scutellaria Flavones in Cancer: Recent Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:302. [PMID: 37259445 PMCID: PMC9962484 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In parallel with a steady rise in cancer incidence worldwide, the scientific community is increasingly focused on finding novel, safer and more efficient modalities for managing this disease. Over the past decades, natural products have been described as a significant source of new structural leads for novel drug candidates. Scutellaria root is one of the most studied natural products because of its anticancer potential. Besides just describing the cytotoxic properties of plant constituents, their molecular mechanisms of action in different cancer types are equally important. Therefore, this review article focuses on the role of the Scutellaria flavones wogonin, baicalein, baicalin, scutellarein and scutellarin in regulating the autophagic machinery in diverse cancer models, highlighting these molecules as potential lead compounds for the fight against malignant neoplasms. The knowledge that autophagy can function as a dual-edged sword, acting in both a pro- and antitumorigenic manner, further complicates the issue, revealing an amazing property of flavonoids that behave either as anti- or proautophagic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Sakshi Bhushan
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181143, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (P.B.T.I.), Phase VIII, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Kanupriya Vashishth
- Advance Cardiac Centre Department of Cardiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Rsearch (P.G.I.M.E.R.), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 122016, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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STS1 and STS2 Phosphatase Inhibitor Baicalein Enhances the Expansion of Hematopoietic and Progenitor Stem Cells and Alleviates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Myelosuppression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032987. [PMID: 36769312 PMCID: PMC9917816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STS1 and STS2, as the protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate FLT3 and cKIT, negatively regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). To obtain the small molecule inhibitors of STS1/STS2 phosphatase activity used to expand HSPCs both in vitro and in vivo, we establish an in vitro phosphatase assay using the recombinant proteins of the STS1/STS2 histidine phosphatase (HP) domain, by which we screened out baicalein (BC) as one of the effective inhibitors targeting STS1 and STS2. Then, we further demonstrate the direct binding of BC with STS1/STS2 using molecular docking and capillary electrophoresis and verify that BC can restore the phosphorylation of FLT3 and cKIT from STS1/STS2 inhibition. In a short-term in vitro culture, BC promotes profound expansion and enhances the colony-forming capacity of both human and mouse HSPCs along with the elevation of phospho-FLT3 and phospho-cKIT levels. Likewise, in vivo administration with BC significantly increases the proportions of short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSCs), multipotent progenitors (MPPs) and especially long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) in healthy mouse bone marrow and increases the numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) formed by HSPCs as well. More importantly, pre-administration of BC significantly enhances the survival of mice with lethal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection due to the alleviation of 5-FU-induced myelosuppression, as evidenced by the recovery of bone marrow histologic injury, the increased proportions of LT-HSCs, ST-HSCs and MPPs, and enhanced colony-forming capacity. Collectively, our study not only suggests BC as one of the small molecule candidates to stimulate HSPC expansion both in vitro and in vivo when needed in either physiologic or pathologic conditions, but also supports STS1/STS2 as potential therapeutic drug targets for HSPC expansion and hematopoietic injury recovery.
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Liang Z. Post-Harvest Processing Methods Have Critical Roles in the Contents of Active Ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238302. [PMID: 36500395 PMCID: PMC9739255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To find the best post-harvest processing method for Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, we explored the effects of fresh and traditional processing on the active ingredients in S. baicalensis and evaluated three drying techniques to determine the optimal post-harvest processing technique. We quantified four active ingredients (baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, and wogonin) in 16 different processed S. baicalensis samples that were harvested from Tongchuan, Shaanxi province, by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). In addition, we performed a similarity analysis (SA), a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and a principal component analysis (PCA) on the common peaks in S. baicalensis that were identified by the HPLC fingerprints. Compared to the traditional processing method, the fresh processing method could better preserve the four active ingredients in S. baicalensis, meanwhile, the similarity analysis (0.997-1.000) showed that the fresh processing was more similar to the traditional processing, and it did not change the type of 18 active ingredients in S. baicalensis. The cluster analysis results showed that the shade drying and sun drying methods results were more similar to each other, while the oven drying (60 °C) method results were clustered into one category. According to the results of the principal component analysis, S9, S7, and S8 had higher scores, and they were relatively well processed under these processing settings. Fresh processing could be an alternative to traditional processing; the moisture content was reduced to 24.38% under the sun drying condition, and it was the optimal post-harvest processing solution for S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8684-3301
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Lim DW, Wang JH. Gut Microbiome: The Interplay of an "Invisible Organ" with Herbal Medicine and Its Derived Compounds in Chronic Metabolic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13076. [PMID: 36293657 PMCID: PMC9603471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Resembling a concealed "organ" in a holobiont, trillions of gut microbes play complex roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, including participating in drug metabolism. The conventional opinion is that most of any drug is metabolized by the host and that individual differences are principally due to host genetic factors. However, current evidence indicates that only about 60% of the individual differences in drug metabolism are attributable to host genetics. Although most common chemical drugs regulate the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota is also known to be involved in drug metabolism, like the host. Interestingly, many traditional herbal medicines and derived compounds are biotransformed by gut microbiota, manipulating the compounds' effects. Accordingly, the gut microbiota and its specified metabolic pathways can be deemed a promising target for promoting drug efficacy and safety. However, the evidence regarding causality and the corresponding mechanisms concerning gut microbiota and drug metabolism remains insufficient, especially regarding drugs used to treat metabolic disorders. Therefore, the present review aims to comprehensively summarize the bidirectional roles of gut microbiota in the effects of herbal medicine in metabolic diseases to provide vital clues for guiding the clinical application of precision medicine and personalized drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woo Lim
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Institute of Bioscience & Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero 176, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35235, Korea
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Ganguly R, Gupta A, Pandey AK. Role of baicalin as a potential therapeutic agent in hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3047-3062. [PMID: 36051349 PMCID: PMC9331529 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural bioactive compound derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, which is extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. A literature survey demonstrated the broad spectrum of health benefits of baicalin such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardio-protective, hepatoprotective, renal protective, and neuroprotective properties. Baicalin is hydrolyzed to its metabolite baicalein by the action of gut microbiota, which is further reconverted to baicalin via phase 2 metabolism in the liver. Many studies have suggested that baicalin exhibits therapeutic potential against several types of hepatic disorders including hepatic fibrosis, xenobiotic-induced liver injury, fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholestasis, ulcerative colitis, hepatocellular and colorectal cancer. During in vitro and in vivo examinations, it has been observed that baicalin showed a protective role against liver and gut-associated abnormalities by modifying several signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-kappa B, transforming growth factor beta 1/SMAD3, sirtuin 1, p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase/Janus kinase, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinaseβ/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase pathways. Furthermore, baicalin also regulates the expression of fibrotic genes such as smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor, β-catenin, and inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-1β, and attenuates the production of apoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, caspase-9 and B-cell lymphoma 2. However, due to its low solubility and poor bioavailability, widespread therapeutic applications of baicalin still remain a challenge. This review summarized the hepatic and gastrointestinal protective attributes of baicalin with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the interaction of baicalin with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives of baicalin and baicalein on pulmonary hypertension: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113191. [PMID: 35643068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and fatal disease, for which new therapeutic drugs and approaches are needed urgently. Baicalein and baicalin, the active compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Numerous studies involving in vitro and in vivo models of PH have revealed that the treatment with baicalin and baicalein may be effective. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of baicalin and baicalein treatment on PH, including anti-inflammatory response, inhibition of pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, stabilization of the extracellular matrix, and mitigation of oxidative stress. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds have also been reviewed. The therapeutic potential of baicalin and baicalein warrants their continued study as natural treatments for PH.
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Liu H, Chang G, Wang W, Ji Z, Cui J, Peng Y. Pharmacokinetics, Prostate Distribution and Metabolic Characteristics of Four Representative Flavones after Oral Administration of the Aerial Part of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103245. [PMID: 35630722 PMCID: PMC9144537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aerial part of G. uralensis had pharmacological effects against chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP), and flavonoids are the main efficacy components. The purpose of this study was to obtain the pharmacokinetics, prostate distribution and metabolic characteristics of some flavonoids in rats. (2) Methods: The prototype flavones and the metabolites of four representative flavonoids, namely puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin in plasma, prostate, urine and feces of rats were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and distribution of prostate of four components were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. (3) Results: In total, 22, 17, 22 and 11 prototype flavones were detected in the prostate, plasma, urine and feces, respectively. The metabolites of puerarin in the prostate are hydrolysis and glucose-conjugated products, the metabolites of kaempferol and luteolin in the prostate are methylation and glucuronidation, and the metabolites of pinocembrin in the prostate are naringenin, oxidation, sulfation, methylation and glucuronidation products. The t1/2 of puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin was 6.43 ± 0.20, 31.08 ± 1.17, 18.98 ± 1.46 and 13.18 ± 0.72 h, respectively. The concentrations of the four flavonoids in prostate were ranked as kaempferol > pinocembrin > luteolin > puerarin. (4) Conclusions: Methylation and glucuronidation metabolites were the main metabolites detected in the prostate. A sensitive and validated HPLC−MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin in rat plasma and prostate was described, and it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and prostate distribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Guanhua Chang
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Z.J.); Tel.: +86-15811588577 (W.W.); +86-13999841009 (Z.J.)
| | - Zuen Ji
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Reserch of Licorice and Products, Korla 841011, China;
- Xinjiang Quanan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korla 841011, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Z.J.); Tel.: +86-15811588577 (W.W.); +86-13999841009 (Z.J.)
| | - Jie Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yifeng Peng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Reserch of Licorice and Products, Korla 841011, China;
- Xinjiang Quanan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korla 841011, China
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13
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Yingrui W, Zheng L, Guoyan L, Hongjie W. Research progress of active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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14
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Baicalein: promising therapeutic applications with special reference to published patents. Pharm Pat Anal 2022; 11:23-32. [PMID: 35345898 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein is a medicinally important flavonoid present in Scutellaria baicalensis, which has numerous biological benefits like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxicity, anticancer properties, etc. Recent studies have revealed that baicalein is an efficient antihepatoma agent and has the strongest antiproliferative effect toward cancerous bladder cell lines, and suppression of cell cycle progression in prostate cancer cells. This natural substance has a high commercial value because it strengthens the heart and cerebral vessels and protects the nervous system and also reduces diabetes and diabetic complications. In addition, baicalein is known to decrease inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In this review, we have attempted to compile the list of recent therapeutic patents of baicalein used for treating different disorders.
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15
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Li K, Liang Y, Cheng A, Wang Q, Li Y, Wei H, Zhou C, Wan X. Antiviral Properties of Baicalin: a Concise Review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2021; 31:408-419. [PMID: 34642508 PMCID: PMC8493948 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-021-00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin is one of the bioactive flavonoid glycosides isolated from the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Lamiaceae, with antiviral properties. In recent years, the antiviral activity of baicalin has been widely investigated to explore its molecular mechanism of action. In this mini-review, the molecular mechanisms of action of baicalin as an antiviral agent are evaluated, which included three categories: the inhibition or stimulation of JAK/STAT, TLRs, and NF-κB pathways; up or down modulation of the expression levels of IFN, IL, SOCS1/3, PKR protein, Mx1 protein, and AP-1 protein; and inhibition of cell apoptosis caused by virus infection. In addition, clinical studies of baicalin are also discussed. This literature search suggested that baicalin can serve as a potential candidate for the development of a novel broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Yiyu Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Ao Cheng
- Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033 China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Haocheng Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Changzheng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
| | - Xinhuan Wan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China
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16
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Rizk SA, Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YS, Abdallah OY. Novel bioemulsomes for baicalin oral lymphatic targeting: development, optimization and pharmacokinetics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1983-1998. [PMID: 34420422 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to elaborate on 'bioemulsomes,' novel biocompatible lipoprotein analogs for effective lymphatic transport of baicalin (BCL). Methods: BCL bioemulsomes were developed and optimized and in vitro physicochemical characterization performed. The bioavailability of BCL bioemulsomes compared with free BCL was investigated using in vivo pharmacokinetics studies. Finally, BCL lymphatic transport was assessed via cycloheximide blockade assay. Results: Optimized BCL-loaded nanoemulsomes showed promising in vitro characteristics that favor lymphatic targeting. In vivo pharmacokinetics showed a significant improvement in bioavailability over free BCL. A significant decrease in BCL emulsome absorption (33%) was exhibited after chemical blockage of the lymphatic pathway, confirming the lymphatic transport potential. Conclusion: Bioemulsomes could be a promising tool for bypassing BCL oral delivery hurdles as well as lymphatic transport, paving the way for potential treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22111, Egypt
| | - Yosra S Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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17
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Li L, Gao H, Lou K, Luo H, Hao S, Yuan J, Liu Z, Dong R. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral baicalein tablets in healthy Chinese subjects: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multiple-ascending-dose study. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2017-2024. [PMID: 34156161 PMCID: PMC8504836 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein is a biologically important flavonoid in extracted from the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which can effectively inhibit the influenza virus. This study aimed to analyze the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of baicalein tablets in healthy Chinese subjects and provide more information for phase II clinical trials. In this multiple-ascending-dose placebo-controlled trial, 36 healthy subjects were randomized to receive 200, 400, and 600 mg of baicalein tablet or placebo once daily on day 1 and day 10, 3 times daily on days 4-9. All groups were intended to produce safety and tolerability outcomes (lowest dose first). Blood and urine samples were collected from subjects in the 600 mg group for baicalein PK analysis. Our study had shown that Baicalein tablet was generally safe and well-tolerated. All adverse events were mild and resolved without any intervention except one case of fever reported in the 600 mg group, which was considered as moderate but not related with baicalein as judged by the investigator. Oral baicalein tablets were rapidly absorbed with peak plasma levels being reached within 2 h after multiple administration. The highest urinary excretion of baicalein and its metabolites peaked in 2 h, followed by 12 h, with a double peak trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Lou
- Department of Clinical Operations, Clinical Development Division, CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Development Division, CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Hao
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Development Division, CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Development Division, CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Huang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhao C, Zhang X, Zhao M. Simultaneous Determination of Four Bioactive Flavonoids in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study after Oral Administration of Danyikangtai Powder and Three Compatibilities. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200130112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Danyikangtai powder, a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, shows
promise to become a novel drug candidate for the simultaneous treatment of chronic cholecystitis and
chronic pancreatitis. However, the pharmacokinetic behavior of Danyikangtai powder remains unclear.
Objective:
We investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics of four flavonoids in rats after oral administration
of Danyikangtai powder and three compatibilities.
Materials and Methods:
The comparative pharmacokinetics was studied by ultra-performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed
on a Universil XB-C18 column with a gradient mobile phase containing 0.1% (v/v) aqueous
formic acid and acetonitrile. All analytes and internal standard were quantitated in the multiple reaction
monitoring modes with a positive electrospray ionization interface.
Results and Discussion:
Danyikangtai powder and Scutellariae radix have similar pharmacokinetic
behaviors in rats after oral administration. However, the elimination of four flavonoids in rats after oral
administration of Danyikangtai powder was accelerated, which was possibly related to the reduction of
the potential hepatotoxicity of Scutellariae radix. The varying degrees of change in pharmacokinetic
parameters after oral administration of different herb combinations suggested that herb–herb interactions
occurred in vivo.
Conclusions:
This study will be helpful to reveal the safety, rational and mechanism of Danyikangtai
powder formula compatibility, thereby providing pre-clinical research data for its new drug development
and guidance for its rational clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Huang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036,China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 3Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 3Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 3Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 3Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036,China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 3Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
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19
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Liu M, Liu X, Luo J, Bai T, Chen H. Effect of digestion on bound phenolic content, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic ability of insoluble dietary fibre from four Triticeae crops. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13746. [PMID: 33913169 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To assess the physiological functions of bound phenols in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from different Triticeae crops, bound phenols in IDF were extracted from wheat, triticale, barley and quinoa. In addition, model in vitro was established and used in evaluating the release of bound phenols and changes in their physiological functions after simulated digestion. Results showed that bound phenol content in IDF from Triticeae crops before digestion was higher than which during digestion, and its physiological functions were also better (p < .05). Moreover, barley extracted before digestion, its bound phenolic content in IDF was higher than those in other three Triticeae crops, besides,its bound phenol also showed better antioxidant ability. Before digestion, bound phenols in IDF from triticale showed the best hypoglycemic ability (the inhibition rate of α-glucosidase was 95%; the inhibition rate of α-amylase was 97%). In the simulated digestion model, the bound phenols were mainly released during the intestinal digestion stage, they showed better physiological functions than which released at the gastric digestion stage. The bound phenol content in triticale was higher and its physiological functions was better than those in the other crops. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this experiment showed that the release of bound phenols measured by chemical extraction (i.e., before digestion) was higher than that by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Compared with the chemical extraction method, in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion simulates the pH value and enzyme environment of food in the human body gastrointestinal digestion process more effectively. This study can provide reference for selecting Triticeae crops feeding in the future. To be more precise, bound phenol content in the insoluble dietary fiber of barley was the highest before digestion. The bound phenol in the insoluble dietary fiber of triticale had the best hypoglycemic ability. The bound phenolic compounds are mainly released during intestinal digestion, and their physiological functions are better than that in gastric digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcong Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xinzhi Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Junyun Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tingmei Bai
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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20
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Deng Y, Tu Y, Lao S, Wu M, Yin H, Wang L, Liao W. The role and mechanism of citrus flavonoids in cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7591-7614. [PMID: 33905288 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been ranked as the leading cause of death in the world, whose global incidence is increasing year by year. Citrus, one of the most popular fruits in the world, is rich in flavonoids. Citrus flavonoids attract special attention due to a variety of biological activities, especially in the prevention and treatment of CVDs. The research progress of citrus flavonoids on CVDs have been constantly updated, but relatively fragmented, which needed to be systematically summarized. Hence, the recent research about citrus flavonoids and CVDs were reviewed, including the types and in vivo processes of citrus flavonoids, epidemiology study and mechanism on prevention and treatment of CVDs by citrus flavonoids. This review would provide a theoretical basis for the citrus flavonoids research and a new idea in the citrus industry development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Tu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghui Lao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hantong Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linqing Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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21
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Zheng W, Sun G, Chen J, Li Z, Zhang T, Wei G, Wang H, Sun X, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Ma P, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Inhibitory effects of Coptidis Rhizoma on the intestinal absorption and metabolism of Scutellariae Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113785. [PMID: 33422653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) herb couple is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of diabetes mellitus due to its interaction and synergistic effect compared to either herb alone, but the underlying mechanism of interaction between these herbs is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CR on the metabolism and absorption of SR. MATERIALS AND METHODS After rats were treated with normal saline (NS group) or the CR extract (CR-treated group) for seven consecutive days, the intestinal flora was extracted from rat faeces for a co-incubation with the SR extract to investigate the metabolism of SR flavonoids, and a non-everted gut sac was prepared in vitro to evaluate the intestinal absorption of the SR extract. The components of the SR extract, the metabolites of the SR extract that was co-incubated with intestinal flora, and the dialysate acquired from non-everted gut sacs were identified and determined by an HPLC-MS/MS method. The absorption rate constant (Ka) and the apparent permeability (Papp) of each compound were calculated, and the effects of CR on the metabolism and absorption of flavonoids in SR were evaluated, by comparison the Ka and Papp between two groups using Student's t-test. RESULTS Twenty-nine flavonoids were detected and identified in the SR extract, including 16 glycosides and 13 aglycones. In the co-incubation with the intestinal flora, differences in metabolite classes were not observed between the NS group and CR-treated group; however, the metabolic rates of 17 flavonoids in the CR-treated group were significantly higher than the NS group. The Papp of 11 compounds (4 glycosides and 7 aglycones) across the gut sac were greater than 2 × 10-5 cm/s in both groups, while the Papp values of 7 compounds including wogonoside (WG) and other aglycones were significantly decreased in the CR-treated group. CONCLUSION Based on these results, CR decreased the metabolism and absorption of SR flavonoids, and exerted much greater inhibitory effects on aglycones than glycosides, which may be one of the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the combination of SR and CR on diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Guixia Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jianhua Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Guijie Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Hongya Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xiurui Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Pengkai Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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22
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Microwave-prepared mesoporous graphene as adsorbent and matrix of surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichment and rapid detection of polyphenols in biological samples. Talanta 2021; 222:121365. [PMID: 33167192 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional mesoporous graphene (3D-MG) prepared by microwave-assisted method was used as both the adsorbent and the matrix of SALDI-TOF MS for polyphenols analysis in biological samples. The outstanding microstructure of 3D-MG made it sensitive in small molecule analysis with low background interference and able to enrich trace polyphenols from complex samples. 3D-MG performed much better in the detection of small molecules than graphene prepared by ordinary method, and could further improve sensitivity and reduce detection limit by enrichment. Due to its unique hierarchical mesoporous structure, the interference of biological macromolecules in SALDI analysis could be eliminated after treatment by 3D-MG. Finally, 3D-MG was successfully applied to the screening of polyphenols in biological samples with simple process and high throughput. Moreover, this strategy had also promoted the development of new matrix in SALDI-TOF MS analysis, in which the matrix properties, adsorption capabilities and size effects of graphene-based materials were combined for the first time.
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23
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Tuli HS, Aggarwal V, Kaur J, Aggarwal D, Parashar G, Parashar NC, Tuorkey M, Kaur G, Savla R, Sak K, Kumar M. Baicalein: A metabolite with promising antineoplastic activity. Life Sci 2020; 259:118183. [PMID: 32781058 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, being a multifactorial disease has diverse presentation in different subgroups which is mainly attributed to heterogenous presentation of tumor cells. This cancer cell heterogeneity is the major reason for variable response to standard chemotherapeutic regimes owing to which high relapse rate and multi-drug resistance has increasingly been reported over the past decade. Interestingly, the research on natural compounds in combination with standard therapies have reported with interesting and promising results from the pre-clinical trials and few of which have also been tested in other phases of clinical trials. This review focusses on baicalein, an emerging anti-cancerous natural compound, its chemistry and mechanism of action. In view of promising pre-clinical this review is mainly motivated by the results observed from baicalein treatment of different cancer cell population. With the advancing scientific evidence on the anti-malignant potential of baicalein with respect to its pharmacological activities encompassing from anti-inflammatory to anti-angiogenic/anti-metastatic effects, the focus is mainly directed to understanding the precise mechanism of action of baicalein. In the process of understanding the underlying signaling cascades, the role of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), AKT serine/threonine protein kinase B (AKT), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and caspase-3/-8,-9 have been highlighted as the major players for baicalein anti-malignant potential. This is also supported by the interesting pre-clinical findings which cumulatively pave the way ahead for development of baicalein as an adjunct anti-cancer treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | | | - Muobarak Tuorkey
- Division of Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
| | - Raj Savla
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vileparle-West, Mumbai-56, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, India
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Synthesis of Novel Baicalein Amino Acid Derivatives and Biological Evaluation as Neuroprotective Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203647. [PMID: 31601055 PMCID: PMC6832219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a famously effective component of the traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Huang Qin (Scutellaria altissima L.), has been proved to have potent neuroprotection and anti-platelet aggregation effects with few side effects. Meanwhile, recent studies have revealed that the introduction of amino acid to baicalein could improve its neuroprotective activity. In the present study, a series of novel baicalein amino acid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for their neuroprotective effect against tert-butyl, hydroperoxide-induced, SH-SY5Y neurotoxicity cells and toxicity on the normal H9C2 cell line by standard methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition, all of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The results showed that most of the compounds provided more potent neuroprotection than baicalein, and were equivalent to the positive drug edaravin. They showed no obvious cytotoxicity on normal H9C2 cells. Notably, the most active compound 8 displayed the highest protective effect (50% effective concentration (EC50) = 4.31 μM) against tert-butyl, hydroperoxide-induced, SH-SY5Y neurotoxicity cells, which was much better than the baicalein (EC50 = 24.77 μM) and edaravin (EC50 = 5.62 μM). Further research on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model indicated that compound 8 could significantly increase angiogenesis, which might promote neurovascular proliferation. The detection of apoptosis analysis showed that compound 8 could dramatically alleviate morphological manifestations of cell damage. Moreover, the benzyloxycarbonyl (cbz)-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives showed better neuroprotective activity than the t-Butyloxy carbonyl (boc)-protected derivatives.
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25
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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Dinu-Pirvu C, Anuţa V, Negulescu V. Pharmacokinetics of B-Ring Unsubstituted Flavones. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E370. [PMID: 31374885 PMCID: PMC6723510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B-ring unsubstituted flavones (of which the most widely known are chrysin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A) are 2-phenylchromen-4-one molecules of which the B-ring is devoid of any hydroxy, methoxy, or other substituent. They may be found naturally in a number of herbal products used for therapeutic purposes, and several have been designed by researchers and obtained in the laboratory. They have generated interest in the scientific community for their potential use in a variety of pathologies, and understanding their pharmacokinetics is important for a grasp of their optimal use. Based on a comprehensive survey of the relevant literature, this paper examines their absorption (with deglycosylation as a preliminary step) and their fate in the body, from metabolism to excretion. Differences among species (inter-individual) and within the same species (intra-individual) variability have been examined based on the available data, and finally, knowledge gaps and directions of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dinu-Pirvu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Valentina Anuţa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Vlad Negulescu
- Department of Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Huang T, Liu Y, Zhang C. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability Enhancement of Baicalin: A Review. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:159-168. [PMID: 30209794 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is one of the major bioactive components of Scutellaria radix, a Chinese herb that has been used since ancient times. Baicalin has various pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant, and has wide clinical applications. Baicalin displays a distinct pharmacokinetic profile including gastrointestinal hydrolysis, enterohepatic recycling, carrier-mediated transport, and complicated metabolism. The in vivo disposition of baicalin is affected by combinations of other herbs and baicalin can interact with other co-administered drugs due to competition between metabolic enzymes and protein binding. Furthermore, baicalin exhibits altered pharmacokinetic properties under different pathological conditions. Due to its low bioavailability, emerging novel baicalin preparations including nano/micro-scale baicalin delivery systems show better absorption and higher bioavailability in preclinical studies, and show promise for future clinical applications. Thus, this current review offers a comprehensive report on the pharmacokinetic behavior of baicalin and strategies to improve its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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27
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Lu G, Xu L, Zhang T, Deng X, Wang J. A potential bio-control agent from baical skullcap root against listeriosis via the inhibition of sortase A and listeriolysin O. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2042-2051. [PMID: 30585434 PMCID: PMC6378236 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a classical model intracellular pathogen and the leading cause of listeriosis, which has long been a global public health issue. The successful infection of LM is related to a series of virulence factors, such as the transpeptidase enzyme sortase A (SrtA) and listeriolysin O (LLO), which are crucial for bacterial internalization and escape from phagosomes respectively. It is speculated that targeting multiple virulence factors may be due to a synergistic effect on listeriosis therapy. In this study, an active flavonoids component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, baicalein, was found to potently block both listerial SrtA catalyzed activity and LLO hemolytic activity within 16 μg/mL. After pretreatment with baicalein, 86.30 (±11.35) % of LM failed to associate with Caco-2 cells compared to the LM without preincubation (regarded as 100% internalization). Furthermore, baicalein addition may aid in bacterial degradation and clearance in macrophagocytes. During a 5 h observation, LM in cells incubated with baicalein showed significantly decreased vacuole escapes and sluggish endocellular growth. In addition, baicalein directly prevented LM-induced cells injury and mice fatality (survival rate from 10.00% to 54.55% in 4 days post-intraperitoneal injection). Taken together, as an antagonist against SrtA and LLO, baicalein can be further developed into a biotherapeutic agent for listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gejin Lu
- Center of Infection and Immunity, First HospitalJilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130021China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130062China
| | - Lei Xu
- Center of Infection and Immunity, First HospitalJilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130021China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130062China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center of Infection and Immunity, First HospitalJilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130021China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130062China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Center of Infection and Immunity, First HospitalJilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130021China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130062China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center of Infection and Immunity, First HospitalJilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130021China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin, 130062China
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Chen ME, Su CH, Yang JS, Lu CC, Hou YC, Wu JB, Hsu YM. Baicalin, Baicalein, and Lactobacillus Rhamnosus JB3 Alleviated Helicobacter pylori Infections in Vitro and in Vivo. J Food Sci 2018; 83:3118-3125. [PMID: 30468256 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The flavonoid compounds baicalin and baicalein found in many medicinal plants exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect. The administration of Lactobacillus strains reducing the risk of H. pylori infection is well accepted. In this study, the therapeutic effects against H. pylori infection of baicalin, baicalein, and L. rhamnosus JB3 (LR-JB3), isolated from a dairy product, were investigated. Compared to baicalin, baicalein exhibited stronger anti-H. pylori activity and cytotoxicity on human gastric cancer epithelial AGS cells. Baicalin and baicalein both suppressed the vacA gene expression of H. pylori and interfered with the adhesion and invasion ability of H. pylori to AGS cells, as well as decreased H. pylori-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression. In the mice infection model, high dosages of baicalin and baicalein inhibited H. pylori growth in the mice stomachs. Serum IL-1β levels and H. pylori-specific serum IgM and IgA levels in mice treated with baicalin and baicalein were decreased. Moreover, a synergistic therapeutic effect of baicalein and LR-JB3 on eradicating H. pylori infections was observed. Thus, administrating baicalin, baicalein, or LR-JB3 for an H. pylori infection could offer similar therapeutic effects to administering antibiotics while not disturbing the balance of gut microbiota. This study revealed the effects of baicalin, baicalein, and LR-JB3 on attenuating the virulence of H. pylori. The synergistic effect with baicalein and LR-JB3 provides the experimental rationale for testing the reliability, safety, and efficacy of this approach in higher animals and perhaps ultimately in humans to eradicate H. pylori infections. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Baicalin and baicalein exert health promotion and avoidance of H. pylori infections by interfering with H. pylori growth and virulence. Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB3 was used to reduce the gastric inflammation caused by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-En Chen
- Dept. of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Dept. of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Dept. of Medical Research, China Medical Univ. Hospital, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Dept. of Sport Performance, Natl. Taiwan Univ. of Sport, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Dept. of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical Univ., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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30
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Wu L, Bi Y, Wu H. Formulation optimization and the absorption mechanisms of nanoemulsion in improving baicalin oral exposure. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:266-275. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1391831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hongfei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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31
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Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, Kim S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1021-1032. [PMID: 28922719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, neurodegenerative diseases are the most challenging global health problems. Neuronal cell death or damage is a key factor for many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of effective neuroprotective agents, especially from natural sources. In particular, phytochemicals have shown high efficacy with low side effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the various phytoconstituents, flavonoids are important bioactive products and mainly found in various vegetables and fruits. Among them, baicalein is one of the important flavones, which is mainly found in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. A number of studies have reported that baicalein has potent neuroprotective properties under in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature in connection with the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and its molecular mechanisms of action. The current review highlights could be useful to identify novel therapeutic agents in relation to the treatment of neurotoxicity-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Xing S, Wang M, Peng Y, Li X. Effects of Intestinal Microecology on Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Wogonoside and Baicalin. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin and wogonoside are two of the most abundant flavonoid glycosides in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is a widely used peroral herbal medicine with anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the effects of intestinal microecology on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of orally administered baicalin and wogonoside were investigated by UPLC-QTOF/MS measurement of the difference in metabolites between normal and antibiotic-pretreated rats. In the antibiotic-pretreated rats, the plasma concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of the two flavonoid glycosides and their relevant aglycone forms were significantly changed compared with those in normal rats. Further, hydrolysis and glucuronidated metabolites were not detected in the cecum contents and urine samples from antibiotic-pretreated rats. These results suggested that intestinal microbiota may play a key role in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of peroral baicalin and wogonoside. According to our findings, it is recommended that the root of S. baicalensis should not be co-administered with antibiotics in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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33
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Li J, Jiang Q, Deng P, Chen Q, Yu M, Shang J, Li W. The formation of a host-guest inclusion complex system between β-cyclodextrin and baicalin and its dissolution characteristics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:663-674. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Baicalin (BCL) has potential therapeutic benefits, but its clinical outcomes are restricted mainly because of low water solubility. This study sought to improve the water solubility of BCL by the formation of inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
Methods
The inclusion complex was studied by solubility test, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Molecular docking was conducted to verify the experimental findings. The dissolution rate was determined by dialysis membrane method. In vivo absorption studies in rats were conducted and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the plasma level of BCL after oral administration.
Key findings
The DSC, FTIR, XRD, 1HNMR and SEM findings suggested the formation of inclusion complex between BCL and β-CD in 1 : 1 stoichiometry. Molecular docking demonstrated the insertion of benzene ring of BCL into β-CD cavity by hydrophobic interactions and possible H-bond formation. Moreover, β-CD markedly improved the solubility of BCL and displayed AL-type phase diagrams. The improvement in dissolution rate of the inclusion complex was reflected in the earlier Tmax, higher Cmax and larger AUC0–t than that of BCL after oral administration.
Conclusions
β-cyclodextrin complex can be used as an effective formulation strategy for development of BCL-loaded delivery system with better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qihua Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingan Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingchuan Shang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pang H, Xue W, Shi A, Li M, Li Y, Cao G, Yan B, Dong F, Xiao W, He G, Du G, Hu X, Cheng G. Multiple-Ascending-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety Evaluation of Baicalein Chewable Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 36:713-724. [PMID: 27352310 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Baicalein, a flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a neuroprotective agent under development to treat Parkinson's disease. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of baicalein after a multiple-ascending-dose protocol in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS In this single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, participants were randomized to receive baicalein (n = 8 per dose regimen) or placebo (n = 2 per dose regimen). Dosing regimens were 200, 400, and 800 mg once daily on days 1 and 10, twice daily on days 3-9. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were assayed for baicalein and its predominant metabolite baicalin using validated HPLC-MS/MS methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed using standard non-compartmental analysis. Dose proportionality was assessed with a method combining equivalence criterion and power model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring adverse events and laboratory parameters. RESULTS Thirty-three of 36 enrolled participants completed the study. A total of 44 adverse events occurred in 23 participants. A steady-state concentration of analytes in plasma was achieved on day 8 after repeated dosing. Analytes concentrations and exposure increased with increasing dose. The dose proportionality constant (β) for AUCss of baicalein and baicalin was 0.922 (90 % confidence interval, 0.650-1.195) and 0.942 (90 % confidence interval, 0.539-1.345), respectively. The accumulation index varied from 1.66 to 2.07 for baicalein and from 1.68 to 2.45 for baicalin. CONCLUSION In dose range of 200-800 mg, multiple-dose oral baicalein administration was safe and well tolerated, dose proportionality was inconclusive, and no serious accumulation of baicalein was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical CO.LTD, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Yue P, Xiao M, Xie Y, Ma Y, Guan Y, Wu Z, Hu P, Wang Y. The Roles of Vitrification of Stabilizers/Matrix Formers for the Redispersibility of Drug Nanocrystals After Solidification: a Case Study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1274-1284. [PMID: 26689405 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the roles of vitrification of stabilizers/matrix formers for the redispersibility of drug nanocrystal powder after solidification at storage stress, the influence of different drying methods and storage stresses on stability of drug nanocrystals was systemically investigated. A poorly soluble drug, baicalin, used as model drug was converted into baicalin nanocrystals (BCN-NC). The residual moisture contents of BCN-NC were applied at two different stress conditions defined as "conservative" (<1%) and "aggressive" (>1%), respectively. The influence of different stabilizers, matrix formers, and storage stresses on the redispersibility of BCN-NC powder was systemically investigated, respectively. The results showed that storage stresses had significantly influence the redispersibility of BCN-NC. Aggressive storage temperature and residual moisture could be unfavorable factors for stability of drug nanocrystals, due to the exacerbation of aggregation of BCN-NC induced by vitrification. It was demonstrated that vitrification of spray-dried BCN-NC was dependent on temperature and time. The polymeric stabilizers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) with high glass transition temperature (T g) played more important role in protecting the BCN-NC from breakage during storage, compared to the surfactants Tween 80, D-α-tocopherol acid polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), or RH 40. Besides, the polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and lactose with high T g were effective matrix formers for preserving the redispersibility of BCN-NC. It was concluded that the vitrification transition of stabilizers/matrix formers could be responsible for aggregation of drug nanocrystals during storage, which was a time-dependent process. The suitable residual moisture contents (RMC) and T g were very important for preserving the stability of drug nanocrystals during storage.
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Baicalin-Induced Drug Interaction and Its Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2016; 21:337. [PMID: 26978333 PMCID: PMC6273104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since many glycoside compounds in natural products are hydrolyzed by intestinal microbiota when administered orally, it is of interest to know whether their pharmacological effects are derived from the glycoside itself or from the aglycone form in vivo. An interesting example is baicalin versus baicalein, the aglycone of baicalin, which is contained in some herbs from Labiatae including Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria lateriflora Linne. The herbs have been extensively used for treatment of inflammatory diseases in Asia. Although there have been numerous reports regarding the pharmacological effects of baicalin and baicalein in vivo and in vitro, some reports indicated that the glycoside form would hardly be absorbed in the intestine and that it should be hydrolyzed to baicalein in advance for absorption. Therefore, the role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota should also be considered in the metabolism of baicalin. In addition, baicalin contains a glucuronide moiety in its structure, by which baicalin and baicalein show complex pharmacokinetic behaviors, due to the interconversion between them by phase II enzymes in the body. Recently, concerns about drug interaction with baicalin and/or baicalein have been raised, because of the co-administration of Scutellaria species with certain drugs. Herein, we reviewed the role of intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetic characteristics of baicalin and baicalein, with regards to their pharmacological and toxicological effects.
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Chen F, Wen Q, Jiang J, Li HL, Tan YF, Li YH, Zeng NK. Could the gut microbiota reconcile the oral bioavailability conundrum of traditional herbs? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:253-264. [PMID: 26723469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A wealth of information is emerging about the impact of gut microbiota on human health and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. As we learn more, we find out the gut microbiota has the potential as new territory for drug targeting. Some novel therapeutic approaches could be developed through reshaping the commensal microbial structure using combinations of different agents. The gut microbiota also affects drug metabolism, directly and indirectly, particularly towards the orally administered drugs. Herbal products have become the basis of traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicine and also been being considered valuable materials in modern drug discovery. Of note, low oral bioavailability but high bioactivity is a conundrum not yet solved for some herbs. Since most of herbal products are orally administered, the herbs' constituents are inevitably exposed to the intestinal microbiota and the interplays between herbal constituents and gut microbiota are expected. Emerging explorations of herb-microbiota interactions have an opportunity to revolutionize the way we view herbal therapeutics. The present review aims to provide information regarding the health promotion and/or disease prevention by the interplay between traditional herbs with low bioavailability and gut microbiota through gut microbiota via two different types of mechanisms: (1) influencing the composition of gut microbiota by herbs and (2) metabolic reactions of herbal constituents by gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major data bases (PubMed and Web of Science) were searched using "gut microbiota", "intestinal microbiota", "gut flora", "intestinal flora", "gut microflora", "intestinal microflora", "herb", "Chinese medicine", "traditional medicine", or "herbal medicine" as keywords to find out studies regarding herb-microbiota interactions. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) was also used to collect the data of commonly used medicinal herbs and their quality control approaches. RESULTS Among the 474 monographs of herbs usually used in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the quality control approach of 284 monographs is recommended to use high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Notably, the major marker compounds (>60%) for quality control are polyphenols, polysaccharides and saponins, with significant oral bioavailability conundrum. Results from preclinical and clinical studies on herb-microbiota interactions showed that traditional herbs could exert heath promotion and disease prevention roles via influencing the gut microbiota structure. On the other hand, herb constituents such as ginsenoside C-K, hesperidin, baicalin, daidzin and glycyrrhizin could exert their therapeutic effects through gut microbiota-mediated bioconversion. CONCLUSIONS Herb-microbiota interaction studies provide novel mechanistic understanding of the traditional herbs that exhibit poor oral bioavailability. "Microbiota availability" could be taken consideration into describing biological measurements in the therapeutic assessment of herbal medicine. Our review should be of value in stimulating discussions among the scientific community on this relevant theme and prompting more efforts to complement herb-microbiota interactions studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Qi Wen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yin-Feng Tan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yong-Hui Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Nian-Kai Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Erdogan Orhan I, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. The effects of baicalein and baicalin on mitochondrial function and dynamics: A review. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:296-308. [PMID: 26318266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cell survival by providing energy, calcium buffering, and regulating apoptosis. A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences, including impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. The therapeutical role of flavonoids on these diseases is gaining increasing acceptance. Numerous studies on experimental models have revealed the favorable role of flavonoids on mitochondrial function and structure. This review highlights the promising role of baicalin and its aglycone form, baicalein, on mitochondrial function and structure with a focus on its therapeutic effects. We also discuss their chemistry, sources and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ma G, Zhang L, Zhang P, Bao X, Zhou N, Shi Q, Zheng Y, Liu H, Bu F, Zhang Y, Huang W, Wang F, Zhu Y, Cai W. Physicochemical characteristics and gastrointestinal absorption behaviors ofS-propargyl-cysteine, a potential new drug candidate for cardiovascular protection and antitumor treatment. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:322-34. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.980369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Li M, Shi A, Pang H, Xue W, Li Y, Cao G, Yan B, Dong F, Li K, Xiao W, He G, Du G, Hu X. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single ascending dose of baicalein chewable tablets in healthy subjects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:210-5. [PMID: 25219601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation, fever, cough, dysentery, and hypertension. Baicalein is a flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and is a novel neuroprotective agent under development for the treatment of Parkinson׳s disease. We aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of baicalein and its main metabolite, bacalin, after single-dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects. The safety and tolerability of baicalein were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, single-dose trial of baicalein (100-2800 mg) in 72 healthy adults. Samples of blood, urine and feces were collected at regular intervals up to 48 h after administration of the study drug. Baicalein and baicalin were then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The maximum concentration that the drug achieved after dosing (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), terminal half-life (t₁/₂), area under the curve from time zero to time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC(0, t)), area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(0, ∞)), apparent total plasma clearance (CL/F), and apparent total volume of distribution (V/F) were determined using non-compartmental models. Dose proportion was tested using a method combining the equivalence criterion and power model. Physical examinations, vital signs, ECG findings, hematology, and urinalysis were monitored before and at regular intervals after administration of the study drug. RESULTS The PK profile of baicelein and baicelin was characterized by a median Tmax of 0.75-3.5 h and 0.5-3 h, respectively, followed by a multiphasic profile with a t₁/₂ of 1.90-15.01 h and 4.22-10.80 h, respectively. The estimates of the proportionality coefficient (90% CI) for Cmax, AUC₀-t and AUC₀-∞ were 0.83 (0.70-0.96), 0.91 (0.81-1.00) and 0.92 (0.82-1.02), respectively. All values overlapped within the pre-specified range of (0.89-1.11), (0.93-1.07), and (0.93-1.07), respectively. Dose proportionality was inconclusive for a baicalein dose range of 100-2800 mg. The total urinary clearance of baicalein and baicalin was <1%. Approximately 27% of baicalein was eliminated as unchanged drug in feces. Baicalein was well tolerated. Eleven treatment-related adverse events were observed, and all were rated as "mild" and resolved without further treatment. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Single oral doses of 100-2800 mg of baicalein were safe and well tolerated by healthy subjects. Clinical laboratory assessments showed no signs of toxicity in the liver or kidney. The favorable safety profile and PK properties warrant further clinical studies for baicalein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Aixin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Hongxian Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guoying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- StateKey Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, JiangsuKanion Parmaceutical CO. LTD., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, China
| | - Guorong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Clinical pharmacology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
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The anti-inflammation effect of baicalin on experimental colitis through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:294-303. [PMID: 25239813 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baicalin holds a protective effect on inflammatory responses in several diseases. However, its molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity on ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unknown. The present study was conducted to verify whether the anti-inflammation effect of baicalin on experimental colitis is via inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. METHODS The inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells was induced by LPS and in rats by intrarectal administration of TNBS. Western blot analysis was carried out to examine toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB, p-NF-κB p65, IκB and p-IκB protein expressions in cells. Furthermore, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels in cell supernatant and rat serum were detected by appropriate kits. An immunohistochemical assay was applied to examine TNF-α and IL-1β protein expression in colon tissues and TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 protein expressions in RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS Baicalin ameliorates the considered inflammatory symptoms of induced colitis. It could also down-regulate pro-inflammatory mediators in the colon mucosa. The decline in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was correlated with the decrease in mucosal TLR4 protein expression. The expression of p-NF-κB p65 protein was significantly decreased, which correlated with a similar decrease in p-IκB protein. Consistent with the in vivo results, baicalin blocked LPS-stimulated nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB p65 in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates for the first time that the mechanism for baicalin on abrogating experimental colitis was targeted inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation.
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Shi-Ying J, Jin H, Shi-Xiao J, Qing-Yuan L, Jin-Xia B, Chen HG, Rui-Sheng L, Wei W, Hai-Long Y. Characterization and evaluation in vivo of baicalin-nanocrystals prepared by an ultrasonic-homogenization-fluid bed drying method. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:71-80. [PMID: 24484600 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the absorption and bioavailability of baicalin using a nanocrystal (or nanosuspension) drug delivery system. METHODS A tandem, ultrasonic-homogenization-fluid bed drying technology was applied to prepare baicalin-nanocrystal dried powders, and the physicochemical properties of baicalin-nanocrystals were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, physical stability, and solubility experiments. Furthermore, in situ intestine single-pass perfusion experiments and pharmacokinetics in rats were performed to make a comparison between the microcrystals of baicalin and pure baicalin in their absorption properties and bioavailability in vivo. RESULTS The mean particle size of baicalin-nanocrystals was 236 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.173, and a zeta potential value of -34.8 mV, which provided a guarantee for the stability of the reconstituted nanosuspension. X-Ray diffraction results indicated that the crystallinity of baicalin was decreased through the ultrasonic-homogenization process. Physical stability experiments showed that the prepared baicalin-nanocrystals were sufficiently stable. It was shown that the solubility of baicalin in the form of nanocrystals, at 495 μg·mL(-1), was much higher than the baicalin-microcrystals and the physical mixture (135 and 86.4 μg·mL(-1), respectively). In situ intestine perfusion experiments demonstrated a clear advantage in the dissolution and absorption characteristics for baicalin-nanocrystals compared to the other formulations. In addition, after oral administration to rats, the particle size decrease from the micron to nanometer range exhibited much higher in vivo bioavailability (with the AUC(0-t) value of 206.96 ± 21.23 and 127.95 ± 14.41 mg·L(-1)·h(-1), respectively). CONCLUSION The nanocrystal drug delivery system using an ultrasonic-homogenization-fluid bed drying process is able to improve the absorption and in vivo bioavailability of baicalin, compared with pure baicalin coarse powder and micronized baicalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shi-Ying
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China; School of Pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Han Jin
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jin Shi-Xiao
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China; School of Pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Lv Qing-Yuan
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bai Jin-Xia
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China; School of Pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Hong-Ge Chen
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Li Rui-Sheng
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China.
| | - Yuan Hai-Long
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.
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Shi-Xiao J, Shi-Ying J, Lv QY, Shan-Shan F, Jin H, Yuan HL. Mixed nanomicelles loaded with thymopeptides-sodium deoxycholate/phospholipid improve drug absorption. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:65-70. [PMID: 24484599 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the absorption of thymopeptides (TH) by preparing sodium deoxycholate/phospholipid-mixed nanomicelles (SDC/PL-MMs). METHODS TH-SDC/PL-MMs were prepared by a film dispersion method, and then evaluated using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), zeta potential measurement, as well as their physical stability after storage for several days. Furthermore, in situ intestinal single-pass perfusion experiments and pharmacodynamics in immunodeficient mice were performed to make a comparison with TH powders and the control drug in absorption properties. RESULTS A narrow size distribution of nanomicelles, with a mean particle size of (149 ± 8.32) nm and a zeta potential of (-31.05 ± 2.52) mV, was obtained. The in situ intestine perfusion experiments demonstrated a significant advantage in absorption characteristics for TH compared to the other formulations, and oral administration of TH-SDC/PL-MMs potentiated an equivalent effect with i.h. TH in pharmacodynamic studies in immunodeficient mice. CONCLUSIONS TH-SDC/PL-MMs prepared by a film dispersion method are able to improve the absorption of TH. SDC/PL-MMs might be a good approach for the more effective delivery of drugs like TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shi-Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; School of pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Jin Shi-Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; School of pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fu Shan-Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; School of pharmaceutics, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Han Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Hai-Long Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Chen H, Gao Y, Wu J, Chen Y, Chen B, Hu J, Zhou J. Exploring therapeutic potentials of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein for hematological malignancies. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:5-11. [PMID: 25128647 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the targeted therapy for various types of hematological malignancies with successful improvements in the survival rates, emerging resistance issues are startlingly high and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In addition, chemoprevention is currently becoming an elusive goal. Plant-derived natural products have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to the potential dual functions as chemotherapeutics and dietary chemoprevention. One of the particularly ubiquitous families is the polyphenolic flavonoids. Among them, baicalin and its aglycone baicalein have been widely investigated in hematological malignancies because both of them exhibit remarkable pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the recent achievements in drug discovery research associated with baicalin and baicalein for hematological malignancy therapies. The promising anticancer activities of these two flavonoids targeting diverse signaling pathways and their potential biological mechanisms in different types of hematological malignancies, as well as the combination strategy with baicalin or baicalein as chemotherapeutic adjuvants for recent therapies in these intractable diseases are discussed. Meanwhile, the biotransformation of baicalin and baicalein and the relevant approaches to improve their bioavailability are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jianlei Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Buyuan Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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He MY, Deng YX, Shi QZ, Zhang XJ, Lv Y. Comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Jiedu decoction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:334-342. [PMID: 24910405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) is used traditionally in China for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in clinical practice, which has been proved to be effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics (especially the area under the curve, AUC) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract and to explore its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS HLJDD extract and Radix scutellariae extract were prepared and the contents of baicalin and wogonoside contained in two extracts were assayed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Type 2 diabetic rats were induced by high fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Pharmacokinetics of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal control rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract or Radix scutellariae extract were investigated. Pharmacokinetics of baicalin in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of pure baicalin was also investigated. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameters (especially AUCs) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract were remarkably different from those in normal rats. And the alterations of the AUCs of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of Radix scutellariae extract were similar to those after oral administration of HLJDD extract. Moreover, the increase of the AUC of baicalin in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of pure baicalin was similar to that after oral administration of HLJDD extract or Radix scutellariae extract. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic behaviors of baicalin and wogonoside (especially the systemic exposure [AUCs] of baicalin and wogonoside) were significantly altered in type 2 diabetic rats after orally administrated HLJDD extract. And the increased AUCs of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract resulted from neither the effects of other herbs contained in HLJDD nor the effects of other components contained in Radix scutellariae. It might result from the effects of the pathological status of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yuan-Xiong Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China.
| | - Qun-Zhi Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
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Fu Y, Luo J, Jia Z, Zhen W, Zhou K, Gilbert E, Liu D. Baicalein Protects against Type 2 Diabetes via Promoting Islet β-Cell Function in Obese Diabetic Mice. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:846742. [PMID: 25147566 PMCID: PMC4132321 DOI: 10.1155/2014/846742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), the deterioration of glycemic control over time is primarily caused by an inadequate mass and progressive dysfunction of β-cell, leading to the impaired insulin secretion. Here, we show that dietary supplementation of baicalein, a flavone isolated from the roots of Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, improved glucose tolerance and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in high-fat diet (HFD-) induced middle-aged obese mice. Baicalein had no effect on food intake, body weight gain, circulating lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Using another mouse model of type 2 diabetes generated by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and low doses of streptozotocin injection, we found that baicalein treatment significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin levels in these middle-aged obese diabetic mice, which are associated with the improved islet β-cell survival and mass. In the in vitro studies, baicalein significantly augmented GSIS and promoted viability of insulin-secreting cells and human islets cultured either in the basal medium or under chronic hyperlipidemic condition. These results demonstrate that baicalein may be a naturally occurring antidiabetic agent by directly modulating pancreatic β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercises, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Drive, Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercises, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Drive, Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Wei Zhen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercises, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Drive, Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kequan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit , MI 48202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gilbert
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercises, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Drive, Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods & Exercises, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1981 Kraft Drive, Corporate Research Center, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- *Dongmin Liu:
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Zhao L, Wei Y, Huang Y, He B, Zhou Y, Fu J. Nanoemulsion improves the oral bioavailability of baicalin in rats: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3769-79. [PMID: 24124365 PMCID: PMC3794992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is one of the main bioactive flavone glucuronides derived as a medicinal herb from the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and it is widely used for the treatment of fever, inflammation, and other conditions. Due to baicalin’s poor solubility in water, its absolute bioavailability after oral administration is only 2.2%. The objective of this study was to develop a novel baicalin-loaded nanoemulsion to improve the oral bioavailability of baicalin. Based on the result of pseudoternary phase diagram, the nanoemulsion formulation consisting of soy-lecithin, tween-80, polyethylene glycol 400, isopropyl myristate, and water (1:2:1.5:3.75:8.25, w/w) was selected for further study. Baicalin-loaded nanoemulsions (BAN-1 and BAN-2) were prepared by internal or external drug addition and in vivo and in vitro evaluations were performed. The results showed that the mean droplet size, polydispersity index, and drug content of BAN-1 and BAN-2 were 91.2 ± 2.36 nm and 89.7 ± 3.05 nm, 0.313 ± 0.002 and 0.265 ± 0.001, and 98.56% ± 0.79% and 99.40% ± 0.51%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical globules and confirmed droplet size analysis. After dilution 30-fold with water, the solubilization capacity of BAN-1 and BAN-2 did not change. In vitro release results showed sustained-release characteristics. BAN-1 formulation was stable for at least 6 months and was more stable than BAN-2. In rats, the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve value of BAN-1 was 1.8-fold and 7-fold greater than those of BAN-2 and free baicalin suspension after oral administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the baicalin-loaded nanoemulsion formulation, in particular BAN-1, was very effective for improving the oral bioavailability of baicalin and exhibited great potential for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China ; Drug and Functional Food Research Center, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhu H, Qian Z, He F, Liu M, Pan L, Zhang Q, Tang Y. Novel pharmacokinetic studies of the Chinese formula Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang in MCAO rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:767-774. [PMID: 23628154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that after oral administration of an Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) decoction, there is a higher concentration of the pure components, berberine, baicalin and gardenoside in the plasma of Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats than in sham-operated rats, The aim of the present study was to determine whether these components could be reliably measured in MCAO rat tissues. First, the plasma concentration-time profiles of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside were characterised in MCAO rats after oral administration of the aqueous extract of HLJDT. Subsequently, liver, lung and kidney tissues were obtained from sudden death MCAO rats in the absorption phase (0.25 h), the distribution phase (1.0 h) and the elimination phase (8.0 h) after administration of the HLJDT aqueous extract. An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of the distribution characteristics of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside simultaneously from the above-mentioned rat tissues. The results indicated that berberine, palmatine, baicalin and baicalein distributed rapidly and accumulated at high levels in the lung, while gardenoside distributed widely in the lung and the kidney. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the distribution of the active ingredients derived from HLJDT in MCAO rat tissues. The tissue distribution results provide a biopharmaceutical basis for the design of the clinic application of HLJDT in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxu Zhu
- Separation Engineering of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Shen B, Jin S, Lv Q, Jin S, Yu C, Yue P, Han J, Yuan H. Enhanced intestinal absorption activity and hepatoprotective effect of herpetrione via preparation of nanosuspensions using pH-dependent dissolving-precipitating/homogenization process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1382-92. [PMID: 23927477 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to enhance the intestinal absorption activity and hepatoprotective effect of herpetrione by drug nanosuspensions. METHODS Herpetrione nanosuspensions (HNS) were prepared using pH-dependent dissolving-precipitating/homogenization process and then systematically characterized. The intestinal absorption activity of HNS were studied using the recirculating perfusion technique in comparison with herpetrione coarse suspensions (HCS) and pure herpetrione using the recirculating perfusion technique. The protective effect of HNS against acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) in mice was also investigated and compared with that of HCS. KEY FINDINGS The mean particle size of HNS was 269 ± 7 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.187 ± 0.021. The result of X-ray powder diffraction indicated that herpetrione was in amorphous state in both coarse powder and nanosuspensions. The intestinal absorption activity of HNS were superior to the HCS and pure herpetrione. As evidenced by the lowering of serum aminotransferase levels and the improvement of the degree of liver lesion, pretreatment with HNS markedly enhanced the hepatoprotective effect of herpetrione against acute liver injury induced by CCl4 in mice. CONCLUSION HNS prepared using pH-dependent dissolving-precipitating/homogenization technique are able to significantly enhance the intestinal absorption activity and the hepatoprotective effect of herpetrione due to the particle size reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baode Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
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Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:371-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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