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Yuan Y, He Q, Zhang S, Li M, Tang Z, Zhu X, Jiao Z, Cai W, Xiang X. Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Preclinical Studies: A Feasible Strategy to Practice the Principles of 3Rs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895556. [PMID: 35645843 PMCID: PMC9133488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic characterization plays a vital role in drug discovery and development. Although involving numerous laboratory animals with error-prone, labor-intensive, and time-consuming procedures, pharmacokinetic profiling is still irreplaceable in preclinical studies. With physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, the in vivo profiles of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can be predicted. To evaluate the application of such an approach in preclinical investigations, the plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of seven commonly used probe substrates of microsomal enzymes, including phenacetin, tolbutamide, omeprazole, metoprolol, chlorzoxazone, nifedipine, and baicalein, were predicted in rats using bottom-up PBPK models built with in vitro data alone. The prediction's reliability was assessed by comparison with in vivo pharmacokinetic data reported in the literature. The overall predicted accuracy of PBPK models was good with most fold errors within 2, and the coefficient of determination (R2) between the predicted concentration data and the observed ones was more than 0.8. Moreover, most of the observation dots were within the prediction span of the sensitivity analysis. We conclude that PBPK modeling with acceptable accuracy may be incorporated into preclinical studies to refine in vivo investigations, and PBPK modeling is a feasible strategy to practice the principles of 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Egorova PA, Gavrilova AV, Bezprozvanny IB. Ataxic Symptoms in Huntington's Disease Transgenic Mouse Model Are Alleviated by Chlorzoxazone. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:279. [PMID: 32317916 PMCID: PMC7147686 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein, Striatum atrophy in HD leads to a progressive disturbance of psychiatric, motor, and cognitive function. Recent studies of HD patients revealed that the degeneration of cerebellum is also observed independently from the striatal atrophy during early HD stage and may contribute to the motor impairment and ataxia observed in HD. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are responsible for the proper cerebellar pathways functioning and motor control. Recent studies on mouse models of HD have shown that the abnormality of the biochemical functions of PCs are observed in HD, suggesting the contribution of PC dysfunction and death to the impaired movement coordination observed in HD. To investigate ataxic symptoms in HD we performed a series of experiments with the yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mouse model of HD (YAC128). Using extracellular single-unit recording method we found that the portion of the cerebellar PCs with bursting and irregular patterns of spontaneous activity drastically rises in aged YAC128 HD mice when compared with wild type littermates. Previous studies demonstrated that SK channels are responsible for the cerebellar PC pacemaker activity and that positive modulation of SK channel activity exerted beneficial effects in different ataxic mouse models. Here we studied effects of the SK channels modulator chlorzoxazone (CHZ) on the motor behavior of YAC128 HD mice and also on the electrophysiological activity and neuroanatomy of the cerebellar PCs from these mice. We determined that the long-term intraperitoneal injections of CHZ alleviated the progressive impairment in the firing pattern of YAC128 PCs. We also demonstrated that treatment with CHZ rescued age-dependent motor incoordination and improved the cerebellar morphology in YAC128 mice. We propose that abnormal changes in the PC firing patterns might be a one of the possible causes of ataxic symptoms in HD and in other polyglutamine disorders and that the pharmacological activation of SK channels may serve as a potential way to improve the activity of cerebellar PCs and relieve the ataxic phenotype in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya B Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Interaction between 3,4‑dichlorophenyl‑propenoyl‑sec.‑butylamine (3,4‑DCPB), an antiepileptic drug, and cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes and recombinant human enzymes in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:241-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Chen F, Li DY, Zhang B, Sun JY, Sun F, Ji X, Qiu JC, Parker RB, Laizure SC, Xu J. Alterations of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under diabetic conditions: what is the potential clinical significance? Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:369-397. [PMID: 30221555 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1497645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - De-Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jie-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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The Role of CYP2E1 in the Drug Metabolism or Bioactivation in the Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4680732. [PMID: 28163821 PMCID: PMC5259652 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4680732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have metabolic pathways that are responsible for removing toxic agents. We always associate the liver as the major organ responsible for detoxification of the body; however this process occurs in many tissues. In the same way, as in the liver, the brain expresses metabolic pathways associated with the elimination of xenobiotics. Besides the detoxifying role of CYP2E1 for compounds such as electrophilic agents, reactive oxygen species, free radical products, and the bioactivation of xenobiotics, CYP2E1 is also related in several diseases and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we describe the presence of phase I monooxygenase CYP2E1 in regions of the brain. We also explore the conditions where protein, mRNA, and the activity of CYP2E1 are induced. Finally, we describe the relation of CYP2E1 in brain disorders, including the behavioral relations for alcohol consumption via CYP2E1 metabolism.
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Tanino T, Komada A, Ueda K, Bando T, Nojiri Y, Ueda Y, Sakurai E. Pharmacokinetics and Differential Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Type 1 Allergic Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1950-1957. [PMID: 27694226 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 allergic diseases are characterized by elevated production of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) for each antigen and have become a significant health problem worldwide. This study investigated the effect of IgE-mediated allergy on drug pharmacokinetics. To further understand differential suppression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) activity, we examined the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO), a marker of allergic conditions. Seven days after primary sensitization (PS7) or secondary sensitization (SS7), hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP2E1, and CYP3A activities were decreased to 45%-75% of the corresponding control; however, CYP2D activity was not downregulated. PS7 and SS7 did not change the expression levels of five P450 proteins. Disappearance of CYP1A2 and CYP2D substrates from the plasma was not significantly different between allergic mice and control mice. In contrast, the area under the curve of a CYP1A2-mediated metabolite in PS7 and SS7 mice was reduced by 50% of control values. Total clearances of a CYP2E1 substrate in PS7 and SS7 mice were significantly decreased to 70% and 50% respectively, of the control without altering plasma protein binding. Hepatic amounts of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 substrates were enhanced by allergic induction, being responsible for each downregulated activity. NO scavenger treatment completely improved the downregulated P450 activities. Therefore, our data suggest that the onset of IgE-mediated allergy alters the pharmacokinetics of major P450-metabolic capacity-limited drugs except for CYP2D drugs. NO is highly expected to participate in regulatory mechanisms of the four P450 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akira Komada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toru Bando
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukie Nojiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukari Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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Karbownik A, Szałek E, Sobańska K, Grabowski T, Wolc A, Grześkowiak E. The alteration of pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and OSI420 in type 1 diabetic rabbits. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:964-8. [PMID: 27372922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in blood glucose levels observed in diabetes, may change the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs and in consequence, the efficacy and safety of therapy. Many oncological patients are diabetics and it is important to determine the interaction of anticancer drugs with this chronic disease. Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), approved for the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer in combination with gemcitabine. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in rabbits. Additionally, the effect of erlotinib on glucose levels was examined. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of erlotinib was studied in healthy rabbits (n=6, control group) and type 1 diabetic rabbits (n=6, diabetic group). Erlotinib was administered in a single oral dose of 25mg. Plasma concentrations of erlotinib and its metabolite (OSI420) were measured with the validated method. RESULTS The plasma concentrations of erlotinib and OSI420 were markedly increased in diabetic rabbits. Statistically significant differences between the groups were revealed for almost all analysed pharmacokinetic parameters for erlotinib and OSI420. The maximum glycaemia drop of 7.7-33.5% was observed in the diabetic animals, but no significant changes in glucose concentration were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The research proved the significant influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and OSI420. Due to higher exposure to erlotinib, there may be an increased risk of adverse drug reactions in diabetic patients. Therefore, in some cases lower doses of the drug should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Karbownik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Szałek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sobańska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA; Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, USA
| | - Edmund Grześkowiak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Wang X, Tang Y, Lu J, Shao Y, Qin X, Li Y, Wang L, Li D, Liu M. Characterization of novel cytochrome P450 2E1 knockout rat model generated by CRISPR/Cas9. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 105:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Glucose dominates the regulation of carboxylesterases induced by lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-6 in primary mouse hepatocytes. Life Sci 2014; 112:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Lee U, Oh E. Pharmacokinetic changes of drugs in a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine, alone and in combination with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 36:1-14. [PMID: 24861008 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rats with liver cirrhosis induced by N-dimethylnitrosamine (LC) and rats with LC with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (LCD) have been developed as animal models for human liver cirrhosis and liver cirrhosis with diabetes mellitus, respectively. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs (mainly non-renal clearance, CLNR) in LC and LCD rats reported in the literature compared with respective control rats were reviewed. This review mainly explains the changes in the CLNRs of drugs (which are mainly metabolized via hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s, CYPs) in LC and LCD rats, in terms of the changes in in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint; mainly due to the changes in CYPs in the disease state), free (unbound) fraction of a drug in the plasma (fp) and hepatic blood flow rate (QH) depending on the hepatic excretion ratio of the drug. Generally, changes in the CLNRs of drugs in LC and LCD rats could be well explained by the above-mentioned three factors. The mechanism of urinary excretion of drugs (such as glomerular filtration or renal active secretion or reabsorption) in LC and LCD rats is also discussed. The pharmacokinetics of the drugs reported in the LC and LCD rats were scarce in humans. Thus, the present rat data should be extrapolated carefully to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Strategies for preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DMIS) and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DMIA) rat models: case studies and perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Hu N, Hu M, Duan R, Liu C, Guo H, Zhang M, Yu Y, Wang X, Liu L, Liu X. Increased Levels of Fatty Acids Contributed to Induction of Hepatic CYP3A4 Activity Induced by Diabetes — In Vitro Evidence From HepG2 Cell and Fa2N-4 Cell Lines. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:433-44. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13212fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Gandhi A, Moorthy B, Ghose R. Drug disposition in pathophysiological conditions. Curr Drug Metab 2013; 13:1327-44. [PMID: 22746301 DOI: 10.2174/138920012803341302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression and activity of several key drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters are altered in various pathophysiological conditions, leading to altered drug metabolism and disposition. This can have profound impact on the pharmacotherapy of widely used clinically relevant medications in terms of safety and efficacy by causing inter-individual variabilities in drug responses. This review article highlights altered drug disposition in inflammation and infectious diseases, and commonly encountered disorders such as cancer, obesity/diabetes, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Many of the clinically relevant drugs have a narrow therapeutic index. Thus any changes in the disposition of these drugs may lead to reduced efficacy and increased toxicity. The implications of changes in DMEs and transporters on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of clinically-relevant medications are also discussed. Inflammation-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play a major role in down-regulation of DMEs and transporters. Although the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, several studies have shown that inflammation-associated cell-signaling pathway and its interaction with basal transcription factors and nuclear receptors in regulation of DMEs and transporters play a significant role in altered drug metabolism. Altered regulation of DMEs and transporters in a multitude of disease states will contribute towards future development of powerful in vitro and in vivo tools in predicting the drug response and opt for better drug design and development. The goal is to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanistic details underlying the regulation of DMEs and transporters in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gao N, Zou D, Qiao HL. Concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of Baicalin on the plasma protein binding and metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a CYP2E1 probe substrate, in rats in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53038. [PMID: 23301016 PMCID: PMC3534641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the components found in herbs may be inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may therefore result in undesired herb-drug interactions. As a component extracted from Radix Scutellariae, the direct effect of baicalin on cytochrome P450 has not been investigated sufficiently. In this study, we investigated concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of baicalin on the plasma protein binding and metabolism of chlorzoxazone (CZN), a model CYP2E1 probe substrate, in rats in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiment was a randomized, three-period crossover design. Significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of CZN such as Cmax, t1/2 and Vd were observed after treatment with baicalin in vivo (P<0.05). Cmax decreased by 25% and 33%, whereas t1/2 increased by 34% and 53%, Vd increased by 37% and 50% in 225 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg baicalin-treated rats, respectively. The AUC and CL of CZN were not affected (P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the changes in CZN concentrations and baicalin concentrations were in good correlation (r>0.99). In vitro experiments, baicalin decreased the formation of 6-OH-chlorzoxazone in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited a competitive inhibition in rat liver microsomes, with a Ki value of 145.8 µM. The values of Cmax/Ki were 20 and 39 after treatment with baicalin (225 and 450 mg/kg), respectively. Protein binding experiments in vivo showed that the plasma free-fraction (fu) of CZN increased 2.6-fold immediately after baicalin treatment (450 mg/kg) and in vitro showed that baicalin (125–2500 mg/L) increased the unbound CZN from 1.63% to 3.58%. The results indicate that pharmacokinetic changes in CZN are induced by inhibitory effect of baicalin on the plasma protein binding of CZN and CYP2E1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Henan Medical College for Staff and Workers, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Hopf FW, Simms JA, Chang SJ, Seif T, Bartlett SE, Bonci A. Chlorzoxazone, an SK-type potassium channel activator used in humans, reduces excessive alcohol intake in rats. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:618-24. [PMID: 21195386 PMCID: PMC3062269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism imposes a tremendous social and economic burden. There are relatively few pharmacological treatments for alcoholism, with only moderate efficacy, and there is considerable interest in identifying additional therapeutic options. Alcohol exposure alters SK-type potassium channel (SK) function in limbic brain regions. Thus, positive SK modulators such as chlorzoxazone (CZX), a US Food and Drug Administration-approved centrally acting myorelaxant, might enhance SK function and decrease neuronal activity, resulting in reduced alcohol intake. METHODS We examined whether CZX reduced alcohol consumption under two-bottle choice (20% alcohol and water) in rats with intermittent access to alcohol (IAA) or continuous access to alcohol (CAA). In addition, we used ex vivo electrophysiology to determine whether SK inhibition and activation can alter firing of nucleus accumbens (NAcb) core medium spiny neurons. RESULTS Chlorzoxazone significantly and dose-dependently decreased alcohol but not water intake in IAA rats, with no effects in CAA rats. Chlorzoxazone also reduced alcohol preference in IAA but not CAA rats and reduced the tendency for rapid initial alcohol consumption in IAA rats. Chlorzoxazone reduction of IAA drinking was not explained by locomotor effects. Finally, NAcb core neurons ex vivo showed enhanced firing, reduced SK regulation of firing, and greater CZX inhibition of firing in IAA versus CAA rats. CONCLUSIONS The potent CZX-induced reduction of excessive IAA alcohol intake, with no effect on the more moderate intake in CAA rats, might reflect the greater CZX reduction in IAA NAcb core firing observed ex vivo. Thus, CZX could represent a novel and immediately accessible pharmacotherapeutic intervention for human alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Woodward Hopf
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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16
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Dey A, Kumar SM. Cytochrome P450 2E1 and hyperglycemia-induced liver injury. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011; 27:285-310. [PMID: 21455816 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-011-9188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), a microsomal enzyme involved in xenobiotic metabolism and generation of oxidative stress, has been implicated in promoting liver injury. The review deals with the changes in various cellular pathways in liver linked with the changes in regulation of CYP2E1 under hyperglycemic conditions. Some of the hepatic abnormalities associated with hyperglycemia-mediated induction of CYP2E1 include increased oxidative stress, changes in mitochondrial structure and function, apoptosis, nitrosative stress, and increased ketone body accumulation. Thus, changes in regulation of CYP2E1 are associated with the injurious effects of hyperglycemia in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Dey
- Life Science Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, India.
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17
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Wang X, Hu L, Tong S, Zheng Y, Ye F, Lin D, Lin G, Zhang X, Wu H. Determination of Chlorzoxazone in Rat Plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003717430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Lee JH, Yang SH, Oh JM, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozocin: comparison with those in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1-23. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (DMIA) or streptozocin (DMIS), changes in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes in the liver, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and testis have been reported based on Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and various enzyme activities. Changes in phase II enzyme activities have been reported also. Hence, in this review, changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and metabolized via CYPs or phase II isozymes in rats with DMIA or DMIS, as reported in various literature, have been explained. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized in the kidney, and that were excreted mainly via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were reviewed also. For drugs mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, the changes in the total area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of metabolites, AUCmetabolite/AUCparent drug ratios, or the time-averaged nonrenal and total body clearances (CLNR and CL, respectively) of parent drugs as reported in the literature have been compared.
Key findings
After intravenous administration of drugs that were mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, their hepatic clearances were found to be dependent on the in-vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint) for the disappearance of the parent drug (or in the formation of the metabolite), the free fractions of the drugs in the plasma, or the hepatic blood flow rate depending on their hepatic extraction ratios. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized via the kidney in DMIA or DMIS rats were dependent on the drugs. However, the biliary or renal CL values of drugs that were mainly excreted via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were faster.
Summary
Pharmacokinetic studies of drugs in patients with type I diabetes mellitus were scarce. Moreover, similar and different results for drug pharmacokinetics were obtained between diabetic rats and patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Thus, present experimental rat data should be extrapolated carefully in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo H Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Gastroenterology and Metabolism Products Division, Pharmaceutical Safety Bureau, Korea Food & Drug Administration, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si H Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung M Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung G Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Jung HY, Kang HE, Choi YH, Kim SH, Lee MG. Time-dependent effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin on the pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone and its main metabolite, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, in rats: restoration of the parameters in 96 hour in KPLPS rats to control levels. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:485-93. [PMID: 19753555 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that chlorzoxazone (CZX) was primarily metabolized via hepatic Cyp2e1 to form 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (OH-CZX) in rats, and the activity of aniline hydroxylase (a Cyp2e1 marker) in the liver was significantly decreased in rats at 24 h after pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae (24 h KPLPS rats), whereas the levels were not changed at 2 h and 96 h in the KPLPS rats. Thus, the time-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of CZX and OH-CZX were evaluated after the intravenous administration of CZX (20 mg/kg) to control rats, and the 2 h, 24 h and 96 h KPLPS rats along with the time-dependent changes in the protein expression of hepatic Cyp2e1. After the intravenous administration of CZX to 24 h KPLPS rats, the AUC(0-2 h) of OH-CZX and AUC(OH-CZX, 0-2 h)/AUC(CZX) were significantly smaller (by 40.5% and 71.2%, respectively) than those of controls due to the significant decrease (by 75.3%) in the protein expression of hepatic Cyp2e1. However, in 96 h KPLPS rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of both CZX and OH-CZX were unchanged compared with controls due to the restoration of the protein expression of hepatic Cyp2e1 to control levels. These observations highlighted the existence of the time-dependent effects of KPLPS on the pharmacokinetics of CZX and OH-CZX in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Y Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Choi YH, Lee DC, Lee I, Lee MG. Changes in metformin pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration to rats with short‐term and long‐term diabetes induced by streptozotocin. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:5363-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Lee JH, Oh JM, Lee MG. Effects of water deprivation on drug pharmacokinetics: correlation between drug metabolism and hepatic CYP isozymes. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:951-64. [PMID: 18787780 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats deprived of water for 72 h (a rat model of dehydration) showed no change in protein expression of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2B1/2, 2C11, or 3A1/2, but an increase in protein expression (3-fold) and mRNA level (2.6-fold) of CYP2E1. Glucose feeding instead of food normalized CYP2E1 protein expression during dehydration. Here, we review how dehydration can change the pharmacokinetics of drugs reported in the literature via changing CYP isozyme levels. We also discuss how dehydration changes the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are metabolized via renal DHP-I, or are mainly excreted in the urine and bile, and form conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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22
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Kim YC, Kang HE, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and its metabolite, 4'-HPPH, after intravenous and oral administration of phenytoin to diabetic rats induced by alloxan or streptozotocin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:51-61. [PMID: 18022993 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing epileptic convulsions compared with the non-diabetic population, and phenytoin has widely been used for neuralgia in diabetic neuropathy. It has also been reported that in both diabetic rats induced by alloxan (DMIA rats) and by streptozotocin (DMIS rats), the protein expression and mRNA level of 2C11 decreased, but in DMIS rats, the protein expression of CYP2C6 increased. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and 4'-HPPH were investigated after intravenous or oral administration of phenytoin at a dose of 25 mg/kg to DMIA and DMIS rats. After intravenous or oral administration of phenytoin, the AUC (or AUC(0-12 h)) values of both phenytoin and 4'-HPPH were comparable (not significantly different) between each diabetic and the respective control rats. Although the exact reason is not clear, this could have been due to opposite protein expression (and/or mRNA levels) of CYP2C6 and 2C11 in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu C Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Ahn CY, Bae SK, Jung YS, Lee I, Kim YC, Lee MG, Shin WG. Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Chlorzoxazone and Its Main Metabolite, 6-Hydroxychlorzoxazone, after Intravenous and Oral Administration of Chlorzoxazone to Liver Cirrhotic Rats with Diabetes Mellitus. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1233-41. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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24
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Cheng Q, Aleksunes LM, Manautou JE, Cherrington NJ, Scheffer GL, Yamasaki H, Slitt AL. Drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression in a mouse model of diabetes and obesity. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:77-91. [PMID: 18189363 DOI: 10.1021/mp700114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes pose a serious human health risk. Obese or diabetic patients usually take prescription drugs that require hepatic and renal metabolism and transport, and these patients sometimes display different pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Therefore, mRNA and protein expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters was measured in livers and kidneys of adult wild-type and ob/ob mice, which model obesity and diabetes. mRNA expression of numerous DMEs increased by at least 2-fold in livers of male ob/ob mice, including Cyp4a14, Cyp2b10, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and sulfotransferase 2a1/2. In general, expression of uptake transporters was decreased in livers of ob/ob mice, namely organic anion-transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp). In particular, Oatp1a1 mRNA and protein expression in livers of ob/ob mice was diminished to <5% and <15% of that in wild-types, respectively. Generally, the mRNA and protein expression of efflux transporters multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps) was increased in livers of ob/ob mice, particularly with Mrp4 expression being elevated by at least 6-fold and Mrp2 expression at least 3-fold in livers of ob/ob mice. In kidney, Nqo1, Mrp3, 4, Oatp1a1, and organic anion transporter 2 (Oat2) showed significant alterations with mRNA expression levels in ob/ob mice, being increased for Nqo1 and Mrp4 and decreased for Mrp3, Oatp1a1, and Oat2. In summary, the expression of a number of DMEs and transporters was significantly altered in livers and kidneys of ob/ob mice. Since expression of some DMEs and transporters is regulated similarly between mouse and human, the data from this study suggest that transporter expression in liver and kidney may be changed in patients presenting with obesity and/or type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqiong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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25
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Kim SN, Seo JY, Jung DW, Lee MY, Jung YS, Kim YC. Induction of Hepatic CYP2E1 by a Subtoxic Dose of Acetaminophen in Rats: Increase in Dichloromethane Metabolism and Carboxyhemoglobin Elevation. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1754-8. [PMID: 17620348 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichloromethane (DCM) is metabolically converted to carbon monoxide mostly by CYP2E1 in liver, resulting in elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels. We investigated the effects of a subtoxic dose of acetaminophen (APAP) on the metabolic elimination of DCM and COHb elevation in adult female rats. APAP, at 500 mg/kg i.p., was not hepatotoxic as measured by a lack of change in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities. In rats pretreated with APAP at this dose, the COHb elevation resulting from administration of DCM (3 mmol/kg i.p.) was enhanced significantly. Also blood DCM levels were reduced, and its disappearance from blood appeared to be increased. Hepatic CYP2E1-mediated activities measured with chlorzoxazone, p-nitrophenol, and p-nitroanisole as substrates were all induced markedly in microsomes of rats treated with APAP. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was also increased slightly, but significantly. Western blot analysis showed that APAP treatment induced the expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A proteins. Neither hepatic glutathione contents nor glutathione S-transferase activity was changed by the dose of APAP used. The results indicate that, contrary to the well known hepatotoxic effects of this drug at large doses, a subtoxic dose of APAP may induce CYP2E1, and to a lesser degree, CYP3A expression. This is the first report that APAP can increase cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated hepatic metabolism and the resulting toxicity of a xenobiotic in the whole animal. The pharmacological/toxicological significance of induction of P450s by a subtoxic dose of APAP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su N Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinrim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, Korea
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