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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Tennant RE, Ponting DJ, Thresher A. A deep dive into historical Ames study data for N-nitrosamine compounds. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105460. [PMID: 37495012 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenicity data is a core component of the safety assessment data required by regulatory agencies for acceptance of new drug compounds, with the OECD-471 bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay most widely used as a primary screen to assess drug impurities for potential mutagenic risk. N-Nitrosamines are highly potent mutagenic carcinogens in rodent bioassays and their recent detection as impurities in pharmaceutical products has sparked increased interest in their safety assessment. Previous literature reports indicated that the Ames test might not be sensitive enough to detect the mutagenic potential of N-nitrosamines in order to accurately predict a risk of carcinogenicity. To explore this hypothesis, public Ames and rodent carcinogenicity data pertaining to the N-nitrosamine class of compounds was collated for analysis. Here we present how variations to the OECD 471-compliant Ames test, including strain, metabolic activation, solvent type and pre-incubation/plate incorporation methods, may impact the predictive performance for carcinogenicity. An understanding of optimal conditions for testing of N-nitrosamines may improve both the accuracy and confidence in the ability of the Ames test to identify potential carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Tennant
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK.
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Andrew Thresher
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS11 5PS, UK
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3
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Fulmali A, Bharate SS. Phosphate moiety in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1059-1074. [PMID: 35656613 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The salification and prodrug approaches modulate the physicochemical properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters of drugs and lead candidates. The "phosphate" is one of the key counterions/promoiety used in the salt formation and prodrug synthesis. Salification with phosphoric acid enhances the aqueous solubility and thereby facilitates the administration of a drug by the parenteral route. Phosphate moiety in prodrug synthesis mainly improves permeability by lipophilic substitution. Histamine phosphate is the first phosphate salt, and hydrocortisone phosphate was the first prodrug approved by FDA in 1939 and 1952, respectively. The orange book enlists 12 phosphate salts and 17 phosphate prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs, namely combretastatin A-4 diphosphate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, lufotrelvir, TP-1287, pyridoxal phosphate, riboflavin phosphate, and psilocybin are clinical candidates. This review focuses on the FDA-approved phosphate salts and prodrugs from 1939 to 2021. The biopharmaceutical advantage of phosphate salts and prodrugs over the parent molecule is also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Fulmali
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Mansour OC, Nudelman A, Rephaeli A, Phillips DR, Cutts SM, Evison BJ. An evaluation of the interaction of pixantrone with formaldehyde-releasing drugs in cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:773-784. [PMID: 35460360 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pixantrone is a synthetic aza-anthracenedione currently used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The drug is firmly established as a poison of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II, however, pixantrone can also generate covalent drug-DNA adducts following activation by formaldehyde. While pixantrone-DNA adducts form proficiently in vitro, little evidence is presently at hand to indicate their existence within cells. The molecular nature of these lesions within cancer cells exposed to pixantrone and formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs was characterized along with the cellular responses to their formation. METHODS In vitro crosslinking assays, [14C] scintillation counting analyses and alkaline comet assays were applied to characterize pixantrone-DNA adducts. Flow cytometry, cell growth inhibition and clonogenic assays were used to measure cancer cell kill and survival. RESULTS Pixantrone-DNA adducts were not detectable in MCF-7 breast cancer cells exposed to [14C] pixantrone (10-40 µM) alone, however the addition of the formaldehyde-releasing prodrug AN9 yielded readily measurable levels of the lesion at ~ 1 adduct per 10 kb of genomic DNA. Co-administration with AN9 completely reversed topoisomerase II-associated DNA damage induction by pixantrone yet potentiated cell kill by the drug, suggesting that pixantrone-DNA adducts may promote a topoisomerase II-independent mechanism of cell death. Pixantrone-DNA adduct-forming treatments generally conferred mild synergism in multiple cell lines in various cell death and clonogenic assays, while pixantrone analogues either incapable or relatively defective in forming DNA adducts demonstrated antagonism when combined with AN9. CONCLUSIONS The features unique to pixantrone-DNA adducts may be leveraged to enhance cancer cell kill and may be used to guide the design of pixantrone analogues that generate adducts with more favorable anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula C Mansour
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ada Rephaeli
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, 49100, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Don R Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Benny J Evison
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
- Nyrada Inc, Suite 2, Level 3, 828 Pacific Highway, Gordon, NSW, 2072, Australia.
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The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe “totality” of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Elferink H, Titulaer WHC, Derks MGN, Veeneman GH, Rutjes FPJT, Boltje TJ. Chloromethyl Glycosides as Versatile Synthons to Prepare Glycosyloxymethyl‐Prodrugs. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103910. [PMID: 35045197 PMCID: PMC9304170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the addition of monosaccharides to marketed drugs to improve their pharmacokinetic properties for oral absorption. To this end, a set of chloromethyl glycoside synthons were developed to prepare a variety of glycosyloxymethyl‐prodrugs derived from 5‐fluorouracil, thioguanine, propofol and losartan. Drug release was studied in vitro using β‐glucosidase confirming rapid conversion of the monosaccharide prodrugs to release the parent drug, formaldehyde and the monosaccharide. To showcase this prodrug approach, a glucosyloxymethyl conjugate of the tetrazole‐containing drug losartan was used for in vivo experiments and showed complete release of the drug in a dog‐model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde Elferink
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Willem H. C. Titulaer
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maik G. N. Derks
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit H. Veeneman
- PharmaCytics B.V., Pivot Park Kloosterstraat 9 5349 AB Oss The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Wang T, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA. Innovation in the discovery of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor temsavir and its phosphonooxymethyl prodrug fostemsavir. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1955-1980. [PMID: 34602806 PMCID: PMC8476988 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of fostemsavir (2), the tromethamine salt of the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of temsavir (1), encountered significant challenges at many points in the preclinical and clinical development program that, in many cases, stimulated the implementation of innovative solutions in order to enable further progression. In the preclinical program, a range of novel chemistry methodologies were developed during the course of the discovery effort that enabled a thorough examination and definition of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor (AI) pharmacophore. These discoveries helped to address the challenges associated with realizing a molecule with all of the properties necessary to successfully advance through development and this aspect of the program is the major focus of this retrospective. Although challenges and innovation are not unusual in drug discovery and development programs, the HIV-1 AI program is noteworthy not only because of the serial nature of the challenges encountered along the development path, but also because it resulted in a compound that remains the first and only example of a mechanistically novel class of HIV-1 inhibitor that is proving to be very beneficial for controlling virus levels in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Beijing Kawin Technology Share-Holdiing Co., 6 Rongjing East Street, BDA, Beijing, PR China
| | - John F Kadow
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405 USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000 USA
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Landmesser A, Scherer M, Scherer G, Sarkar M, Edmiston JS, Niessner R, Pluym N. Assessment of the potential vaping-related exposure to carbonyls and epoxides using stable isotope-labeled precursors in the e-liquid. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2667-2676. [PMID: 34159432 PMCID: PMC8298337 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of carbonyls and epoxides in e-cigarette (EC) aerosol is possible due to heating of the liquid constituents. However, high background levels of these compounds have inhibited a clear assessment of exposure during use of ECs. An EC containing an e-liquid replaced with 10% of 13C-labeled propylene glycol and glycerol was used in a controlled use clinical study with 20 EC users. In addition, five smokers smoked cigarettes spiked with the described e-liquid. Seven carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, crotonaldehyde, methacrolein, propionaldehyde) were measured in the aerosol and the mainstream smoke. Corresponding biomarkers of exposure were determined in the user’s urine samples. 13C-labeled formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were found in EC aerosol, while all seven labeled carbonyls were detected in smoke. The labeled biomarkers of exposure to formaldehyde (13C-thiazolidine carboxylic acid and 13C-N-(1,3-thiazolidine-4-carbonyl)glycine), acrolein (13C3-3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid) and glycidol (13C3-dihydroxypropylmercapturic acid) were present in the urine of vapers indicating an EC use-specific exposure to these toxicants. However, other sources than vaping contribute to a much higher extent by several orders of magnitude to the overall exposure of these toxicants. Comparing data for the native (unlabeled) and the labeled (exposure-specific) biomarkers revealed vaping as a minor source of user’s exposure to these toxicants while other carbonyls and epoxides were not detectable in the EC aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Landmesser
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstrasse 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany.,Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistraße, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstrasse 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstrasse 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffery S Edmiston
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistraße, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstrasse 5, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
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Fosciclopirox suppresses growth of high-grade urothelial cancer by targeting the γ-secretase complex. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:562. [PMID: 34059639 PMCID: PMC8166826 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ciclopirox (CPX) is an FDA-approved topical antifungal agent that has demonstrated preclinical anticancer activity in a number of solid and hematologic malignancies. Its clinical utility as an oral anticancer agent, however, is limited by poor oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal toxicity. Fosciclopirox, the phosphoryloxymethyl ester of CPX (Ciclopirox Prodrug, CPX-POM), selectively delivers the active metabolite, CPX, to the entire urinary tract following parenteral administration. We characterized the activity of CPX-POM and its major metabolites in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of high-grade urothelial cancer. CPX inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenicity and spheroid formation, and increased cell cycle arrest at S and G0/G1 phases. Mechanistically, CPX suppressed activation of Notch signaling. Molecular modeling and cellular thermal shift assays demonstrated CPX binding to γ-secretase complex proteins Presenilin 1 and Nicastrin, which are essential for Notch activation. To establish in vivo preclinical proof of principle, we tested fosciclopirox in the validated N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) mouse bladder cancer model. Once-daily intraperitoneal administration of CPX-POM for four weeks at doses of 235 mg/kg and 470 mg/kg significantly decreased bladder weight, a surrogate for tumor volume, and resulted in a migration to lower stage tumors in CPX-POM treated animals. This was coupled with a reduction in the proliferation index. Additionally, there was a reduction in Presenilin 1 and Hes-1 expression in the bladder tissues of CPX-POM treated animals. Following the completion of the first-in-human Phase 1 trial (NCT03348514), the pharmacologic activity of fosciclopirox is currently being characterized in a Phase 1 expansion cohort study of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients scheduled for cystectomy (NCT04608045) as well as a Phase 2 trial of newly diagnosed and recurrent urothelial cancer patients scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumors (NCT04525131).
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König C, Meyer M, Lender C, Nehls S, Wallaschkowski T, Holm T, Matthies T, Lercher D, Matthiesen J, Fehling H, Roeder T, Reindl S, Rosenthal M, Metwally NG, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. An Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) from Entamoeba histolytica Is Involved in the Detoxification of Toxic Aldehydes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101608. [PMID: 33086693 PMCID: PMC7594077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a putative alcohol dehydrogenase 3, termed EhADH3B of the Entamoeba histolytica isolate HM-1:IMSS was identified, which is expressed at higher levels in non-pathogenic than in pathogenic amoebae and whose overexpression reduces the virulence of pathogenic amoebae. In an in silico analysis performed in this study, we assigned EhADH3B to a four-member ADH3 family, with ehadh3b present as a duplicate (ehadh3ba/ehadh3bb). In long-term laboratory cultures a mutation was identified at position 496 of ehadh3ba, which codes for a stop codon, which was not the case for amoebae isolated from human stool samples. When using transfectants that overexpress or silence ehadh3bb, we found no or little effect on growth, size, erythrophagocytosis, motility, hemolytic or cysteine peptidase activity. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant EhADH3Bb revealed that this protein forms a dimer containing Ni2+ or Zn2+ as a co-factor and that the enzyme converts acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in the presence of NADPH. A catalytic activity based on alcohols as substrates was not detected. Based on the results, we postulate that EhADH3Bb can reduce free acetaldehyde released by hydrolysis from bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase-bound thiohemiacetal and that it is involved in detoxification of toxic aldehydes produced by the host or the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Martin Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Sarah Nehls
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Tina Wallaschkowski
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Tobias Holm
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Thorben Matthies
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Dirk Lercher
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Jenny Matthiesen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Helena Fehling
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Sophia Reindl
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (C.K.); (M.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (T.W.); (T.H.); (T.M.); (D.L.); (J.M.); (H.F.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (N.G.M.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Subbaiah MAM, Ramar T, Subramani L, Desai SD, Sinha S, Mandlekar S, Jenkins SM, Krystal MR, Subramanian M, Sridhar S, Padmanabhan S, Bhutani P, Arla R, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA. (Carbonyl)oxyalkyl linker-based amino acid prodrugs of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor atazanavir that enhance oral bioavailability and plasma trough concentration. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112749. [PMID: 33065417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis and pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation of a series of amino acid-based prodrugs of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor atazanavir (1) derivatized on the pharmacophoric secondary alcohol using a (carbonyl)oxyalkyl linker. Prodrugs of 1 incorporating simple (carbonyl)oxyalkyl-based linkers and a primary amine in the promoiety were found to exhibit low chemical stability. However, chemical stability was improved by modifying the primary amine moiety to a tertiary amine, resulting in a 2-fold enhancement of exposure in rats following oral dosing compared to dosing of the parent drug 1. Further refinement of the linker resulted in the discovery of 22 as a prodrug that delivered the parent 1 to rat plasma with a 5-fold higher AUC and 67-fold higher C24 when compared to oral administration of the parent drug. The PK profile of 22 indicated that plasma levels of this prodrug were higher than that of the parent, providing a more sustained release of 1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Prodrug Group), Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India.
| | - Thangeswaran Ramar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Prodrug Group), Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Lakshumanan Subramani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry (Prodrug Group), Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Salil D Desai
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Sarmistha Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Susan M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Mark R Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Murali Subramanian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Srikanth Sridhar
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Shweta Padmanabhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Priyadeep Bhutani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Rambabu Arla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - John F Kadow
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States
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12
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Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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13
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Gelbke HP, Buist H, Eisert R, Leibold E, Sherman JH. Derivation of safe exposure levels for potential migration of formaldehyde into food. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110598. [PMID: 31228601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene (POM) is a polymer of formaldehyde used inter alia for kitchenware and food processing machines. By migration into food, consumers may be exposed to small additional amounts of formaldehyde in food. In order to address such potential exposures, Specific Migration Limits are derived using all studies with oral exposure in mammals and birds. The assessment is not only based on local irritation observed in a 2-year rat study that has previously served to calculate acceptable exposure levels, but also on systemic effects, namely on effects on the kidney in adult rats and testes in birds before sexual maturity. At the relatively high oral exposure levels (up to 2000 ppm in drinking water) long-term effects caused by formic acid, the first step metabolite of formaldehyde, such as acidosis, cannot be excluded. The lowest Specific Migration Limit of 2.74 mg/dm2, corresponding to 16.5 mg formaldehyde/kg food, is based upon kidney effects in rats, leading to potential exposures that range between 2900 and 4400 times below the endogenous turnover of formaldehyde. Lastly, a recent migration study with POM showed that migration of formaldehyde into food simulants is over an order of magnitude below the lowest Specific Migration Limit derived herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harrie Buist
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700, AJ Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Ralf Eisert
- BASF SE, Product Safety, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Edgar Leibold
- BASF SE, Product Safety, D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - James H Sherman
- Celanese Corporation, 222 W. Las Colinas Blvd, Irving, TX, USA
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14
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Weir SJ, Wood R, Schorno K, Brinker AE, Ramamoorthy P, Heppert K, Rajewski L, Tanol M, Ham T, McKenna MJ, McCulloch W, Dalton M, Reed GA, Jensen RA, Baltezor MJ, Anant S, Taylor JA. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Fosciclopirox, a Novel Treatment of Urothelial Cancers, in Rats and Dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:148-159. [PMID: 31113837 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies in rats and dogs were performed to characterize the in vivo performance of a novel prodrug, fosciclopirox. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX-O) is a marketed topical antifungal agent with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo preclinical anticancer activity in several solid tumor and hematologic malignancies. The oral route of administration for CPX-O is not feasible due to low bioavailability and dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicities. To enable parenteral administration, the phosphoryl-oxymethyl ester of ciclopirox (CPX), fosciclopirox (CPX-POM), was synthesized and formulated as an injectable drug product. In rats and dogs, intravenous CPX-POM is rapidly and completely metabolized to its active metabolite, CPX. The bioavailability of the active metabolite is complete following CPX-POM administration. CPX and its inactive metabolite, ciclopirox glucuronide (CPX-G), are excreted in urine, resulting in delivery of drug to the entire urinary tract. The absolute bioavailability of CPX following subcutaneous administration of CPX-POM is excellent in rats and dogs, demonstrating the feasibility of this route of administration. These studies confirmed the oral bioavailability of CPX-O is quite low in rats and dogs compared with intravenous CPX-POM. Given its broad-spectrum anticancer activity in several solid tumor and hematologic cancers and renal elimination, CPX-POM is being developed for the treatment of urothelial cancer. The safety, dose tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intravenous CPX-POM are currently being characterized in a United States multicenter first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT03348514).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Weir
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Robyn Wood
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Karl Schorno
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Amanda E Brinker
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Kathy Heppert
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Lian Rajewski
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Mehmet Tanol
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Tammy Ham
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Michael J McKenna
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - William McCulloch
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Michael Dalton
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Gregory A Reed
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Roy A Jensen
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Michael J Baltezor
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - Shrikant Anant
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
| | - John A Taylor
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., G.A.R., R.A.J., M.J.B., S.A., J.A.T.); Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation (S.J.W., R.W., A.E.B., M.J.B.) and Departments of Cancer Biology (S.J.W., P.R., S.A.), Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (S.J.W., G.A.R.) Pathology (R.A.J.), and Urology (J.A.T.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (K.S., K.H., L.R., M.T., M.J.B.); School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey (M.T.); CicloMed LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (T.H.); Navigator LSA, Wilmington, North Carolina (M.J.M.); Alba BioPharm Advisors Inc., Durham, North Carolina (W.M.); and The Gnomon Group, Carrboro, North Carolina (M.D.)
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15
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Pastor A, Machelart A, Li X, Willand N, Baulard A, Brodin P, Gref R, Desmaële D. A novel codrug made of the combination of ethionamide and its potentiating booster: synthesis, self-assembly into nanoparticles and antimycobacterial evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5129-5137. [PMID: 31073555 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) is one of the most widely used second-line chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. The bioactivation and activity of ETH is dramatically potentiated by a family of molecules called "boosters" among which BDM43266 is one of the most potent. However, the co-administration of these active molecules is hampered by their low solubility in biological media and by the strong tendency of ETH to crystallize. A novel strategy that involves synthesizing a codrug able to self-associate into nanoparticles prone to be taken up by infected macrophages is proposed here. This codrug is designed by tethering N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of both ETH and its booster through a glutaric linker. This codrug self-assembles into nanoparticles of around 200 nm, stable upon extreme dilution without disaggregating as well as upon concentration. The nanoparticles of the codrug can be intranasally administered overcoming the unfavorable physico-chemical profiles of the parent drugs. Intrapulmonary delivery of the codrug nanoparticles to Mtb infected mice via the intranasal route at days 7, 9, 11, 14, 16 and 18 post-infection reduces the bacterial load in the lungs by a factor of 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pastor
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR CNRS 8214, Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR CNRS 8214, Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR 8612, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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16
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A. M. Subbaiah M, Mandlekar S, Desikan S, Ramar T, Subramani L, Annadurai M, Desai SD, Sinha S, Jenkins SM, Krystal MR, Subramanian M, Sridhar S, Padmanabhan S, Bhutani P, Arla R, Singh S, Sinha J, Thakur M, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Phosphate and Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Atazanavir. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3553-3574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Evaluation of inhaled low-dose formaldehyde-induced DNA adducts and DNA-protein cross-links by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:763-773. [PMID: 30701286 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a widespread industrial chemical, formaldehyde carcinogenicity has been highly controversial. Meanwhile, formaldehyde is an essential metabolite in all living cells. Previously, we have demonstrated exogenous formaldehyde causes DNA adducts in a nonlinear manner between 0.7 and 15.2 ppm using [13CD2]-formaldehyde for exposure coupled with the use of sensitive mass spectrometry. However, the responses from exposure to low doses of formaldehyde are still unknown. In this study, rats were exposed to 1, 30, and 300 ppb [13CD2]-formaldehyde for 28 days (6 h/day) by nose-only inhalation, followed by measuring DNA mono-adduct (N2-HOMe-dG) and DNA-protein crosslinks (dG-Me-Cys) as formaldehyde specific biomarkers. Both exogenous and endogenous DNA mono-adducts and dG-Me-Cys were examined with ultrasensitive nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our data clearly show that endogenous adducts are present in all tissues analyzed, but exogenous adducts were not detectable in any tissue samples, including the most susceptible nasal epithelium. Moreover, formaldehyde exposure at 1, 30 and 300 ppb did not alter the levels of endogenous formaldehyde-induced DNA adducts or DNA-protein crosslinks. The novel findings from this study provide new data for risk assessment of exposure to low doses of formaldehyde.
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18
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Barbosa E, Dos Santos ALA, Peteffi GP, Schneider A, Müller D, Rovaris D, Bau CHD, Linden R, Antunes MV, Charão MF. Increase of global DNA methylation patterns in beauty salon workers exposed to low levels of formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1304-1314. [PMID: 30421373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a carcinogenic aldehyde illegally added to creams as a hair straightening agent for the Brazilian blowout (BB). This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of occupational exposure to FA on global DNA methylation in salon workers with different exposure levels. FA exposure was monitored using environmental and biological measurements. The study included 49 salon workers divided by FA levels in the workplace into group A (FA < 0.01 ppm; n = 8), group B (0.03 ppm < FA < 0.06 ppm; n = 15), and group C (0.08 ppm < FA < 0.24 ppm; n = 26). The global DNA methylation levels were 3.12%, 4.55%, and 4.29% for groups A, B, and C, respectively, with statistically higher values for groups B and C compared to group A (p = 0.002). A correlation was found between FA in passive samplers and global DNA methylation (rs = 0.307, p = 0.032). Additionally, when only taking into account the hairdressers that performed the BB on clients instead of the whole group, a stronger correlation was observed between FA in personal passive samplers and global DNA methylation (rs = 0.764, p = 0.006). For the first time, an increase in DNA methylation was observed in subjects occupationally exposed to FA. In conclusion, our results indicated that even low levels of FA exposure could cause a disturbance in DNA methylation, leading to epigenetic changes, which is associated with cancer development. These data suggest a possible contribution of FA to cancer development through occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Barbosa
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Giovana Piva Peteffi
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Anelise Schneider
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil.
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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19
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Wang T, Ueda Y, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Matiskella J, Pearce BC, Yang Z, Zheng M, Parker DD, Yamanaka GA, Gong YF, Ho HT, Colonno RJ, Langley DR, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment Inhibitor Temsavir and Its Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug Fostemsavir. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6308-6327. [PMID: 29920093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of the 4-methoxy-6-azaindole series of HIV-1 attachment inhibitors (AIs) that originated with 1 to deliver temsavir (3, BMS-626529) is described. The most beneficial increases in potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties were attained by incorporating N-linked, sp2-hybridized heteroaryl rings at the 7-position of the heterocyclic nucleus. Compounds that adhered to a coplanarity model afforded targeted antiviral potency, leading to the identification of 3 with characteristics that provided for targeted exposure and PK properties in three preclinical species. However, the physical properties of 3 limited plasma exposure at higher doses, both in preclinical studies and in clinical trials as the result of dissolution- and/or solubility-limited absorption, a deficiency addressed by the preparation of the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug 4 (BMS-663068, fostemsavir). An extended-release formulation of 4 is currently in phase III clinical trials where it has shown promise as part of a drug combination therapy in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients.
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20
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Controlled drug release behavior of 5-aminosalicylic acid using polyacrylamide grafted oatmeal (OAT-g-PAM): a pH-sensitive drug carrier. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Patil ST, Bihovsky RH, Smith SA, Potter WZ, Stella VJ. Novel prodrug PRX-P4-003, selectively activated by gut enzymes, may reduce the risk of iatrogenic addiction and abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 186:159-166. [PMID: 29574296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prescription stimulants are vulnerable to oral and parenteral abuse. Intravenous forms of abuse may be most detrimental due to an enhanced risk of dependence, overdose, and infectious diseases. Our objective was to discover an orally active prodrug of a stimulant that would not be easily converted to its parent when injected, thus hindering intravenous abuse. METHODS Following an initial analysis of stimulant structures, the fencamfamine isomer [(-)-FCF; (N-ethyl-3-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine)] was chosen as a parent drug due to its favorable biochemical properties. Subsequently, PRX-P4-003 {(-)-N-(Octadecanoyloxymethoxycarbonyl)-N-ethyl-3-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine} qualified for further development. Experimental testing of PRX-P4-003 included radioligand binding assays, stability studies, and rodent pharmacokinetic and locomotor assays. RESULTS Prodrug PRX-P4-003 is a pharmacologically inactive, hydrophobic compound, whereas its parent (-)-FCF is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor with weaker effects on norepinephrine reuptake (Ki = 0.07 and 0.80 μM, respectively). PRX-P4-003 is metabolized to (-)-FCF in simulated intestinal fluid (with pancreatin) but not in simulated gastric fluid (with pepsin). Finally, PRX-P4-003 shows a significant oral but no intravenous increase in locomotion, correlating with its pharmacokinetics by these different routes of administration. CONCLUSIONS PRX-P4-003 is a novel prodrug stimulant enzymatically activated in the gut. Our data suggest a pancreatic, lipase-based mechanism of activation and as only 1% of this enzyme is found in the systemic circulation, PRX-P4-003 is unlikely to be bioactive if injected intravenously. Enzymatic release of (-)-FCF is needed prior to its systemic absorption, which may discourage oral abuse (e.g., by chewing). PRX-P4-003 is being developed for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep T Patil
- Praxis Bioresearch, LLC, 655 Oak Grove Ave I, Menlo Park, CA 94026, United States.
| | - Ron H Bihovsky
- Key Synthesis, LLC, 804 Primrose Lane, Wynnewood, PA 19096, United States
| | - Steven A Smith
- Praxis Bioresearch, LLC, 655 Oak Grove Ave I, Menlo Park, CA 94026, United States
| | | | - Valentino J Stella
- The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
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22
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Subbaiah MAM, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF, Subramani L, Annadurai M, Ramar T, Desai SD, Sinha S, Subramanian M, Mandlekar S, Sridhar S, Padmanabhan S, Bhutani P, Arla R, Jenkins SM, Krystal MR, Wang C, Sarabu R. Coupling of an Acyl Migration Prodrug Strategy with Bio-activation To Improve Oral Delivery of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Atazanavir. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4176-4188. [PMID: 29693401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), which include atazanavir (ATV, 1), remain important medicines to treat HIV-1 infection. However, they are characterized by poor oral bioavailability and a need for boosting with a pharmacokinetic enhancer, which results in additional drug-drug interactions that are sometimes difficult to manage. We investigated a chemo-activated, acyl migration-based prodrug design approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of 1 but failed to obtain improved oral bioavailability over dosing the parent drug in rats. This strategy was refined by conjugating the amine with a promoiety designed to undergo bio-activation, as a means of modulating the subsequent chemo-activation. This culminated in a lead prodrug that (1) yielded substantially better oral drug delivery of 1 when compared to the parent itself, the simple acyl migration-based prodrug, and the corresponding simple l-Val prodrug, (2) acted as a depot which resulted in a sustained release of the parent drug in vivo, and (3) offered the benefit of mitigating the pH-dependent absorption associated with 1, thereby potentially reducing the risk of decreased bioavailability with concurrent use of stomach-acid-reducing drugs.
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24
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Liu CW, Tian X, Hartwell HJ, Leng J, Chi L, Lu K, Swenberg JA. Accurate Measurement of Formaldehyde-Induced DNA–Protein Cross-Links by High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:350-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hadley J. Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jiapeng Leng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Bercu J, Galloway S, Parris P, Teasdale A, Masuda-Herrera M, Dobo K, Heard P, Kenyon M, Nicolette J, Vock E, Ku W, Harvey J, White A, Glowienke S, Martin E, Custer L, Jolly R, Thybaud V. Potential impurities in drug substances: Compound-specific toxicology limits for 20 synthetic reagents and by-products, and a class-specific toxicology limit for alkyl bromides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Le Dang N, Hughes TB, Miller GP, Swamidass SJ. Computationally Assessing the Bioactivation of Drugs by N-Dealkylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:68-80. [PMID: 29355304 PMCID: PMC5871345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) oxidize alkylated amines commonly found in drugs and other biologically active molecules, cleaving them into an amine and an aldehyde. Metabolic studies usually neglect to report or investigate aldehydes, even though they can be toxic. It is assumed that they are efficiently detoxified into carboxylic acids and alcohols. Nevertheless, some aldehydes are reactive and escape detoxification pathways to cause adverse events by forming DNA and protein adducts. Herein, we modeled N-dealkylations that produce both amine and aldehyde metabolites and then predicted the reactivity of the aldehyde. This model used a deep learning approach previously developed by our group to predict other types of drug metabolism. In this study, we trained the model to predict N-dealkylation by human liver microsomes (HLM), finding that including isozyme-specific metabolism data alongside HLM data significantly improved results. The final HLM model accurately predicted the site of N-dealkylation within metabolized substrates (97% top-two and 94% area under the ROC curve). Next, we combined the metabolism, metabolite structure prediction, and previously published reactivity models into a bioactivation model. This combined model predicted the structure of the most likely reactive metabolite of a small validation set of drug-like molecules known to be bioactivated by N-dealkylation. Applying this model to approved and withdrawn medicines, we found that aldehyde metabolites produced from N-dealkylation may explain the hepatotoxicity of several drugs: indinavir, piperacillin, verapamil, and ziprasidone. Our results suggest that N-dealkylation may be an under-appreciated bioactivation pathway, especially in clinical contexts where aldehyde detoxification pathways are inhibited. Moreover, this is the first report of a bioactivation model constructed by combining a metabolism and reactivity model. These results raise hope that more comprehensive models of bioactivation are possible. The model developed in this study is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tyler B. Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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27
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Van der Plas SE, Kelgtermans H, De Munck T, Martina SLX, Dropsit S, Quinton E, De Blieck A, Joannesse C, Tomaskovic L, Jans M, Christophe T, van der Aar E, Borgonovi M, Nelles L, Gees M, Stouten P, Van Der Schueren J, Mammoliti O, Conrath K, Andrews M. Discovery of N-(3-Carbamoyl-5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (GLPG1837), a Novel Potentiator Which Can Open Class III Mutant Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Channels to a High Extent. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1425-1435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Kelgtermans
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tom De Munck
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Evelyne Quinton
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ann De Blieck
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Tomaskovic
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Mia Jans
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Monica Borgonovi
- Galapagos SASU, 102
Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Luc Nelles
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Maarten Gees
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Stouten
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Oscar Mammoliti
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Martin Andrews
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
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28
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Meanwell NA, Krystal MR, Nowicka-Sans B, Langley DR, Conlon DA, Eastgate MD, Grasela DM, Timmins P, Wang T, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Attachment: The Discovery and Development of Temsavir and its Prodrug Fostemsavir. J Med Chem 2017; 61:62-80. [PMID: 29271653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection currently requires lifelong therapy with drugs that are used in combination to control viremia. The indole-3-glyoxamide 6 was discovered as an inhibitor of HIV-1 infectivity using a phenotypic screen and derivatives of this compound were found to interfere with the HIV-1 entry process by stabilizing a conformation of the virus gp120 protein not recognized by the host cell CD4 receptor. An extensive optimization program led to the identification of temsavir (31), which exhibited an improved antiviral and pharmacokinetic profile compared to 6 and was explored in phase 3 clinical trials as the phosphonooxymethyl derivative fostemsavir (35), a prodrug designed to address dissolution- and solubility-limited absorption issues. In this drug annotation, we summarize the structure-activity and structure-liability studies leading to the discovery of 31 and the clinical studies conducted with 35 that entailed the development of an extended release formulation suitable for phase 3 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David A Conlon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dennis M Grasela
- Innovative Medicines Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Peter Timmins
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Reeds Lane, Moreton, Merseyside CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
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29
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Teasdale A. Regulatory Highlights. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors, of which there are two types, are involved in inhibitory synapses within the central nervous system. The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) has a central role in modern anesthesia and sedation practice, which is evident from the high proportion of agents that target the GABAAR. Many GABAAR agonists are used in anesthesia practice and sedation, including propofol, etomidate, methohexital, thiopental, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. There are advantages and disadvantages to each GABAAR agonist currently in clinical use. With increasing knowledge regarding the pharmacology of GABAAR agonists, however, newer sedative agents have been developed which employ 'soft pharmacology', a term used to describe the pharmacology of agents whereby their chemical configuration allows rapid metabolism into inactive metabolites after the desired therapeutic effect(s) has occurred. These newer 'soft' GABAAR agonists may well approach ideal sedative agents, as they can offer well-controlled, titratable activity and ultrashort action. This review provides an overview of the role that GABAAR agonists currently play in sedation and anesthesia, in addition to discussing the future role of novel GABAAR agonists in anesthesia and sedation.
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31
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Brewer TF, Burgos-Barragan G, Wit N, Patel KJ, Chang CJ. A 2-aza-Cope reactivity-based platform for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of formaldehyde in living cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4073-4081. [PMID: 28580121 PMCID: PMC5434806 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a major reactive carbonyl species (RCS) that is naturally produced in living systems through a diverse array of cellular pathways that span from epigenetic regulation to the metabolic processing of endogenous metabolites. At the same time, however, aberrant elevations in FA levels contribute to pathologies ranging from cancer and diabetes to heart, liver, and neurodegenerative diseases. Disentangling the complex interplay between FA physiology and pathology motivates the development of chemical tools that can enable the selective detection of this RCS in biological environments with spatial and temporal fidelity. We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of ratiometric formaldehyde probe (RFAP) indicators for the excitation-ratiometric fluorescence imaging of formaldehyde production in living systems. RFAP-1 and RFAP-2 utilize FA-dependent aza-Cope reactivity to convert an alkylamine-functionalized coumarin platform into its aldehyde congener with a ca. 50 nm shift in the excitation wavelength. The probes exhibit visible excitation and emission profiles, and high selectivity for FA over a variety of RCS and related reactive biological analytes, including acetaldehyde, with up to a 6-fold change in the fluorescence ratio. The RFAP indicators can be used to monitor changes in FA levels in biological samples by live-cell imaging and/or flow cytometry. Moreover, RFAP-2 is capable of visualizing differences in the resting FA levels between wild-type cells and models with a gene knockout of ADH5, a major FA-metabolizing enzyme, establishing the utility of this ratiometric detection platform for identifying and probing sources of FA fluxes in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Brewer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Guillermo Burgos-Barragan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , University of Cambridge , Francis Crick Avenue , Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
| | - Niek Wit
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , University of Cambridge , Francis Crick Avenue , Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , University of Cambridge , Francis Crick Avenue , Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
- Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge CB2 2QQ , UK
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
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Hartz RA, Vrudhula VM, Ahuja VT, Grace JE, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Synthesis and evaluation of prodrugs of corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF 1) receptor antagonist BMS-665053 leading to improved oral bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1360-1363. [PMID: 28223020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphate and ester-based prodrugs of anilinopyrazinone 1 (BMS-665053) containing either a methylene or an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker was prepared and evaluated in rat pharmacokinetic studies with the goal of improving the oral bioavailability of the parent (1). The prodrugs, in general, had improved aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability compared to 1. Prodrug 12, which contains an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker, showed the greatest improvement in the oral bioavailability relative to the parent (1), with a seven-fold increase (from 5% to 36%) in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Vivekananda M Vrudhula
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Vijay T Ahuja
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - James E Grace
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas J Lodge
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Abet V, Filace F, Recio J, Alvarez-Builla J, Burgos C. Prodrug approach: An overview of recent cases. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:810-827. [PMID: 27823878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight the most modern trends in the prodrug strategy. In drug research and development, the prodrug concept has found a number of useful applications. Selected examples of this approach are provided in this paper and they are classified according to the aim of their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Filace
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Recio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez-Builla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Burgos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Majer P, Jančařík A, Krečmerová M, Tichý T, Tenora L, Wozniak K, Wu Y, Pommier E, Ferraris D, Rais R, Slusher BS. Discovery of Orally Available Prodrugs of the Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) Inhibitor 2-Phosphonomethylpentanedioic Acid (2-PMPA). J Med Chem 2016; 59:2810-9. [PMID: 26930119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Phosphonomethylpentanedioic acid (1, 2-PMPA) is a potent inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II which has demonstrated robust neuroprotective efficacy in many neurological disease models. However, 1 is highly polar containing a phosphonate and two carboxylates, severely limiting its oral bioavailability. We strategized to mask the polar groups via a prodrug approach, increasing the likelihood of passive oral absorption. Our initial strategy was to cover the phosphonate with hydrophobic moieties such as pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) while keeping the α- and γ-carboxylates unsubstituted. This attempt was unsuccessful due to the chemical instability of the bis-POC/POM derivatives. Addition of α,γ-diesters and α-monoesters enhanced chemical stability and provided excellent oral exposure in mice, but these mixed esters were too stable in vivo, resulting in minimal release of 1. By introducing POC groups on both the phosphonate and α-carboxylate, we synthesized Tris-POC-2-PMPA (21b), which afforded excellent release of 1 following oral administration in both mice and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Jančařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tichý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Krystyna Wozniak
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Elie Pommier
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Dana Ferraris
- Department of Chemistry, McDaniel College , Westminster, Maryland 21157, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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35
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Lai Y, Yu R, Hartwell HJ, Moeller BC, Bodnar WM, Swenberg JA. Measurement of Endogenous versus Exogenous Formaldehyde-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks in Animal Tissues by Stable Isotope Labeling and Ultrasensitive Mass Spectrometry. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2652-61. [PMID: 26984759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) arise from a wide range of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, such as chemotherapeutic drugs and formaldehyde. Importantly, recent identification of aldehydes as endogenous genotoxins in Fanconi anemia has provided new insight into disease causation. Because of their bulky nature, DPCs pose severe threats to genome stability, but previous methods to measure formaldehyde-induced DPCs were incapable of discriminating between endogenous and exogenous sources of chemical. In this study, we developed methods that provide accurate and distinct measurements of both exogenous and endogenous DPCs in a structurally specific manner. We exposed experimental animals to stable isotope-labeled formaldehyde ([(13)CD2]-formaldehyde) by inhalation and performed ultrasensitive mass spectrometry to measure endogenous (unlabeled) and exogenous ((13)CD2-labeled) DPCs. We found that exogenous DPCs readily accumulated in nasal respiratory tissues but were absent in tissues distant to the site of contact. This observation, together with the finding that endogenous formaldehyde-induced DPCs were present in all tissues examined, suggests that endogenous DPCs may be responsible for increased risks of bone marrow toxicity and leukemia. Furthermore, the slow rate of DPC repair provided evidence for the persistence of DPCs. In conclusion, our method for measuring endogenous and exogenous DPCs presents a new perspective for the potential health risks inflicted by endogenous formaldehyde and may inform improved disease prevention and treatment strategies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2652-61. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hadley J Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Wanda M Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Patil S, Lis LG, Schumacher RJ, Norris BJ, Morgan ML, Cuellar RAD, Blazar BR, Suryanarayanan R, Gurvich VJ, Georg GI. Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9334-44. [PMID: 26596892 PMCID: PMC4678411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A disodium phosphonooxymethyl
prodrug of the antitumor agent triptolide
was prepared from the natural product in three steps (39% yield) and
displayed excellent aqueous solubility at pH 7.4 (61 mg/mL) compared
to the natural product (17 μg/mL). The estimated shelf life
(t90) for hydrolysis of the prodrug at
4 °C and pH 7.4 was found to be two years. In a mouse model of
human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), the prodrug administered intraperitoneally
was effective in reducing or eliminating xenograft tumors at dose
levels as low as 0.3 mg/kg when given daily and at 0.9 mg/kg when
given less frequently. When given via intraperitoneal and oral routes
at daily doses of 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, the prodrug was also effective
and well tolerated in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer (A2780).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Lev G Lis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Robert J Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Beverly J Norris
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monique L Morgan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vadim J Gurvich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-C-methyl branched guanosine pronucleotides: the discovery of IDX184, a potent liver-targeted HCV polymerase inhibitor. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1675-700. [PMID: 26424162 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonucleoside analogs possessing a β-methyl substituent at the 2'-position of the d-ribose moiety have been previously discovered to be potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, their triphosphates acting as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RdRp NS5B. Results/methodology: In this article, the authors detail the synthesis, anti-HCV evaluation in cell-based replicon assays and structure-activity relationships of several phosphoramidate diester derivatives of 2'-C-methylguanosine (2'-MeG). CONCLUSION The most promising compound, namely the O-[S-(hydroxyl)pivaloyl-2-thioethyl]{abbreviated as O-[(HO)tBuSATE)]} N-benzylamine phosphoramidate diester derivative (IDX184), was selected for further in vivo studies, and was the first clinical pronucleotide evaluated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C up to Phase II trials.
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Sathyapalan T, Thatcher NJ, Hammersley R, Rigby AS, Pechlivanis A, Gooderham NJ, Holmes E, le Roux CW, Atkin SL, Courts F. Aspartame sensitivity? A double blind randomised crossover study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116212. [PMID: 25786106 PMCID: PMC4364783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspartame is a commonly used intense artificial sweetener, being approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose. There have been concerns over aspartame since approval in the 1980s including a large anecdotal database reporting severe symptoms. The objective of this study was to compare the acute symptom effects of aspartame to a control preparation. Methods This was a double-blind randomized cross over study conducted in a clinical research unit in United Kingdom. Forty-eight individual who has self reported sensitivity to aspartame were compared to 48 age and gender matched aspartame non-sensitive individuals. They were given aspartame (100mg)-containing or control snack bars randomly at least 7 days apart. The main outcome measures were acute effects of aspartame measured using repeated ratings of 14 symptoms, biochemistry and metabonomics. Results Aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive participants differed psychologically at baseline in handling feelings and perceived stress. Sensitive participants had higher triglycerides (2.05 ± 1.44 vs. 1.26 ± 0.84mmol/L; p value 0.008) and lower HDL-C (1.16 ± 0.34 vs. 1.35 ± 0.54 mmol/L; p value 0.04), reflected in 1H NMR serum analysis that showed differences in the baseline lipid content between the two groups. Urine metabonomic studies showed no significant differences. None of the rated symptoms differed between aspartame and control bars, or between sensitive and control participants. However, aspartame sensitive participants rated more symptoms particularly in the first test session, whether this was placebo or control. Aspartame and control bars affected GLP-1, GIP, tyrosine and phenylalanine levels equally in both aspartame sensitive and non-sensitive subjects. Conclusion Using a comprehensive battery of psychological tests, biochemistry and state of the art metabonomics there was no evidence of any acute adverse responses to aspartame. This independent study gives reassurance to both regulatory bodies and the public that acute ingestion of aspartame does not have any detectable psychological or metabolic effects in humans. Trial Registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN39650237
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Affiliation(s)
- Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Alan S. Rigby
- Department of Academic Cardiology, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elaine Holmes
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carel W. le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Cornell Medical College Qatar, Education City PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fraser Courts
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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Ankers EA, Evison BJ, Phillips DR, Brownlee RTC, Cutts SM. Design, synthesis, and DNA sequence selectivity of formaldehyde-mediated DNA-adducts of the novel N-(4-aminobutyl) acridine-4-carboxamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5710-5715. [PMID: 25453806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel derivative of the anti-tumor agent N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA) was prepared by reduction of 9-oxoacridan-4-carboxylic acid to acridine-4-carboxylic acid with subsequent conversion to N-(4-aminobutyl)acridine-4-carboxamide (C4-DACA). Molecular modeling studies suggested that a DACA analogue comprising a side chain length of four carbons was optimal to form formaldehyde-mediated drug-DNA adducts via the minor groove. An in vitro transcription assay revealed that formaldehyde-mediated C4-DACA-DNA adducts selectively formed at CpG and CpA dinucleotide sequences, which is strikingly similar to that of formaldehyde-activated anthracenediones such as pixantrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ankers
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Benny J Evison
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Don R Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Robert T C Brownlee
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
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Sanrame CN, Remenar JF, Blumberg LC, Waters J, Dean RL, Dong N, Kriksciukaite K, Cao P, Almarsson O. Prodrugs of pioglitazone for extended-release (XR) injectable formulations. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3617-23. [PMID: 25157965 DOI: 10.1021/mp500359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-Acyloxymethyl derivatives of pioglitazone (PIO) have been prepared and characterized as model candidates for extended-release injectable formulations. All PIO derivatives prepared are crystalline solids as determined by powder X-ray diffraction, and the solubility in aqueous media is below 1 μM at 37 °C. The melting points steadily increase from 55 °C, for the hexanoyloxymethyl derivative, to 85 °C, for the palmitoyloxymethyl derivative; inversely, the solubilities in ethyl oleate decrease as a function of increasing acyl chain length. The butyroyloxymethyl ester has a higher melting point and a lower solubility in ethyl oleate than expected from the trend. The (13)C solid-state NMR spectra of the PIO homologues between the hexanoyloxymethyl derivative and stearoyloxymethyl derivative suggest a common structural motif with the acyl chains exchanging between two distinct conformations, and the rate of exchange is slower for longer chain derivatives. The butyroyloxymethyl derivative is efficiently converted to PIO in in vitro rat plasma with a half-life of <2 min at 37 (o) C, while the rate of enzymatic cleavage in rat plasma decreases as the ester chain length increases for the longer acyloxymethyl derivatives. The concentration of PIO in plasma increases rapidly, or "spikes," in the hours following intramuscular (IM) injection of either the HCl salt or the butyroyloxymethyl derivative. In contrast, the more lipophilic palmitoyloxymethyl derivative provides slow growth in the PIO concentration over the first day to reach levels that remain steady for 2 weeks. On the basis of its in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, as well as material and solubility properties, the PIO palmitoyloxymethyl derivative has potential as a once-monthly injectable medication to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos N Sanrame
- Alkermes plc , 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States
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Golden R, Valentini M. Formaldehyde and methylene glycol equivalence: critical assessment of chemical and toxicological aspects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:178-86. [PMID: 24709515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due largely to the controversy concerning the potential human health effects from exposure to formaldehyde gas in conjunction with the misunderstanding of the well-established equilibrium relationship with its hydrated reaction product, methylene glycol, the concept of chemical equivalence between these two distinctly different chemicals has been adopted by regulatory authorities. Chemical equivalence implies not only that any concentration of methylene glycol under some condition of use would be nearly or completely converted into formaldehyde gas, but also that these two substances would be toxicologically equivalent as well. A relatively simple worst case experiment using 37% formalin (i.e., concentrated methylene glycol) dispels the concept of chemical equivalence and a review of relevant literature demonstrates that methylene glycol has no inherent toxicity apart from whatever concentration of formaldehyde that might be present in equilibrium with such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golden
- ToxLogic LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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Anilkumar TV, Vineetha VP, Revi D, Muhamed J, Rajan A. Biomaterial properties of cholecyst-derived scaffold recovered by a non-detergent/enzymatic method. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1506-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thapasimuthu V. Anilkumar
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Technology Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Trivandrum 695012 Kerala India
| | - Vadavanath P. Vineetha
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Technology Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Trivandrum 695012 Kerala India
| | - Deepa Revi
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Technology Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Trivandrum 695012 Kerala India
| | - Jaseer Muhamed
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Technology Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Trivandrum 695012 Kerala India
| | - Akhila Rajan
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Technology Wing; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Trivandrum 695012 Kerala India
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Endogenous formaldehyde turnover in humans compared with exogenous contribution from food sources. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Clas SD, Sanchez RI, Nofsinger R. Chemistry-enabled drug delivery (prodrugs): recent progress and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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An FtsZ-targeting prodrug with oral antistaphylococcal efficacy in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5860-9. [PMID: 24041882 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01016-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ represents a novel antibiotic target that has yet to be exploited clinically. The benzamide PC190723 was among the first FtsZ-targeting compounds to exhibit in vivo efficacy in a murine infection model system. Despite its initial promise, the poor formulation properties of the compound have limited its potential for clinical development. We describe here the development of an N-Mannich base derivative of PC190723 with enhanced drug-like properties and oral in vivo efficacy. The N-Mannich base derivative (TXY436) is ∼100-fold more soluble than PC190723 in an acidic aqueous vehicle (10 mM citrate, pH 2.6) suitable for oral in vivo administration. At physiological pH (7.4), TXY436 acts as a prodrug, converting to PC190723 with a conversion half-life of 18.2 ± 1.6 min. Pharmacokinetic analysis following intravenous administration of TXY436 into mice yielded elimination half-lives of 0.26 and 0.96 h for the TXY436 prodrug and its PC190723 product, respectively. In addition, TXY436 was found to be orally bioavailable and associated with significant extravascular distribution. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus, we show that TXY436 is efficacious in vivo upon oral administration. In contrast, the oral administration of PC190723 was not efficacious. Mammalian cytotoxicity studies of TXY436 using Vero cells revealed an absence of toxicity up to compound concentrations at least 64 times greater than those associated with antistaphylococcal activity. These collective properties make TXY436 a worthy candidate for further investigation as a clinically useful agent for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
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Sitohy M, Osman A, Gharib A, Chobert JM, Haertlé T. Preliminary assessment of potential toxicity of methylated soybean protein and methylated β-lactoglobulin in male Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:618-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mutagenic impurities in pharmaceuticals: a critique of the derivation of the cancer TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) and recommendations for structural-class-based limits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:299-316. [PMID: 23988886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) concept is currently employed as an aid to risk assessment of potentially mutagenic impurities (PMIs) in food, cosmetics and other sectors. Within the pharmaceutical industry the use of one default cancer TTC limit of 1.5 μg/day for PMIs is being increasingly questioned. Its derivation, originally in the context of foodstuffs, can be broken down into five key elements: dataset composition; determination of carcinogenicity/mutagenicity status and carcinogenic potency (based on TD₅₀s) of compounds in the dataset; linear extrapolation of carcinogenic potencies; evaluation of the more potent compounds in each structural category, and presence of representative structural alerts amongst the more potent compounds. A detailed evaluation reveals that the derivation process is distorted by the use of the lowest statistically significant TD₅₀s (which can produce a false-carcinogen phenomenon) and by employing linear extrapolation for non-mutagenic carcinogens. By correcting for these two factors, it is concluded that only around 50% of conventional structural-alert categories were adequately addressed and that limits higher than the default value appear to be justified in many cases. Using similar criteria for PMIs in pharmaceuticals, four distinct potency categories of conventional structural alerts can be distinguished, ranging from alerts with questionable validity to those with high potency, which are considered to provide a range of flexible and pragmatic limits for such impurities.
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Vere Hodge RA. Meeting report: 26th International Conference on Antiviral Research. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:276-85. [PMID: 23973733 PMCID: PMC7126960 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The 26th International Conference on Antiviral Research (ICAR) was held in San Francisco, California from May 11 to 15, 2013. This article summarizes the principal invited lectures at the meeting. The opening symposium on the legacy of the late Antonín Holý included presentations on his pioneering work with nucleotide analogs, which led to the development of several antiviral drugs including tenofovir. This drug has transformed the treatment of HIV infection and has recently become the first-line therapy for chronic hepatitis B. The Gertrude Elion Award lecturer described the anti-HIV activities of the CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc and the reverse transcriptase inhibitor festinavir®, and also reviewed the evaluation of biodegradable nanoparticles with adjuvant activity. The William Prusoff Award winner reported on the creation of NAOMI, a computer model with 21 enzymes to predict the activity of nucleoside analogs against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Other invited lecturers discussed the development of countermeasures against severe dengue and the potential of RNA virus capping and repair enzymes as drug targets. Topics in the clinical symposium included the current status of the anti-HCV compounds sovaprevir, ACH-3102, miravirsen and ALS-2200; the evaluation of single-tablet regimens for HIV infection; and the investigation of cytomegalovirus resistance to CMX001. Two chemistry minisymposia examined strategies and tactics in drug design and the use of in drug discovery.
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