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Khaliq NU, Lee J, Kim S, Sung D, Kim H. Pluronic F-68 and F-127 Based Nanomedicines for Advancing Combination Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2102. [PMID: 37631316 PMCID: PMC10458801 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluronics are amphiphilic triblock copolymers composed of two hydrophilic poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains linked via a central hydrophobic polypropylene oxide (PPO). Owing to their low molecular weight polymer and greater number of PEO segments, Pluronics induce micelle formation and gelation at critical micelle concentrations and temperatures. Pluronics F-68 and F-127 are the only United States (U.S.) FDA-approved classes of Pluronics and have been extensively used as materials for living bodies. Owing to the fascinating characteristics of Pluronics, many studies have suggested their role in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, tissue regeneration scaffolders, and biosurfactants. As a result, various studies have been performed using Pluronics as a tool in nanomedicine and targeted delivery systems. This review sought to describe the delivery of therapeutic cargos using Pluronic F-68 and F-127-based cancer nanomedicines and their composites for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ul Khaliq
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Sung
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
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Teng H, Deng H, He Y, Lv Q, Chen L. The role of dietary flavonoids for modulation of ATP binding cassette transporter mediated multidrug resistance. EFOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.53365/efood.k/144604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely existing compounds with enormous pharmacological effects from food and medicine. However, the low bioavailability in intestinal absorption and metabolism limits their clinical application. Intestinal efflux ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), act as "pumping doors" to regulate the efflux of flavonoids from intestinal epithelial cells into the intestinal cavity or the systemic circulation. The present review describes the critical effect of ABC transporters involved in the efflux of flavonoids which depend on its efflux direction. And the role of flavonoids for modulation of intestinal ABC transporters was emphasized and several examples were given. We summarized that the resistance effect of flavonoid-mediated multidrug on ABC transporters may influence the bioavailability of drugs, bioactive ingredients and/or toxic compounds upon dietary uptake. Meanwhile, flavonoids functionalized as reversing agents of the ABC transporter may be an important mechanism for unexpected food-drug, food-toxin or food-food interactions. The overview also indicates that elucidation of the action and mechanism of the intestinal metabolic enzymes-efflux transporters coupling will lay a foundation for improving the bioavailability of flavonoids <i>in vivo</i> and increasing their clinical efficacy.
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Jin S, Lee CH, Lim DY, Lee J, Park SJ, Song IS, Choi MK. Improved Hygroscopicity and Bioavailability of Solid Dispersion of Red Ginseng Extract with Silicon Dioxide. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071022. [PMID: 34371714 PMCID: PMC8309041 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop a powder formulation for the Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo formulation characteristics. The solid dispersion of RGE was prepared with hydrophilic carriers using a freeze-drying method. After conducting the water sorption–desorption isothermogram (relative humidity between 30 and 70% RH), differential scanning calorimetry thermal behavior, dissolution test, and intestinal permeation study, a solid dispersion formulation of RGE and silicon dioxide (RGE-SiO2) was selected. RGE-SiO2 formulation increased intestinal permeability of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), GRb2, GRc, and GRd by 1.6-fold in rat jejunal segments as measured by the Ussing chamber system. A 1.6- to 1.8-fold increase in plasma exposure of GRb1, GRb2, GRc, and GRd in rats was observed following oral administration of RGE-SiO2 (375 mg/kg as RGE). No significant difference was observed in the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) and half-life in comparison to those in RGE administered rats (375 mg/kg). In conclusion, formulating solid dispersion of RGE with amorphous SiO2, the powder formulation of RGE was successfully formulated with improved hygroscopicity, increased intestinal permeability, and enhanced oral bioavailability and is therefore suitable for processing solid formulations of RGE product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Chul Haeng Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yu Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Jaehyeok Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
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Sanderson L, da Silva M, Sekhar GN, Brown RC, Burrell-Saward H, Fidanboylu M, Liu B, Dailey LA, Dreiss CA, Lorenz C, Christie M, Persaud SJ, Yardley V, Croft SL, Valero M, Thomas SA. Drug reformulation for a neglected disease. The NANOHAT project to develop a safer more effective sleeping sickness drug. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009276. [PMID: 33857146 PMCID: PMC8078842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness) is caused by the
parasite Trypanosoma brucei sspp. The disease has two
stages, a haemolymphatic stage after the bite of an infected tsetse fly,
followed by a central nervous system stage where the parasite penetrates the
brain, causing death if untreated. Treatment is stage-specific, due to the
blood-brain barrier, with less toxic drugs such as pentamidine used to treat
stage 1. The objective of our research programme was to develop an
intravenous formulation of pentamidine which increases CNS exposure by some
10–100 fold, leading to efficacy against a model of stage 2 HAT. This target
candidate profile is in line with drugs for neglected diseases inititative
recommendations. Methodology To do this, we evaluated the physicochemical and structural characteristics
of formulations of pentamidine with Pluronic micelles (triblock-copolymers
of polyethylene-oxide and polypropylene oxide), selected candidates for
efficacy and toxicity evaluation in vitro, quantified
pentamidine CNS delivery of a sub-set of formulations in vitro and
in vivo, and progressed one pentamidine-Pluronic formulation
for further evaluation using an in vivo single dose brain
penetration study. Principal Findings Screening pentamidine against 40 CNS targets did not reveal any major
neurotoxicity concerns, however, pentamidine had a high affinity for the
imidazoline2 receptor. The reduction in insulin secretion in
MIN6 β-cells by pentamidine may be secondary to pentamidine-mediated
activation of β-cell imidazoline receptors and impairment of cell viability.
Pluronic F68 (0.01%w/v)-pentamidine formulation had a similar inhibitory
effect on insulin secretion as pentamidine alone and an additive
trypanocidal effect in vitro. However, all Pluronics tested
(P85, P105 and F68) did not significantly enhance brain exposure of
pentamidine. Significance These results are relevant to further developing block-copolymers as
nanocarriers, improving BBB drug penetration and understanding the side
effects of pentamidine. Sleeping sickness or human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a disease caused by a
parasite, which is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected tsetse fly.
There are two disease stages: the first stage is the blood-based stage of the
disease and the second stage affects the brain. It is fatal if left untreated.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes the brain stage difficult to treat because
it prevents 99% of all drugs from entering the brain from the blood. Those
anti-HAT drugs that do enter the brain are toxic and have serious side effects.
Pentamidine is a less toxic blood stage drug, which our research has shown has a
limited ability to cross the BBB due to its removal by proteins called
transporters. The objective of this study was to use Pluronic to improve
pentamidine delivery to target sites, whilst reducing its side effects. Pluronic
is a polymer, which can assemble into micelles and encapsulate the drug. Thus,
prolonging its circulation time and protecting it. Our study indicated that the
selected Pluronics did not increase the brain delivery of pentamidine. However.
Pluronic-pentamidine formulations were identified that harboured trypanocidal
activity and did not increase safety concerns compared to unformulated
pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sanderson
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Marcelo da Silva
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Gayathri N. Sekhar
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Rachel C. Brown
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Hollie Burrell-Saward
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Fidanboylu
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Bo Liu
- King’s College London, Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course
Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Chris Lorenz
- King’s College London, Theory & Simulation of Condensed Matter Group,
Department of Physics, Strand, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christie
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Shanta J. Persaud
- King’s College London, Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course
Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margarita Valero
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of
Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sarah A. Thomas
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, United
Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Giram PS, Wang JTW, Walters AA, Rade PP, Akhtar M, Han S, Faruqu FN, Abdel-Bar HM, Garnaik B, Al-Jamal KT. Green synthesis of methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer using zinc proline as a biocompatible initiator for irinotecan delivery to colon cancer in vivo. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:795-806. [PMID: 33206082 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is the most commonly described biocompatible copolymer used in biomedical applications. In this work, a green synthetic approach based on the biocompatible zinc proline complex, as an initiator for PLGA synthesis, is reported for the first time for the synthesis of methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA). mPEG-PLGA with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity was synthesised. Its potential for delivery of irinotecan (Ir), a poorly water-soluble chemotherapeutic drug used for the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancer, was studied. Nanoparticles of controlled size (140-160 nm), surface charge (∼-10 mV), release properties and cytotoxicity against CT-26 (colon) and BxPC-3 (pancreatic) cancer cells, were prepared. Tumor accumulation was confirmed by optical imaging of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles. Unlike Tween® 80 coated NP-Ir, the Pluronic® F-127 coated NP-Ir exhibits significant tumor growth delay compared to untreated and blank formulation treated groups in the CT-26 subcutaneous tumor model, after 4 treatments of 30 mg irinotecan per kg dose. Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the newly synthesized copolymer, via a green route, is proven to be nontoxic, requires fewer purification steps and has potential applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhanjan S Giram
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India.
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Vanamala K, Tatiparti K, Bhise K, Sau S, Scheetz MH, Rybak MJ, Andes D, Iyer AK. Novel approaches for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Using nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:31-43. [PMID: 33091564 PMCID: PMC7855522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes serious infections in both community and hospital settings, with high mortality rates. Treatment of MRSA infections is challenging because of the rapidly evolving resistance mechanisms combined with the protective biofilms of S. aureus. Together, these characteristic resistance mechanisms continue to render conventional treatment modalities ineffective. The use of nanoformulations with unique modes of transport across bacterial membranes could be a useful strategy for disease-specific delivery. In this review, we summarize treatment approaches for MRSA, including novel techniques in nanoparticulate designing for better therapeutic outcomes; and facilitate an understanding that nanoparticulate delivery systems could be a robust approach in the successful treatment of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Vanamala
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Katyayani Tatiparti
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ketki Bhise
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Samaresh Sau
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marc H Scheetz
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacology, Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy and Graduate Studies, Pharmacometric Center of Excellence, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Andes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials and Integrated Nano Delivery Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Molecular Imaging Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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7
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Kwon M, Lim DY, Lee CH, Jeon JH, Choi MK, Song IS. Enhanced Intestinal Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Berberine and Its Metabolites through the Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Intestinal Metabolism in Rats Using a Berberine Mixed Micelle Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090882. [PMID: 32957491 PMCID: PMC7558015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to develop a berberine formulation to enhance the intestinal absorption and plasma concentrations of berberine through the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux and the intestinal metabolism of berberine in rats. We used pluronic P85 (P85) and tween 80, which have the potential to inhibit P-gp and cytochrome P450s (i.e., CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4). A berberine-loaded mixed micelle formulation with ratios of berberine: P85: tween 80 of 1:5:0.5 (w/w/w) was developed. This berberine mixed micelle formulation had a mean size of 12 nm and increased the cellular accumulation of digoxin via P-gp inhibition. It also inhibited berberine metabolism in rat intestinal microsomes, without significant cytotoxicity, up to a berberine concentration of 100 μM. Next, we compared the pharmacokinetics of berberine and its major metabolites in rat plasma following the oral administration of the berberine formulation (50 mg/kg) in rats with the oral administration of berberine alone (50 mg/kg). The plasma exposure of berberine was significantly greater in rats administered the berberine formulation compared to rats administered only berberine, which could be attributed to the increased berberine absorption by inhibiting the P-gp-mediated berberine efflux and intestinal berberine metabolism by berberine formulation. In conclusion, we successfully prepared berberine mixed micelle formulation using P85 and tween 80 that has inhibitory potential for P-gp and CYPs (CYP2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) and increased the berberine plasma exposure. Therefore, a mixed micelle formulation strategy with P85 and tween 80 for drugs with high intestinal first-pass effects could be applied to increase the oral absorption and plasma concentrations of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Dong Yu Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (D.Y.L.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Chul Haeng Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (D.Y.L.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (D.Y.L.); (C.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-K.C.); (I.-S.S.); Tel.: 8253-950-8575 (I.-S.S.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.-K.C.); (I.-S.S.); Tel.: 8253-950-8575 (I.-S.S.)
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Al-Ali AAA, Sandra L, Versweyveld D, Pijpers I, Dillen L, Vermeulen A, Snoeys J, Holm R, Nielsen CU. High-dose etoposide formulations do not saturate intestinal P-glycoprotein: Development, stability, and pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yetisgin AA, Cetinel S, Zuvin M, Kosar A, Kutlu O. Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Delivery Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E2193. [PMID: 32397080 PMCID: PMC7248934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers many advantages in various fields of science. In this regard, nanoparticles are the essential building blocks of nanotechnology. Recent advances in nanotechnology have proven that nanoparticles acquire a great potential in medical applications. Formation of stable interactions with ligands, variability in size and shape, high carrier capacity, and convenience of binding of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances make nanoparticles favorable platforms for the target-specific and controlled delivery of micro- and macromolecules in disease therapy. Nanoparticles combined with the therapeutic agents overcome problems associated with conventional therapy; however, some issues like side effects and toxicity are still debated and should be well concerned before their utilization in biological systems. It is therefore important to understand the specific properties of therapeutic nanoparticles and their delivery strategies. Here, we provide an overview on the unique features of nanoparticles in the biological systems. We emphasize on the type of clinically used nanoparticles and their specificity for therapeutic applications, as well as on their current delivery strategies for specific diseases such as cancer, infectious, autoimmune, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, ocular, and pulmonary diseases. Understanding of the characteristics of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological environment will enable us to establish novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis in many diseases, particularly untreatable ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuzer Alp Yetisgin
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Sibel Cetinel
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Merve Zuvin
- Mechatronics Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (M.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Ali Kosar
- Mechatronics Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (M.Z.); (A.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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Lavan M, Knipp G. Considerations for Determining Direct Versus Indirect Functional Effects of Solubilizing Excipients on Drug Transporters for Enhancing Bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1833-1845. [PMID: 32142715 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excipients used in drug formulations at clinically safe levels have been considered to be pharmacologically inert; however, numerous studies have suggested that many solubilizing agents may modulate drug transporter activities and intestinal absorption. Here, the reported interactions between various solubilizing excipients and drug transporters are evaluated to consider various potential underlying mechanisms. This forms the basis for debate in the field in regard to whether or not the effects are based on "direct" interactions or "indirect" consequences arising from the role of the excipients. For example, an increase in apparent drug solubility can give rise to saturation of transporters according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This is also drawing the attention of regulatory agencies as they seek to understand the role of formulation additives. The continued application of excipients as a tool in solubility enhancement is crucial in the drug development process, creating a need for additional data to verify the proposed mechanism behind these changes. A literature review is provided here with some guidance on other factors that should be considered to delineate the effects that arise from direct physiological interactions or indirect effects. The results of such studies may aid the rational design of bioavailability-enhancing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lavan
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Gregory Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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Al-Ali AAA, Nielsen RB, Steffansen B, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Nonionic surfactants modulate the transport activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carriers (SLC): Relevance to oral drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:410-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Cardamonin, a natural chalcone, reduces 5-fluorouracil resistance of gastric cancer cells through targeting Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:329-339. [PMID: 31102118 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Cardamonin (CD), an active chalconoid, has been extensively studied in a wide variety of human tumors. However, the effects and underlying mechanism of cardamonin on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of cardamonin on 5-FU-resistant GC cells and explore the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic potential. Methods The antitumor activities of cardamonin, 5-FU and their combination against BGC-823 and BGC-823/5-FU cells were determined using cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry-based cell cycle analysis and Annexin V apoptosis assay. The effect of cardamonin on P-glycoprotein activity was assessed by Rh123 uptake assay. Real-time PCR, Western blotting and Co-immunoprecipitation analysis were carried out to assess the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A xenograft mouse model was established using BALB/c nude mice to examine the combinatorial effects of cardamonin and 5-FU on tumor growth. Results Our data provided the first demonstration that cardamonin significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity of 5-FU in GC cells via suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Additionally, the combination of cardamonin and 5-FU might result in the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of BGC-823/5-FU cells, accompanied by the downregulated expression levels of P-glycoprotein, β-catenin and TCF4. More importantly, our results demonstrated that cardamonin specifically disrupted the formation of β-catenin/TCF4 complex, leading to TCF4-mediated transcriptional activation in 5-FU-resistant GC cells. Besides, through a xenograft mouse model, co-administration of cardamonin and 5-FU significantly retarded tumor growth in vivo, thus, confirming our in vitro findings. Conclusions Overall, this study revealed that cotreatment of cardamonin and 5-FU could strongly potentiate the antitumor activity of 5-FU, and put forth cardamonin as a rational therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant GC treatment.
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Gurjar R, Chan CYS, Curley P, Sharp J, Chiong J, Rannard S, Siccardi M, Owen A. Inhibitory Effects of Commonly Used Excipients on P-Glycoprotein in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4835-4842. [PMID: 30350641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients are no longer considered inert and have been shown to influence the activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters, resulting in altered pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs. In this study, the effect of 25 excipients commonly used in drug formulations were investigated for their effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. The effect of excipients on P-gp were assessed by measuring the change in the cellular accumulation of a P-gp substrate, digoxin, in MDCK-MDR1 (Madin Darby canine kidney transfected with multidrug resistance 1 gene) cells. The cells were exposed to low (10 μM) and high (200 μM) concentrations of excipient along with 10 μM digoxin. Excipient concentrations were chosen to span the range of concentrations previously used for investigating activities in vitro. At 10 μM of excipient, an increase in the intracellular digoxin concentration was seen with d-α-tocopherol poly-(ethylene glycol) succinate (Vit-E-PEG; p = 0.002), poly(ethylene oxide)20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80; p = 0.001), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; p = 0.021), poly(ethylene oxide)35 modified castor oil (Cremophor EL; p = 0.01), polyethylene glycol15-hydroxystearate (Solutol HS 15; p = 0.006), and poly(ethylene glycol) hexadecyl ether (Brij 58; p = 0.001). At 200 μM, Vit-E-PEG ( p < 0.0001), sodium 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate (AOT; p < 0.0001), Tween 80 ( p < 0.0001), CTAB ( p = 0.004), poly(ethylene oxide)20 sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20; p < 0.0001), Cremophor EL ( p < 0.0001), Solutol HS 15 ( p < 0.0001), Brij 58 ( p < 0.0001), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC; p = 0.006) increased intracellular digoxin significantly. Concentration-dependent inhibition of P-gp was then investigated for selected excipients giving an IC50 for Vit-E-PEG (12.48 μM), AOT (192.5 μM), Tween 80 (45.29 μM), CTAB (96.67 μM), Tween 20 (74.15 μM), Cremophor EL (11.92 μM), Solutol HS 15 (179.8 μM), Brij 58 (25.22 μM), and NaCMC (46.69 μM). These data add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that not all excipients are inert and will aid excipient choice for rational formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gurjar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Christina Y S Chan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Justin Chiong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GF , United Kingdom
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Gao Y, Kraft JC, Yu D, Ho RJY. Recent developments of nanotherapeutics for targeted and long-acting, combination HIV chemotherapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 138:75-91. [PMID: 29678735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) given orally has transformed HIV from a terminal illness to a manageable chronic disease. Yet despite the recent development of newer and more potent drugs for cART and suppression of virus in blood to undetectable levels, residual virus remains in tissues. Upon stopping cART, virus rebounds and progresses to AIDS. Current oral cART regimens have several drawbacks including (1) challenges in patient adherence due to pill fatigue or side-effects, (2) the requirement of life-long daily drug intake, and (3) limited penetration and retention in cells within lymph nodes. Appropriately designed injectable nano-drug combinations that are long-acting and retained in HIV susceptible cells within lymph nodes may address these challenges. While a number of nanomaterials have been investigated for delivery of HIV drugs and drug combinations, key challenges involve developing and scaling delivery systems that provide a drug combination targeted to HIV host cells and tissues where residual virus persists. With validation of the drug-insufficiency hypothesis in lymph nodes, progress has been made in the development of drug combination nanoparticles that are long-acting and targeted to lymph nodes and cells. Unique drug combination nanoparticles (DcNPs) composed of three HIV drugs-lopinavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir-have been shown to provide enhanced drug levels in lymph nodes; and elevated drug-combination levels in HIV-host cells in the blood and plasma for two weeks. This review summarizes the progress in the development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for HIV therapy. It discusses how injectable nanocarriers may be designed to enable delivery of drug combinations that are long-lasting and target-selective in physiological contexts (in vivo) to provide safe and effective use. Consistent drug combination exposure in the sites of residual HIV in tissues and cells may overcome drug insufficiency observed in patients on oral cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - John C Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Danni Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Rodney J Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Peachey LE, Pinchbeck GL, Matthews JB, Burden FA, Lespine A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J, Hodgkinson JE. P-glycoproteins play a role in ivermectin resistance in cyathostomins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:388-398. [PMID: 29121562 PMCID: PMC5681340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a global problem that threatens sustainable control of the equine gastrointestinal cyathostomins (Phylum Nematoda; Superfamily Strongyloidea). Of the three novel anthelmintic classes that have reached the veterinary market in the last decade, none are currently licenced in horses, hence current control regimens focus on prolonging the useful lifespan of licenced anthelmintics. This approach would be facilitated by knowledge of the resistance mechanisms to the most widely used anthelmintics, the macrocyclic lactones (ML). There are no data regarding resistance mechanisms to MLs in cyathostomins, although in other parasitic nematodes, the ABC transporters, P-glycoproteins (P-gps), have been implicated in playing an important role. Here, we tested the hypothesis that P-gps are, at least in part, responsible for reduced sensitivity to the ML ivermectin (IVM) in cyathostomins; first, by measuring transcript levels of pgp-9 in IVM resistant versus IVM sensitive third stage larvae (L3) pre-and post-IVM exposure in vitro. We then tested the effect of a range of P-gp inhibitors on the effect of IVM against the same populations of L3 using the in vitro larval development test (LDT) and larval migration inhibition test (LMIT). We demonstrated that, not only was pgp-9 transcription significantly increased in IVM resistant compared to IVM sensitive L3 after anthelmintic exposure (p < 0.001), but inhibition of P-gp activity significantly increased sensitivity of the larvae to IVM in vitro, an effect only observed in the IVM resistant larvae in the LMIT. These data strongly implicate a role for P-gps in IVM resistance in cyathostomins. Importantly, this raises the possibility that P-gp inhibitor-IVM combination treatments might be used in vivo to increase the effectiveness of IVM against cyathostomins in Equidae. Pgp-9 transcript levels were higher in ivermectin resistant versus susceptible cyathostomin populations. P-gp inhibitors increased ivermectin effect against cyathostomins in vitro. P-gp activity may play a role in ivermectin resistance in cyathostomins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Peachey
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - F A Burden
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - A Lespine
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J E Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Varghese NM, Senthil V, Saxena SK. Nanocarriers for brain specific delivery of anti-retro viral drugs: challenges and achievements. J Drug Target 2017; 26:195-207. [PMID: 28866957 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1374389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic and the deleterious effects of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain cannot be overlooked. Though the current anti-retro viral therapy is able to reduce the virus load in the peripheral tissues of the body, the inability of the anti-retro viral drugs to cross the blood brain barrier, as such, limits its therapeutic effect in the brain. The development of newer, successful nanoparticulate drug delivery systems to enhance the feasibility of the anti-retro viral drugs to the brain, offers a novel strategy to treat the AIDS-related neuronal degradation. This review summarised the neuropathogenesis of neuroAIDS, the challenges and achievements made in the delivery of therapeutics across the BBB and the use of nanocarriers as a safe and effective way for delivering anti-retro viral drugs to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nila Mary Varghese
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund , Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University , Mysuru , India
| | - Venkatachalam Senthil
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund , Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University , Mysuru , India
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- b Centre for Advance Research (CFAR) , King George's Medical University (KGMU) , Lucknow , India
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17
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Pluronic Nanotechnology for Overcoming Drug Resistance. BIOACTIVITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5864-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Shi S, Nguyen PK, Cabral HJ, Diez-Barroso R, Derry PJ, Kanahara SM, Kumar VA. Development of peptide inhibitors of HIV transmission. Bioact Mater 2016; 1:109-121. [PMID: 29744399 PMCID: PMC5883972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV has long faced the challenge of high mutation rates leading to rapid development of resistance, with ongoing need to develop new methods to effectively fight the infection. Traditionally, early HIV medications were designed to inhibit RNA replication and protein production through small molecular drugs. Peptide based therapeutics are a versatile, promising field in HIV therapy, which continues to develop as we expand our understanding of key protein-protein interactions that occur in HIV replication and infection. This review begins with an introduction to HIV, followed by the biological basis of disease, current clinical management of the disease, therapeutics on the market, and finally potential avenues for improved drug development.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- ART, antiretroviral therapy
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Drug development
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FY, fiscal year
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HCV, hepatitis C Virus
- HIV
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- INSTI, Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
- LEDGF, lens epithelium-derived growth factor
- NNRTI, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- NRTI, Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Peptide inhibitor
- Peptide therapeutic
- R&D, research and development
- RT, reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter K. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Henry J. Cabral
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Current applications of nanoparticles in infectious diseases. J Control Release 2016; 224:86-102. [PMID: 26772877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades infections have been treated easily with drugs. However, in the 21st century, they may become lethal again owing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Pathogens can become resistant by means of different mechanisms, such as increasing the time they spend in the intracellular environment, where drugs are unable to reach therapeutic levels. Moreover, drugs are also subject to certain problems that decrease their efficacy. This requires the use of high doses, and frequent administrations must be implemented, causing adverse side effects or toxicity. The use of nanoparticle systems can help to overcome such problems and increase drug efficacy. Accordingly, there is considerable current interest in their use as antimicrobial agents against different pathogens like bacteria, virus, fungi or parasites, multidrug-resistant strains and biofilms; as targeting vectors towards specific tissues; as vaccines and as theranostic systems. This review begins with an overview of the different types and characteristics of nanoparticles used to deliver drugs to the target, followed by a review of current research and clinical trials addressing the use of nanoparticles within the field of infectious diseases.
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20
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhang H, Dai W, He B, Wang X, Zhang Q. The P-glycoprotein inhibitory effect and related mechanisms of thiolated chitosan and its S-protected derivative. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19418k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
P-gp inhibitory mechanisms mediated by CS-TGA and CS-TGA-6MNA lie in the decreasing membrane fluidity and inhibiting P-gp ATPase activity, while not influencing the expression of P-gp and decreasing ATP level at the investigation concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Medical and Healthy Analytical Center
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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Sosnik A. Reversal of multidrug resistance by the inhibition of ATP-binding cassette pumps employing "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) nanopharmaceuticals: A review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1828-51. [PMID: 24055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pumps of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABCs) regulate the access of drugs to the intracellular space. In this context, the overexpression of ABCs is a well-known mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer and infectious diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis and the human immunodeficiency virus) and is associated with therapeutic failure. Since their discovery, ABCs have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets and the search of compounds that inhibit their genetic expression and/or their functional activity has gained growing interest. Different generations of pharmacological ABC inhibitors have been explored over the last four decades to address resistance in cancer, though clinical results have been somehow disappointing. "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration designation for substances that are accepted as safe for addition in food. Far from being "inert", some amphiphilic excipients used in the production of pharmaceutical products have been shown to inhibit the activity of ABCs in MDR tumors, emerging as a clinically translatable approach to overcome resistance. The present article initially overviews the classification, structure and function of the different ABCs, with emphasis on those pumps related to drug resistance. Then, the different attempts to capitalize on the activity of GRAS nanopharmaceuticals as ABC inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sosnik
- The Group of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Improved Medicines (BIONIMED), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Science Research Council (CONICET), Argentina; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Andrade F, Rafael D, Videira M, Ferreira D, Sosnik A, Sarmento B. Nanotechnology and pulmonary delivery to overcome resistance in infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1816-27. [PMID: 23932923 PMCID: PMC7103277 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Used since ancient times especially for the local treatment of pulmonary diseases, lungs and airways are a versatile target route for the administration of both local and systemic drugs. Despite the existence of different platforms and devices for the pulmonary administration of drugs, only a few formulations are marketed, partly due to physiological and technological limitations. Respiratory infections represent a significant burden to health systems worldwide mainly due to intrahospital infections that more easily affect immune-compromised patients. Moreover, tuberculosis (TB) is an endemic infectious disease in many developing nations and it has resurged in the developed world associated with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic. Currently, medicine faces the specter of antibiotic resistance. Besides the development of new anti-infectious drugs, the development of innovative and more efficient delivery systems for drugs that went off patent appears as a promising strategy pursued by the pharmaceutical industry to improve the therapeutic outcomes and to prolong the utilities of their intellectual property portfolio. In this context, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nano-DDS) emerged as a promising approach to circumvent the limitations of conventional formulations and to treat drug resistance, opening the hypothesis for new developments in this area.
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Roy U, Bulot C, Honer zu Bentrup K, Mondal D. Specific increase in MDR1 mediated drug-efflux in human brain endothelial cells following co-exposure to HIV-1 and saquinavir. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75374. [PMID: 24098380 PMCID: PMC3789726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs within the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains a significant challenge to the efficacy of potent anti-HIV-1 drugs. The primary human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMVEC) constitutes the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) which interferes with anti-HIV drug delivery into the CNS. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed on HBMVEC can efflux HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HPI), enabling the persistence of HIV-1 in CNS. Constitutive low level expression of several ABC-transporters, such as MDR1 (a.k.a. P-gp) and MRPs are documented in HBMVEC. Although it is recognized that inflammatory cytokines and exposure to xenobiotic drug substrates (e.g HPI) can augment the expression of these transporters, it is not known whether concomitant exposure to virus and anti-retroviral drugs can increase drug-efflux functions in HBMVEC. Our in vitro studies showed that exposure of HBMVEC to HIV-1 significantly up-regulates both MDR1 gene expression and protein levels; however, no significant increases in either MRP-1 or MRP-2 were observed. Furthermore, calcein-AM dye-efflux assays using HBMVEC showed that, compared to virus exposure alone, the MDR1 mediated drug-efflux function was significantly induced following concomitant exposure to both HIV-1 and saquinavir (SQV). This increase in MDR1 mediated drug-efflux was further substantiated via increased intracellular retention of radiolabeled [(3)H-] SQV. The crucial role of MDR1 in (3)H-SQV efflux from HBMVEC was further confirmed by using both a MDR1 specific blocker (PSC-833) and MDR1 specific siRNAs. Therefore, MDR1 specific drug-efflux function increases in HBMVEC following co-exposure to HIV-1 and SQV which can reduce the penetration of HPIs into the infected brain reservoirs of HIV-1. A targeted suppression of MDR1 in the BBB may thus provide a novel strategy to suppress residual viral replication in the CNS, by augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of HAART drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Bulot
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Honer zu Bentrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Buckley ST, Frank KJ, Fricker G, Brandl M. Biopharmaceutical classification of poorly soluble drugs with respect to “enabling formulations”. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Smith M, Coronel ML, Tran H. Advances in brain targeting and drug delivery of anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:973-85. [PMID: 23510097 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.781999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus that enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection. Although antiretroviral drugs are able to eliminate the majority of the HIV virus in the bloodstream, however, no specific treatment currently exist for CNS infections related to HIV. This is mainly attributed to the poor penetrability of antiretroviral therapy across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the protective nature of the BBB. Therefore, in order to increase the efficacy of anti-HIV drugs, novel drug delivery methodologies that can exhibit activity in the CNS are most needed and warranted. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors discussed the challenges with delivering drugs to the brain especially under HIV infection pathophysiology status. Also, they discussed the approaches currently being investigated to enhance brain targeting of anti-HIV drugs. A literature search was performed to cover advances in major approaches used to enhance drug delivery to the brain. EXPERT OPINION If drugs could reach the CNS in sufficient quantity by the methodologies discussed, mainly through intranasal administration and the utilization of nanotechnology, this could generate interest in previously abandoned therapeutic agents and enable an entirely novel approach to CNS drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Sullivan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane West Campus, Louisville, KY 40205, USA.
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Chiappetta DA, Hocht C, Opezzo JAW, Sosnik A. Intranasal administration of antiretroviral-loaded micelles for anatomical targeting to the brain in HIV. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 8:223-37. [PMID: 23173734 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the intranasal administration of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) polymeric micelles loaded with high payloads of the first-line antiretroviral drug efavirenz for targeting to the CNS. METHODS & MATERIALS The effect of micellar size and composition and drug payload was assessed, employing simple micelles made of a highly hydrophilic copolymer, poloxamer F127, loaded with 20 mg/ml drug and mixed micelles containing 75% of a poloxamine of intermediate hydrophobicity, T904, and 25% F127 loaded with 20 and 30 mg/ml drug. F127 confers high physical stability, while T904 substantially improves the encapsulation capacity of the micelles. RESULTS The bioavailability of the drug in the CNS was increased fourfold and the relative exposure index (ratio between the area under the curve in the CNS and plasma) was increased fivefold with respect to the same system administered intravenously. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the potential of this scalable and cost-viable strategy to address the HIV sanctuary in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Chiappetta
- The Group of Biomaterials & Nanotechnology for Improved Medicines (BIONIMED), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 956 Junín St, 6th Floor, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Law WC, Reynolds JL, Nair BB, Sykes DE, Yong KT, Roy I, Prasad PN, Schwartz SA. Anti-HIV-1 nanotherapeutics: promises and challenges for the future. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5301-14. [PMID: 23055735 PMCID: PMC3468275 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s25871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the prognosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, however the adverse side effects associated with prolonged HAART therapy use continue. Although systemic viral load can be undetectable, the virus remains sequestered in anatomically privileged sites within the body. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems are being developed to target the virus within different tissue compartments and are being evaluated for their safety and efficacy. The current review outlines the various nanomaterials that are becoming increasingly used in biomedical applications by virtue of their robustness, safety, multimodality, and multifunctionality. Nanotechnology can revolutionize the field of HIV medicine by not only improving diagnosis, but also by improving delivery of antiretrovirals to targeted regions in the body and by significantly enhancing the efficacy of the currently available antiretroviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Seremeta KP, Chiappetta DA, Sosnik A. Poly(ε-caprolactone), Eudragit® RS 100 and poly(ε-caprolactone)/Eudragit® RS 100 blend submicron particles for the sustained release of the antiretroviral efavirenz. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:441-9. [PMID: 23010128 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of simple and scalable drug delivery systems to target the central nervous system (CNS) could represent a breakthrough in the addressment of the HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. The intranasal (i.n.) route represents a minimally invasive strategy to surpass the blood-brain barrier, though it demands the use of appropriate nanocarriers bearing high drug payloads and displaying sufficiently long residence time. The present work explored the development of submicron particles made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), Eudragit(®) RS 100 (RS a copolymer of ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid esterified with quaternary ammonium groups) and their blends, loaded with the first-choice antiretroviral efavirenz (EFV) as an approach to fine tune the particle size and the release kinetics. Particles displaying hydrodynamic diameters between 90 and 530 nm were obtained by two methods: nanoprecipitation and emulsion/solvent diffusion/evaporation. In general, the former resulted in smaller particles and narrower size distributions. The encapsulation efficiency was greater than 94%, the drug weight content approximately 10% and the yield in the 72.5-90.0% range. The highly positive surface (>+30 mV) rendered the suspensions physically stable for more than one month. In vitro release assays indicated that the incorporation of the poly(methacrylate) into the composition reduced the burst effect and slowed the release rate down with respect to pure poly(ε-caprolactone) particles. The analysis of the release profile indicated that, in all cases, the kinetics adjusted well to the Higuchi model with R(adj)(2) values >0.9779. These findings suggested that the release was mainly controlled by diffusion. In addition, when data were analyzed by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, n values were in the 0.520-0.587 range, indicating that the drug release was accomplished by the combination of two phenomena: diffusion and polymer chain relaxation. Based on ATR/FT-IR analysis that investigated drug/polymer matrix interactions, the potential role of the hydrophobic interactions of C-F groups of EFV with carbonyl groups in the backbone of PCL and poly(methacrylate) could be ruled out. The developed EFV-loaded particles appear as a useful platform to investigate the intranasal administration to increase the bioavailability in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia P Seremeta
- The Group of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Improved Medicines (BIONIMED), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 956 Junín St., Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina
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Bartley D, Morrison A, Dupuy J, Bartley Y, Sutra J, Menez C, Alvinerie M, Jackson F, Devin L, Lespine A. Influence of Pluronic 85 and ketoconazole on disposition and efficacy of ivermectin in sheep infected with a multiple resistant Haemonchus contortus isolate. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:464-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fischer SM, Parmentier J, Buckley ST, Reimold I, Brandl M, Fricker G. Oral bioavailability of ketoprofen in suspension and solution formulations in rats: the influence of poloxamer 188. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1631-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of poloxamer 188 (P-188) on the bioavailability of the BCS class 2 drug ketoprofen in vivo.
Methods
Aqueous suspension and solution formulations of ketoprofen with and without P-188 were orally administered to fasted male Wistar rats. The intrinsic dissolution rate and solubility of ketoprofen in simulated intestinal fluid, in both the presence and absence of P-188, was measured.
Key findings
The AUC and Cmax were found to be significantly enhanced when ketoprofen was administered as suspension and P-188 was present in the formulation (Susp P-188) as compared to the surfactant-free formulation (∼4-fold higher AUC, 7-fold higher Cmax). While drug solubility appeared to be almost unaffected by P-188, a significantly faster dissolution was observed. In addition, the influence of P-188 on the drug absorption process was investigated by comparison of solution formulations with and without P-188.
Conclusions
The in-vivo performance of these solutions, a pure buffer solution and a P-188-containing buffer solution showed no significant difference, suggesting that the increase in bioavailability for Susp P-188 was primarily a consequence of the dissolution rate-enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maud Fischer
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Parmentier
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Timothy Buckley
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isolde Reimold
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ene L, Duiculescu D, Ruta SM. How much do antiretroviral drugs penetrate into the central nervous system? J Med Life 2011; 4:432-9. [PMID: 22514580 PMCID: PMC3227164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system can act as a compartment in which HIV can replicate independently from plasma, and also as a sanctuary in which, under suboptimal drug pressure, HIV antiretroviral genetic variants can occur. Continuous replication of HIV in brain can contribute to neurocognitive impairment. Therefore, reaching adequate concentrations of antiretrovirals in the central nervous system might be essential in providing neuroprotection and improving neurocognition. Antiretrovirals have a restricted entry into the brain, due to several factors: the unique structure of the blood-brain barrier, and the existence of efficient efflux mechanisms. However, there is a high variability of antiretrovirals in reaching therapeutic drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, that depend on the characteristics of the antiretrovirals (molecular weight, lipophilicity, protein binding) and on their capacity to be substrate for efflux transporters. The review aims to discuss the main mechanisms that interfere with antiretroviral penetration into central nervous system, and to summarize the current data concerning the penetrability of different antiretrovirals into the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ene
- “Dr. Victor Babes” Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu Ave., District 3, 030303, Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Duiculescu
- “Dr. Victor Babes” Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 281 Mihai Bravu Ave., District 3, 030303, Bucharest, Romania
| | - SM Ruta
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy and “St. S. Nicolau” Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave., District 3, 030304, Bucharest, Romania
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Wang X, Li J, Wang Y, Koenig L, Gjyrezi A, Giannakakou P, Shin EH, Tighiouart M, Chen Z(G, Nie S, Shin DM. A folate receptor-targeting nanoparticle minimizes drug resistance in a human cancer model. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6184-94. [PMID: 21728341 PMCID: PMC3773705 DOI: 10.1021/nn200739q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in cancer therapy. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of a folate receptor-targeting nanoparticle to overcome/minimize drug resistance and to explore the underlying mechanisms. This is accomplished with enhanced cellular accumulation and retention of paclitaxel (one of the most effective anticancer drugs in use today and a well-known P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate) in a P-gp-overexpressing cancer model. The folate receptor-targeted nanoparticle, HFT-T, consists of a heparin-folate-paclitaxel (HFT) backbone with an additional paclitaxel (T) loaded in its hydrophobic core. In vitro analyses demonstrated that the HFT-T nanoparticle was superior to free paclitaxel or nontargeted nanoparticle (HT-T) in inhibiting proliferation of P-gp-overexpressing cancer cells (KB-8-5), partially due to its enhanced uptake and prolonged intracellular retention. In a subcutaneous KB-8-5 xenograft model, HFT-T administration enhanced the specific delivery of paclitaxel into tumor tissues and remarkably prolonged retention within tumor tissues. Importantly, HFT-T treatment markedly retarded tumor growth in a xenograft model of resistant human squamous cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis further indicated that increased in vivo efficacy of HFT-T nanoparticles was associated with a higher degree of microtubule stabilization, mitotic arrest, antiangiogenic activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation. These findings suggest that when the paclitaxel was delivered as an HFT-T nanoparticle, the drug is better retained within the P-gp-overexpressing cells than the free form of paclitaxel. These results indicated that the targeted HFT-T nanoparticle may be promising in minimizing P-gp related drug resistance and enhancing therapeutic efficacy compared with the free form of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Lydia Koenig
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Ada Gjyrezi
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University. New York, NY
| | - Paraskevi Giannakakou
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University. New York, NY
| | - Edwin H. Shin
- Franklin College of Art and Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Mourad Tighiouart
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta, GA
| | - Zhuo (Georgia) Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
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Griffin L, Annaert P, Brouwer KLR. Influence of drug transport proteins on the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3636-54. [PMID: 21698598 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors, a class of antiretroviral agents frequently used in the treatment of HIV infection, interact with numerous transport proteins resulting in clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This review focuses on the proteins that transport protease inhibitors and directly influence the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, as well as the transport proteins that are inhibited or induced by protease inhibitors. Clinically relevant DDIs involving drug transporters and protease inhibitors, either as "victim" drugs or as "perpetrator" drugs, and the pharmacokinetic consequences of such interactions are highlighted. A summary of transporter-mediated processes underlying the toxicity of protease inhibitors is provided. Finally, the effect of HIV infection or co-infection on drug transport proteins, and the implications for protease inhibitor pharmacokinetics is discussed. Transport proteins significantly influence the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and toxicity profiles of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya Griffin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Gallavardin T, Maurin M, Marotte S, Simon T, Gabudean AM, Bretonnière Y, Lindgren M, Lerouge F, Baldeck PL, Stéphan O, Leverrier Y, Marvel J, Parola S, Maury O, Andraud C. Photodynamic therapy and two-photon bio-imaging applications of hydrophobic chromophores through amphiphilic polymer delivery. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1216-25. [PMID: 21499638 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of two lipophilic quadrupolar chromophores featuring anthracenyl (1) or dibromobenzene (2) were described. These two chromophores combined significant two-photon absorption cross-sections with high fluorescence quantum yield for 1 and improved singlet oxygen generation efficiency for 2, in organic solvents. The use of Pluronic nanoparticles allowed a simple and straightforward introduction of these lipophilic chromophores into biological cell media. Their internal distribution in various cell lines was studied using fluorescence microscopy and flow-cytometry following a successful staining that was achieved upon 2 h of incubation. Finally, multiphoton excitation microscopy and photodynamic therapy capability of the chromophores were demonstrated by cell exposure to a 820 nm fs laser and cell death upon one photon resonant irradiation at 436 ± 10 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Gallavardin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Site Monod, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Rey-Rico A, Brea J, Loza MI, Concheiro A, Sosnik A. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein pumps by PEO–PPO amphiphiles: branched versus linear derivatives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:1371-83. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the activity of efflux transporters may relevantly improve the chemotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases. Aim: To explore the ability of poloxamines (Tetronic®, X-shaped structure with a central ethylendiamine group and four branches of poly[ethylene oxide]–poly[propylene oxide] [PEO–PPO]) to inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on Caco-2 cell monolayers and to elucidate the incidence of the molecular architecture of PEO–PPO block copolymers on the intracellular accumulation of a relevant substrate, doxorubicin, by comparison with poloxamers (Pluronic®, linear triblock copolymers), well-known inhibitors of this efflux transporter. Methods: Both pristine and N-methylated poloxamines displaying a wide range of molecular weights and EO/PO ratios were tested regarding cytocompatibility and accumulation of doxorubicin in Caco-2 monolayers. Verapamil was used as a control. Results: The most active anti-P-gp poloxamines (which enhanced two- to three-fold doxorubicin accumulation compared with verapamil) resulted to be pristine medium-to-high hydrophobic T304, T904, T1301, T901 and T150R1. A notable dependence of the anti-P-gp activity on the copolymer concentration was found. A joint diagram of the inhibitory activity of poloxamers and poloxamines as a function of the effective length of the PPO block is proposed. Conclusion: The anti-P-gp activity is maxima for block copolymers possessing a low-to-medium hydrophilic–lipophilic balance and an ‘effective number’ of PO units ranging from 30 to 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Brea
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- The Group of Biomaterials & Nanotechnologies for Improved Medicines (BIONIMED), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 956 Junín St., 6th Floor, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina
- National Science Research Council (CONICET), 1113-Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sharma P, Garg S. Pure drug and polymer based nanotechnologies for the improved solubility, stability, bioavailability and targeting of anti-HIV drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:491-502. [PMID: 19931328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been devastating with nearly 7400 new infections every day. Although, the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has made a tremendous contribution in reducing the morbidity and mortality in developed countries, the situation in developing countries is still grim with millions of people being infected by this disease. The new advancements in the field of nanotechnology based drug delivery systems hold promise to improve the situation. These nanoscale systems have been successfully employed in other diseases such as cancer, and therefore, we now have a better understanding of the practicalities and technicalities associated with their clinical development. Nanotechnology based approaches offer some unique opportunities specifically for the improvement of water solubility, stability, bioavailability and targeting of antiretroviral drugs. This review presents discussion on the contribution of pure drug and polymer based nanotechnologies for the delivery anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Shaik N, Giri N, Elmquist WF. Investigation of the micellar effect of pluronic P85 on P-glycoprotein inhibition: cell accumulation and equilibrium dialysis studies. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:4170-90. [PMID: 19283769 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was: (1) to characterize the P-gp inhibitory effect of different concentrations of Pluronic P85 on anti-HIV-1 drug cellular accumulation, and (2) to investigate the relationship between cellular accumulation and free fraction of drug. Cellular accumulation studies in MDCKII-WT and MDCKII-MDR1 cell monolayers showed a biphasic dose response characterized by decline in accumulation at Pluronic concentrations greater than the CMC. This phenomenon was independent of the inhibition of P-gp efflux by Pluronic. Cell-free equilibrium dialysis was used to determine the effect of Pluronic P85 on drug free fraction and the affinity of Pluronic micelles for drug was modeled. Nelfinavir and saquinavir associated extensively with micelles and equilibrium free fractions were low at P85 concentrations above the CMC, with association constants being in the order nelfinavir > saquinavir >>> abacavir. Abacavir, a P-gp substrate, showed no association with micelles yet showed a biphasic response in cellular accumulation. These data suggest that, above the CMC, inhibition of P-gp is not affected but rather factors such as micellar trapping could contribute to decreased accumulation. Therefore, the in vitro evaluation of the effect of Pluronic formulations on active transport should take into account both the physicochemical properties of drug and the composition of Pluronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Mallipeddi R, Rohan LC. Progress in antiretroviral drug delivery using nanotechnology. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:533-47. [PMID: 20957115 PMCID: PMC2950411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently a number of antiretroviral drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). More recently, antiretrovirals are being evaluated in the clinic for prevention of HIV infection. Due to the challenging nature of treatment and prevention of this disease, the use of nanocarriers to achieve more efficient delivery of antiretroviral drugs has been studied. Various forms of nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles (polymeric, inorganic, and solid lipid), liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, cyclodextrins, and cell-based nanoformulations have been studied for delivery of drugs intended for HIV prevention or therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the application of nanocarrier systems to the delivery of anti-HIV drugs, specifically antiretrovirals. For anti-HIV drugs to be effective, adequate distribution to specific sites in the body must be achieved, and effective drug concentrations must be maintained at those sites for the required period of time. Nanocarriers provide a means to overcome cellular and anatomical barriers to drug delivery. Their application in the area of HIV prevention and therapy may lead to the development of more effective drug products for combating this pandemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Cencia Rohan
- Correspondence: Lisa Cencia Rohan, University of Pittsburgh, Magee Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Tel +1 412 641 6108, Fax +1 412 641 6170, Email
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Abstract
A broad range of nanomedicines is being developed to improve drug delivery for CNS disorders. The structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the presence of efflux pumps and the expression of metabolic enzymes pose hurdles for drug-brain entry. Nanoformulations can circumvent the BBB to improve CNS-directed drug delivery by affecting such pumps and enzymes. Alternatively, they can be optimized to affect their size, shape, and protein and lipid coatings to facilitate drug uptake, release and ingress across the barrier. This is important as the brain is a sanctuary for a broad range of pathogens including HIV-1. Improved drug delivery to the CNS would affect pharmacokinetic and drug biodistribution properties. This article focuses on how nanotechnology can serve to improve the delivery of antiretroviral medicines, termed nanoART, across the BBB and affect the biodistribution and clinical benefit for HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Nowacek
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology & Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Sosnik A, Chiappetta DA, Carcaboso ÁM. Drug delivery systems in HIV pharmacotherapy: What has been done and the challenges standing ahead. J Control Release 2009; 138:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Varatharajan L, Thomas SA. The transport of anti-HIV drugs across blood-CNS interfaces: summary of current knowledge and recommendations for further research. Antiviral Res 2009; 82:A99-109. [PMID: 19176219 PMCID: PMC2678986 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which constitutes HIV protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in resource-rich countries. However, this disease still kills several million people each year. Though the reason for therapeutic failure is multi-factorial, an important concern is the treatment and control of HIV within the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the restricted entry of anti-HIV drugs, the brain is thought to form a viral sanctuary site. This not only results in virological resistance, but also is often associated with the development of complications such as HIV-associated dementia. The CNS delivery of anti-HIV drugs is limited by the blood–brain and blood–CSF interfaces due to a combination of restricted paracellular movement, powerful metabolic enzymes and numerous transporters including members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies. A better appreciation of the transporters present at the brain barriers will prove a valuable milestone in understanding the limited brain penetration of anti-HIV drugs in HIV and also aid the development of new anti-HIV drugs and drug combinations, with enhanced efficacy in the CNS. This review aims to summarise current knowledge on the transport of anti-HIV drugs across the blood–brain barrier and the choroid plexus, as well as provide recommendations for future research.
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Giri N, Agarwal S, Shaik N, Pan G, Chen Y, Elmquist WF. Substrate-dependent breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2)-mediated interactions: consideration of multiple binding sites in in vitro assay design. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:560-70. [PMID: 19056916 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays are frequently used for the screening of substrates and inhibitors of transporter-mediated efflux. Examining directional flux across Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cell monolayers that overexpress a transporter protein is particularly useful in identifying whether or not a candidate compound is an inhibitor or substrate for that transport system. Studies that use a single substrate or inhibitor in competition assays can be challenging to interpret because of the possible multiple mechanisms involved in substrate/inhibitor-protein interactions. During our previous studies of substrate-inhibitor-transporter interactions, we observed differences in breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibition, depending on the substrate and the inhibitor. Therefore, we investigated BCRP-mediated interactions with a 4 x 4 matrix of substrates and inhibitors using monolayers formed from MDCKII cells transfected with murine BCRP (Bcrp1/Abcg2). The selective BCRP inhibitor 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino [1',2':1,6] pyrido [3,4-b]indol-3-yl)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (Ko143) effectively inhibited the Bcrp1-mediated transport of all substrates examined. However, N-(4-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-isoquinolinyl)ethyl]-phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-5-methoxy-9-oxo-4-acridine carboxamide (GF120918), nelfinavir, and Pluronic P85 exhibited differences in inhibition depending on the substrate examined. Our findings support recent reports suggesting that the interactions of substrate molecules with BCRP involve multiple binding regions in the protein. The nucleoside substrates zidovudine and abacavir seem to bind to a region on BCRP that may have little or no overlap with the binding regions of either prazosin or imatinib. In conclusion, the choice of substrate or inhibitor molecules for an in vitro assay system can be crucial for the optimal design of experiments to evaluate transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagdeep Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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