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Gosavi AA, Nandgude TD, Mishra RK, Puri DB. Exploring the Potential of Artificial Intelligence as a Facilitating Tool for Formulation Development in Fluidized Bed Processor: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:111. [PMID: 38740666 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This in-depth study looks into how artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to make formulation development easier in fluidized bed processes (FBP). FBP is complex and involves numerous variables, making optimization challenging. Various AI techniques have addressed this challenge, including machine learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic. By integrating AI with experimental design, process modeling, and optimization strategies, intelligent systems for FBP can be developed. The advantages of AI in this context include improved process understanding, reduced time and cost, enhanced product quality, and robust formulation optimization. However, data availability, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance challenges must be addressed. Case studies demonstrate successful applications of AI in decision-making, process outcome prediction, and scale-up. AI can improve efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness in significant ways. Still, it is important to think carefully about data quality, how easy it is to understand, and how to follow the rules. Future research should focus on fully harnessing the potential of AI to advance formulation development in FBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aachal A Gosavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Tanaji D Nandgude
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSPM University's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wagholi, Pune, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India.
| | - Dhiraj B Puri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, India
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A novel delivery system for enhancing bioavailability of S-adenosyl-l-methionine: Pectin nanoparticles-in-microparticles and their in vitro - in vivo evaluation'. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Foppoli A, Cerea M, Palugan L, Zema L, Melocchi A, Maroni A, Gazzaniga A. Evaluation of powder-layering vs. spray-coating techniques in the manufacturing of a swellable/erodible pulsatile delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1230-1237. [PMID: 32597251 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1788060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A swellable/erodible system for oral time-dependent release, demonstrated to provide consistent pulsatile and colonic delivery performance, has been manufactured through a range of coating techniques to achieve the functional hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) layer. Although aqueous spray-coating has long been preferred, the processing times and yields still represent open issues, especially in view of the considerable amount of polymer required to give in vivo lag phases of proper duration. To make manufacturing of the delivery system more cost-efficient, different coating modes were thus evaluated, namely top and tangential spray-coating as well as powder-layering, using a fluid bed equipment. To this aim, disintegrating tablets of 5 mm in diameter, containing a tracer drug, were coated up to 50% weight gain with low-viscosity HPMC, either as a water solution or as a powder formulation. In all cases, process feasibility was assessed following setup of the operating conditions. Irrespective of the technique employed, the resulting dosage forms exhibited uniform coating layers able to defer the onset of release as a function of the amount of polymer applied. The structure and thickness of such layers differed depending on the deposition modes. With respect to top spray-, both tangential spray-coating and powder-layering were shown to remarkably ameliorate the process time, which was reduced to approximately 1/3 and 1/6, and to enhance the yield by almost 20 and 30%, respectively. Clear advantages associated with such techniques were thus highlighted, particularly with respect to powder-layering here newly proposed for application of a swellable hydrophilic cellulose derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Foppoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Palugan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zema
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Melocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Tablet Scoring: Current Practice, Fundamentals, and Knowledge Gaps. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9153066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral solid dosage formulations and/or tablets have remained the preferred route of administration by both patients and health care practitioners. Oral tablets are easy to administer, they are non-invasive and cause less risk adversity. Because of the lack of commercially available tablet dose options, tablets are being split or partitioned by users. Tablet scoring refers to the breakage of a tablet to attain a desired efficacy dose and is an emerging concept in the pharmaceutical industry. The primary reason for the tablet scoring practice is to adjust the dose: dose tapering or dose titrating. Other reasons for tablet partitioning are to facilitate dose administration, particularly among the pediatric and the geriatric patient population, and to mitigating the high cost of prescription drugs. The scope of this review is to: (1) evaluate the advantages and inconveniences associated with tablet scoring/portioning, and (2) identify factors in the formulation and the manufacturing of tablets that influence tablet splitting. Whereas tablet partitioning has been a common practice, there is a lack of understanding regarding the fundamentals underpinning the performance of tablets with respect to splitting. Several factors can influence tablet partitioning: tablet size, shape, and thickness. A requirement has recently been set by the European Pharmacopoeia and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the uniformity of mass of subdivided tablets. For breaking ease, an in-vivo reference test and a routinely applicable in-vitro test need to be established.
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Benelli L, Oliveira WP. Fluidized bed coating of inert cores with a lipid-based system loaded with a polyphenol-rich Rosmarinus officinalis extract. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thapa P, Tripathi J, Jeong SH. Recent trends and future perspective of pharmaceutical wet granulation for better process understanding and product development. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Hot-melt coating with Precirol ATO 5 in a fluidized-bed apparatus: Application of experimental design in the optimization of process parameters. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Han J, Wang X, Wang J, Wang L, Chen L, Li J, Li W. Quality-by-Design approach to the fluid-bed coating of ginkgo lactone nanosuspensions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22136-22145. [PMID: 35541751 PMCID: PMC9081174 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach was employed to investigate the fluid-bed coating process for the conversion of ginkgo lactone (GL) liquid nanosuspensions into dried nanosuspensions. The effects of critical process variables including inlet air temperature, inlet air capacity and atomizing air pressure were investigated. The particle size and percent yield were optimized using a full factorial design. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to generate the response surface and optimize process conditions. Multi-linear regression and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the relationship between critical variables and responses. The results showed that all three selected variables were significant factors (p < 0.05) affecting the particle size. Higher inlet temperature, inlet air capacity or atomizing air pressure will cause an increase of particle size. In addition, the percent yield primarily depended on the inlet air temperature and inlet air capacity (p < 0.05). A higher percent yield was obtained at a higher inlet air temperature or inlet air capacity. The optimal conditions for BBD, including inlet air temperature, inlet air capacity and atomizing air pressure, were set at 40 °C, 11.6 Nm3 and 0.7 bar, respectively. Compared with the raw GLs, the optimized products presented an amorphous state and possessed much faster dissolution. The particle size, percent yield, PDI, zeta-potential and redispersibility index of the optimized products were 254.3 ± 9.8 nm, 82.36 ± 1.87%, 0.155 ± 0.02, −32.9 ± 3.8 mV and 113 ± 4.4% (n = 3), respectively. These results indicate that fluid-bed coating technology based on a QbD approach was sufficient for the solidification of nanosuspensions. The Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach was employed to investigate the fluid-bed coating process for the conversion of ginkgo lactone (GL) liquid nanosuspensions into dried nanosuspensions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Han
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Jingxian Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Lingchong Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- PR China
| | - Junsong Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS)
| | - Wen Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- PR China
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Kothari BH, Fahmy R, Claycamp HG, Moore CMV, Chatterjee S, Hoag SW. A Systematic Approach of Employing Quality by Design Principles: Risk Assessment and Design of Experiments to Demonstrate Process Understanding and Identify the Critical Process Parameters for Coating of the Ethylcellulose Pseudolatex Dispersion Using Non-Conventional Fluid Bed Process. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1135-1157. [PMID: 27417225 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to utilize risk assessment techniques and statistical design of experiments (DoE) to gain process understanding and to identify critical process parameters for the manufacture of controlled release multiparticulate beads using a novel disk-jet fluid bed technology. The material attributes and process parameters were systematically assessed using the Ishikawa fish bone diagram and failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) risk assessment methods. The high risk attributes identified by the FMEA analysis were further explored using resolution V fractional factorial design. To gain an understanding of the processing parameters, a resolution V fractional factorial study was conducted. Using knowledge gained from the resolution V study, a resolution IV fractional factorial study was conducted; the purpose of this IV study was to identify the critical process parameters (CPP) that impact the critical quality attributes and understand the influence of these parameters on film formation. For both studies, the microclimate, atomization pressure, inlet air volume, product temperature (during spraying and curing), curing time, and percent solids in the coating solutions were studied. The responses evaluated were percent agglomeration, percent fines, percent yield, bead aspect ratio, median particle size diameter (d50), assay, and drug release rate. Pyrobuttons® were used to record real-time temperature and humidity changes in the fluid bed. The risk assessment methods and process analytical tools helped to understand the novel disk-jet technology and to systematically develop models of the coating process parameters like process efficiency and the extent of curing during the coating process.
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Riekes MK, Dereymaker A, Berben P, Augustijns P, Stulzer HK, Van den Mooter G. Development of enteric-coated fixed dose combinations of amorphous solid dispersions of ezetimibe and lovastatin: Investigation of formulation and process parameters. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Šibanc R, Žun I, Dreu R. Measurement of particle concentration in a Wurster coater draft tube using light attenuation. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aleksić I, Đuriš J, Ibrić S, Parojčić J. An investigation into the usefulness of different empirical modeling techniques for better control of spray-on fluidized bed melt granulation. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:627-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Benelli L, Cortés-Rojas DF, Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Fluid bed drying and agglomeration of phytopharmaceutical compositions. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Aleksić I, Duriš J, Ilić I, Ibrić S, Parojčić J, Srčič S. In silico modeling of in situ fluidized bed melt granulation. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:21-30. [PMID: 24607215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluidized bed melt granulation has recently been recognized as a promising technique with numerous advantages over conventional granulation techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks for optimizing in situ fluidized bed melt granulation and to compare them with regard to modeling ability and predictability. The experiments were organized in line with the Box-Behnken design. The influence of binder content, binder particle size, and granulation time on granule properties was evaluated. In addition to the response surface analysis, a multilayer perceptron neural network was applied for data modeling. It was found that in situ fluidized bed melt granulation can be used for production of spherical granules with good flowability. Binder particle size had the most pronounced influence on granule size and shape, suggesting the importance of this parameter in achieving desired granule properties. It was found that binder content can be a critical factor for the width of granule size distribution and yield when immersion and layering is the dominant agglomeration mechanism. The results obtained indicate that both in silico techniques can be useful tools in defining the design space and optimization of in situ fluidized bed melt granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Aleksić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Duriš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilija Ilić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stanko Srčič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Didden AP, Middelkoop J, Besling WFA, Nanu DE, van de Krol R. Fluidized-bed atomic layer deposition reactor for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:013905. [PMID: 24517780 DOI: 10.1063/1.4863099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of a fluidized bed atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor is described in detail. The reactor consists of three parts that have all been placed in one protective cabinet: precursor dosing, reactor, and residual gas treatment section. In the precursor dosing section, the chemicals needed for the ALD reaction are injected into the carrier gas using different methods for different precursors. The reactor section is designed in such a way that a homogeneous fluidized bed can be obtained with a constant, actively controlled, reactor pressure. Furthermore, no filters are required inside the reactor chamber, minimizing the risk of pressure increase due to fouling. The residual gas treatment section consists of a decomposition furnace to remove residual precursor and a particle filter and is installed to protect the pump. In order to demonstrate the performance of the reactor, SiO2 particles have been coated with TiO2 using tetrakis-dimethylamino titanium (TDMAT) and H2O as precursors. Experiments with varying pulse times show that saturated growth can be obtained with TDMAT pulse times larger than 600 s. Analysis of the powder with High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that after 50 cycles, all SiO2 particles were coated with a 1.6 nm homogenous shell of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen P Didden
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 5045, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Middelkoop
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 5045, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wim F A Besling
- NXP Semiconductors, High Tech Campus 32, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Diana E Nanu
- Thin Film Factory B.V., Hemma Oddastrjitte 5, 8927 AA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel van de Krol
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 5045, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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He W, Lu Y, Qi J, Chen L, Yin L, Wu W. Formulating food protein-stabilized indomethacin nanosuspensions into pellets by fluid-bed coating technology: physical characterization, redispersibility, and dissolution. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3119-28. [PMID: 23983465 PMCID: PMC3747851 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s46207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug nanosuspensions are very promising for enhancing the dissolution and bioavailability of drugs that are poorly soluble in water. However, the poor stability of nanosuspensions, reflected in particle growth, aggregation/agglomeration, and change in crystallinity state greatly limits their applications. Solidification of nanosuspensions is an ideal strategy for addressing this problem. Hence, the present work aimed to convert drug nanosuspensions into pellets using fluid-bed coating technology. METHODS Indomethacin nanosuspensions were prepared by the precipitation-ultrasonication method using food proteins (soybean protein isolate, whey protein isolate, β-lactoglobulin) as stabilizers. Dried nanosuspensions were prepared by coating the nanosuspensions onto pellets. The redispersibility, drug dissolution, solid-state forms, and morphology of the dried nanosuspensions were evaluated. RESULTS The mean particle size for the nanosuspensions stabilized using soybean protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and β-lactoglobulin was 588 nm, 320 nm, and 243 nm, respectively. The nanosuspensions could be successfully layered onto pellets with high coating efficiency. Both the dried nanosuspensions and nanosuspensions in their original amorphous state and not influenced by the fluid-bed coating drying process could be redispersed in water, maintaining their original particle size and size distribution. Both the dried nanosuspensions and the original drug nanosuspensions showed similar dissolution profiles, which were both much faster than that of the raw crystals. CONCLUSION Fluid-bed coating technology has potential for use in the solidification of drug nanosuspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Neuwirth J, Antonyuk S, Heinrich S, Jacob M. CFD–DEM study and direct measurement of the granular flow in a rotor granulator. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Process analytical tools for monitoring, understanding, and control of pharmaceutical fluidized bed granulation: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 83:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cahyadi C, Koh JJS, Loh ZH, Chan LW, Heng PWS. A feasibility study on pellet coating using a high-speed quasi-continuous coater. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1276-86. [PMID: 22996671 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pellet coating is traditionally carried out using the Wurster coater. This study investigated the feasibility of pellet coating in a newly developed coater built with a unique airflow system, the Supercell™ coater (GEA Pharma Systems, UK). A full factorial design study was carried out to evaluate the influences of the spray rate of the coating dispersion, batch size of the pellet load, pellet size fraction and plenum pressure of the fluidizing air on the color coating of pellets in the Supercell™ coater. Results showed that pellets could be successfully coated using the Supercell™ coater. Higher plenum pressures and lower spray rates were found to minimize pellet agglomeration during coating. Although coating efficiencies were comparable amongst the different pellet size fractions, larger batch sizes of pellets were coated with higher efficiencies. Process optimization was carried out for each pellet size fraction and a large batch size (120 g) in combination with a high plenum pressure (1,500 mm WC) were deemed optimal. Optimal spray rates differed according to pellet size fraction and a lower spray rate was required for smaller pellets. Pellet flow patterns observed during coating were dependent on the pressure drop across the fluidized load. A 'swirling' pellet flow pattern was generally observed at coating conditions which led to optimal outcomes.
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Niu F, Haslam J, Rajewski R, Subramaniam B. A fluidized-bed coating technology using near-critical carbon dioxide as fluidizing and drying medium. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Loh ZH, Er DZL, Chan LW, Liew CV, Heng PWS. Spray granulation for drug formulation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1645-61. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.610304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang F, Marashdeh Q, Fan LS, Warsito W. Electrical capacitance volume tomography: design and applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:1890-917. [PMID: 22294905 PMCID: PMC3264458 DOI: 10.3390/s100301890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports recent advances and progress in the field of electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT). ECVT, developed from the two-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), is a promising non-intrusive imaging technology that can provide real-time three-dimensional images of the sensing domain. Images are reconstructed from capacitance measurements acquired by electrodes placed on the outside boundary of the testing vessel. In this article, a review of progress on capacitance sensor design and applications to multi-phase flows is presented. The sensor shape, electrode configuration, and the number of electrodes that comprise three key elements of three-dimensional capacitance sensors are illustrated. The article also highlights applications of ECVT sensors on vessels of various sizes from 1 to 60 inches with complex geometries. Case studies are used to show the capability and validity of ECVT. The studies provide qualitative and quantitative real-time three-dimensional information of the measuring domain under study. Advantages of ECVT render it a favorable tool to be utilized for industrial applications and fundamental multi-phase flow research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Q.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Qussai Marashdeh
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Q.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Liang-Shih Fan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Q.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Warsito Warsito
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Q.M.); (W.W.)
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