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Xu X, Grohganz H, Rades T. Anti-plasticizing effect of water on prilocaine and lidocaine - the role of the hydrogen bonding pattern. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14149-14159. [PMID: 38712380 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that water, as an effective plasticizer, decreases the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of amorphous drugs, potentially resulting in physical instabilities. However, recent studies suggest that water can also increase the Tgs of the amorphous forms of the drugs prilocaine (PRL) and lidocaine (LID), thus acting as an anti-plasticizer. To further understand the nature of the anti-plasticizing effect of water, interactions with different solvents and the resulting structural features of PRL and LID were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quantum chemical simulations. Heavy water (deuterium oxides) was chosen as a solvent, as the deuterium and hydrogen atoms are electronically identical. It was found that substituting hydrogen with deuterium showed a minimal impact on the anti-plasticization of water on PRL. Ethanol and ethylene glycol were chosen as solvents to compare the hydrogen bonding patterns occurring between the hydroxyl groups of the solvents and PRL and LID. Comparison of the various Tgs showed a weaker anti-plasticizing potential of these two solvents on PRL and LID. The frequency shifts of the amide CO groups of PRL and LID due to the interactions with water, heavy water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol as observed in the FTIR spectra showed a correlation with the binding energies calculated by quantum chemical simulations. Overall, this study showed that the combination of weak hydrogen bonding and strong electrostatic contributions in hydrated PRL and LID could play an important role in inducing the anti-plasticizing effect of water on those drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Water is generally regarded as a universal plasticizer of amorphous drugs or amorphous drug-containing systems. A decrease in glass-transition temperature (Tg) is considered the general result of this plasticizing effect. A recent study exhibits that water can increase the Tg of amorphous prilocaine (PRL) and thus shows an anti-plasticizing effect. The structurally similar drug lidocaine (LID) might show similar interactions with water, and thus an anti-plasticizing effect of water is hypothesized to also occur in amorphous LID. However, the influence of water on the Tg of LID cannot be determined directly due to the very low stability of LID in the amorphous form. It is possible to predict the Tg of LID from a co-amorphous system of PRL-LID using the Gordon-Taylor equation. Interactions were observed between PRL and LID based on the deviations between the experimental Tgs and the Tgs calculated by the conventional use of the Gordon-Taylor equation. A modified use of the Gordon-Taylor equation was applied using the optimal co-amorphous system as a separate component and the excess drug as the other component. The predicted Tg of fully hydrated LID could thus be determined and was found to be increased by 0.9 ± 0.7 K compared with the Tg of water-free amorphous LID. It could be shown that water exhibited a small anti-plasticizing effect on LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hate SS, Reutzel-Edens SM, Taylor LS. Insight into Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance by Coupled Dissolution and Membrane Mass Transfer Measurements. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:448-461. [PMID: 30521350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tendency of highly supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into drug-rich and water-rich phases when the concentration exceeds the amorphous solubility, for example, during dissolution of some amorphous solid dispersions, is thought to be advantageous from a bioavailability enhancement perspective. Recently, we have developed a high surface area, flow-through absorptive dissolution testing apparatus that enables fast mass transfer providing more in vivo relevant conditions and time frames for formulation testing. Using this apparatus, the absorption behaviors of solutions with different extents of supersaturation below and above the amorphous solubility were evaluated. In addition, simultaneous dissolution-absorption testing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with varying drug loadings and polymer types was carried out to study and distinguish the absorption behavior of ASDs that do or do not undergo LLPS. When compared with closed-compartment dissolution testing, a significant influence of the absorptive compartment on the dissolution rate of ASDs, particularly at high drug loadings, was observed. The formation of drug-rich nanodroplets, generated by both solvent-addition and ASD dissolution, resulted in a higher amount of drug transferred across the membrane. Moreover, the mass transfer was further enhanced with increasing concentration above the amorphous solubility, thereby showing correlation with an increase in the number of drug-rich particles. The importance of including an absorptive compartment in dissolution testing is highlighted in this study, enabling coupling of dissolution to membrane transport, and providing a more meaningful comparison between different formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S Hate
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Susan M Reutzel-Edens
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Co. , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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Ruiz GN, Romanini M, Hauptmann A, Loerting T, Shalaev E, Tamarit JL, Pardo LC, Macovez R. Genuine antiplasticizing effect of water on a glass-former drug. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7470. [PMID: 28785030 PMCID: PMC5547059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is the most important plasticizer of biological and organic hydrophilic materials, which generally exhibit enhanced mechanical softness and molecular mobility upon hydration. The enhancement of the molecular dynamics upon mixing with water, which in glass-forming systems implies a lower glass transition temperature (Tg), is considered a universal result of hydration. In fact, even in the cases where hydration or humidification of an organic glass-forming sample result in stiffer mechanical properties, the molecular mobility of the sample almost always increases with increasing water content, and its Tg decreases correspondingly. Here, we present an experimental report of a genuine antiplasticizing effect of water on the molecular dynamics of a small-molecule glass former. In detail, we show that addition of water to prilocaine, an active pharmaceutical ingredient, has the same effect as that of an applied pressure, namely, a decrease in mobility and an increase of Tg. We assign the antiplasticizing effect to the formation of prilocaine-H2O dimers or complexes with enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe N Ruiz
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michela Romanini
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Hauptmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Josep Ll Tamarit
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis C Pardo
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Macovez
- Grup de Caracterització de Materials, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain. .,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, E-08019, Barcelona, Spain.
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Taylor LS, Zhang GG. Physical chemistry of supersaturated solutions and implications for oral absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:122-142. [PMID: 27013254 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations are widely used for delivery of poorly soluble drugs for dissolution enhancement and bioavailability improvement. When administered, ASDs often exhibit fast dissolution to yield supersaturated solutions. The physical chemistry of these supersaturated solutions is not well understood. This review will discuss the concepts of solubility, supersaturation, and the connection to membrane transport rate. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which occurs when the amorphous solubility is exceeded, leading to solutions with interesting properties is extensively discussed as a phenomenon that is relevant to all enabling formulations. The multiple physical processes occurring during dissolution of the ASD and during oral absorption are analyzed. The beneficial reservoir effect of a system that has undergone LLPS is demonstrated, both experimentally and conceptually. It is believed that formulations that rapidly supersaturate and subsequently undergo LLPS, with maintenance of the supersaturation at this maximum value throughout the absorption process, i.e. those that exhibit "spring and plateau" behavior, will give superior performance in terms of absorption.
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Céolin R, Rietveld I. The topological pressure-temperature phase diagram of ritonavir, an extraordinary case of crystalline dimorphism. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rietveld IB, Perrin MA, Toscani S, Barrio M, Nicolai B, Tamarit JL, Ceolin R. Liquid-liquid miscibility gaps in drug-water binary systems: crystal structure and thermodynamic properties of prilocaine and the temperature-composition phase diagram of the prilocaine-water system. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1332-9. [PMID: 23339548 DOI: 10.1021/mp300542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EMLA cream, a "eutectic mixture of local anesthetics", was developed in the early 1980s by Astra Pharmaceutical Production. The mixture of anesthetics containing lidocaine, prilocaine, and water is liquid at room temperature, which is partly due to the eutectic equilibrium between prilocaine and lidocaine at 293 K, as was clear from the start. However, the full thermodynamic background for the stability of the liquid and its emulsion-like appearance has never been elucidated. In the present study of the binary system prilocaine-water, a region of liquid-liquid demixing has been observed, linked to a monotectic equilibrium at 302.4 K. It results in a prilocaine-rich liquid containing approximately 0.7 mol fraction of anesthetic. Similar behavior has been reported for the binary system lidocaine-water (Céolin, R.; et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99 (6), 2756-2765). In the ternary mixture, the combination of the monotectic equilibrium and the above-mentioned eutectic equilibrium between prilocaine and lidocaine results in an anesthetic-rich liquid that remains stable below room temperature. This liquid forms an emulsion-like mixture in the presence of an aqueous solution saturated with anesthetics. Physical properties and the crystal structure of prilocaine are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo B Rietveld
- EAD Physico-chimie Industrielle du Médicament (EA 4066), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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Rietveld IB, Barrio M, Do B, Tamarit JL, Céolin R. Overall stability for the ibuprofen racemate: experimental and topological results leading to the pressure-temperature phase relationships between its racemate and conglomerate. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5568-74. [PMID: 22509723 DOI: 10.1021/jp302508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomer resolution is much sought after for pharmaceutical applications, because many optically active drug molecules have only one pharmaceutically active enantiomer. Although it is always possible to force separation, it will come at a cost. The present method, based on thermodynamics, provides a relatively easy approach to investigate whether separation can be thermodynamically spontaneous. A topological phase diagram of the binary enantiomer system at 0.5 mol-fraction is constructed as a function of temperature and pressure after analysis of pressure and heat related quantities. It is demonstrated that for ibuprofen, an optically active analgesic, the racemate is the only stable solid form; the phase relationship between the racemate and the conglomerate is analogous to dimorphism with overall monotropy in pure chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo B Rietveld
- EAD Physico-chimie Industrielle du Médicament (EA4066), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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Barrio M, Maccaroni E, Rietveld IB, Malpezzi L, Masciocchi N, Céolin R, Tamarit JL. Pressure–Temperature State Diagram for the Phase Relationships Between Benfluorex Hydrochloride Forms I and II: A Case of Enantiotropic Behavior. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1073-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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