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Petrova SP, Mohamed MA, Wu H, Taylor LS, Edgar KJ. Threading the needle: Achieving simplicity and performance in cellulose alkanoate ω-carboxyalkanoates for amorphous solid dispersion. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121988. [PMID: 38494207 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) suffer from poor water solubility, often keeping them from reaching patients. To overcome the issues of poor drug solubility and subsequent low bioavailability, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have garnered much attention. Cellulose ester derivatives are of interest for ASD applications as they are benign, sustainable-based, and successful in commercial drug delivery systems, e.g. in osmotic pump systems and as commercial ASD polymers. Synthesis of carboxy-pendant cellulose esters is a challenge, due in part to competing reactions between carboxyls and hydroxyls, forming ester crosslinks. Herein we demonstrate proof-of-concept for a scalable synthetic route to simple, yet highly promising ASD polymers by esterifying cellulose polymers through ring-opening of cyclic succinic or glutaric anhydride. We describe the complexity of such ring-opening reactions, not previously well-described, and report ways to avoid gelation. We report synthesis, characterization, and preliminary in vitro ASD evaluations of fifteen such derivatives. Synthetic routes were designed to accommodate these criteria: no protecting groups, no metal catalysts, mild conditions with standard reagents, simple purification, and one-pot synthesis. Finally, these designed ASD polymers included members that maintained fast-crystallizing felodipine in solution and release it from an ASD at rather high 20 % drug loading (DL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella P Petrova
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
| | - Mennatallah A Mohamed
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Huiming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
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Taylor LS. Highlighting the Contributions of the Editorial Advisory Board to Molecular Pharmaceutics. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2061-2062. [PMID: 38706388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
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3
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Taylor LS. Networking in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1549-1550. [PMID: 38512057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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Deac A, Luebbert C, Qi Q, Courtney RM, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Sadowski G, Taylor LS. Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Application of Ternary Phase Diagrams To Explain Release Behavior. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1900-1918. [PMID: 38469754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in commercial drug products has increased in recent years due to the large number of poorly soluble drugs in the pharmaceutical pipeline. However, the release behavior of ASDs is complex and remains not well understood. Often, the drug release from ASDs is rapid and complete at lower drug loadings (DLs) but becomes slow and incomplete at higher DLs. The DL where release becomes hindered is termed the limit of congruency (LoC). Currently, there are no approaches to predict the LoC. However, recent findings show that one potential cause leading to the LoC is a change in phase morphology after water-induced phase separation at the ASD/solution interface. In this study, the phase behavior of ASDs in contact with aqueous solutions was described thermodynamically by constructing experimental and computational ternary phase diagrams, and these were used to predict morphology changes and ultimately the LoC. Experimental ternary phase diagrams were obtained by equilibrating ASD/water mixtures over time. Computational ternary phase diagrams were obtained by Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). The morphology of the hydrophobic phase was studied with fluorescence confocal microscopy. It was demonstrated that critical point (plait point) composition approximately corresponded to the ASD DL, where the hydrophobic phase, formed during phase separation, became interconnected and hindered ASD release. This work provides mechanistic insights into the ASD release behavior and highlights the potential of in silico ASD design using phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reagan M Courtney
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhou Y, Yao Y, Zhai Z, Mohamed MA, Mazzini F, Qi Q, Bortner MJ, Taylor LS, Edgar KJ. Reductive amination of oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose with ω-aminoalkanoic acids as an efficient route to zwitterionic derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121699. [PMID: 38220336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers, with their equal amounts of cationic and anionic functional groups, have found widespread utility including as non-fouling coatings, hydrogel materials, stabilizers, antifreeze materials, and drug carriers. Polysaccharide-derived zwitterionic polymers are attractive because of their sustainable origin, potential for lower toxicity, and possible biodegradability, but previous methods for synthesis of zwitterionic polysaccharide derivatives have been limited in terms of flexibility and attainable degree of substitution (DS) of charged entities. We report herein successful design and synthesis of zwitterionic polysaccharide derivatives, in this case based on cellulose, by reductive amination of oxidized 2-hydroxypropyl cellulose (Ox-HPC) with ω-aminoalkanoic acids. Reductive amination products could be readily obtained with DS(cation) (= DS(anion)) up to 1.6. Adduct hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance (amphiphilicity) can be influenced by selecting the appropriate chain length of the ω-aminoalkanoic acid. This strategy is shown to produce a range of amphiphilic, water-soluble, moderately high glass transition temperature (Tg) polysaccharide derivatives in just a couple of efficient steps from commercially available building blocks. The adducts were evaluated as crystallization inhibitors. They are strong inhibitors of crystallization even for the challenging, poorly soluble, fast-crystallizing prostate cancer drug enzalutamide, as supported by surface tension and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
| | - Yimin Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Zhenghao Zhai
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mennatallah A Mohamed
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Fiorella Mazzini
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Bapat P, Paul S, Tseng YC, Taylor LS. Interplay of Drug-Polymer Interactions and Release Performance for HPMCAS-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1466-1478. [PMID: 38346390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between drug and polymer chemistry and its impact on drug release from an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a relatively underexplored area. Herein, the release rates of several drugs of diverse chemistry from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-based ASDs were explored using surface area normalized dissolution. The tendency of the drug to form an insoluble complex with HPMCAS was determined through coprecipitation experiments. The role of pH and the extent of drug ionization were probed to evaluate the role of electrostatic interactions in complex formation. Relationships between the extent of complexation and the drug release rate from an ASD were observed, whereby the drugs could be divided into two groups. Drugs with a low extent of insoluble complex formation with HPMCAS tended to be neutral or anionic and showed reasonable release at pH 6.8 even at higher drug loadings. Cationic drugs formed insoluble complexes with HPMCAS and showed poor release when formulated as an ASD. Thus, and somewhat counterintuitively, a weakly basic drug showed a reduced release rate from an ASD at a bulk solution pH where it was ionized, relative to when unionized. The opposite trend was observed in the absence of polymer for the neat amorphous drug. In conclusion, electrostatic interactions between HPMCAS and lipophilic cationic drugs led to insoluble complex formation, which in turn resulted in ASDs with poor release performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Taylor LS. Announcing the Winners of the Molecular Pharmaceutics Early Career Best Paper Award. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1-2. [PMID: 38161320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
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Taylor LS, Amidon GL. Twenty Years of Molecular Pharmaceutics. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5947-5948. [PMID: 38044834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
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Yang R, Zhang GGZ, Zemlyanov DY, Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Drug Release from Surfactant-Containing Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Mechanism and Role of Surfactant in Release Enhancement. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2817-2845. [PMID: 37052841 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand how surfactants affect drug release from ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), and to investigate different mechanisms of release enhancement. METHODS Ternary ASDs containing ritonavir (RTV), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 80, Span 20 or Span 85) were prepared with rotary evaporation. Release profiles of ternary ASDs were measured with surface normalized dissolution. Phase separation morphologies of ASD compacts during hydration/dissolution were examined in real-time with a newly developed confocal fluorescence microscopy method. The water ingress rate of different formulations was measured with dynamic vapor sorption. Microscopy was employed to check for matrix crystallization during release studies. RESULTS All surfactants improved drug release at 30% DL, while only SDS and Tween 80 improved drug release at higher DLs, although SDS promoted matrix crystallization. The dissolution rate of neat polymer increased when SDS and Tween 80 were present. The water ingress rate also increased in the presence of all surfactants. Surfactant-incorporation affected both the kinetic and thermodynamics factors governing phase separation of RTV-PVPVA-water system, modifying the phase morphology during ASD dissolution. Importantly, SDS increased the miscibility of RTV-PVPVA-water system, whereas other surfactants mainly affected the phase separation kinetics/drug-rich barrier persistence. CONCLUSION Incorporation of surfactants enhanced drug release from RTV-PVPVA ASDs compared to the binary system. Increased drug-polymer-water miscibility and disruption of the drug-rich barrier at the gel-solvent interface via plasticization are highlighted as two key mechanisms underlying surfactant impacts based on direct visualization of the phase separation process upon hydration and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Raines K, Agarwal P, Augustijns P, Alayoubi A, Attia L, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Chatterjee P, Chen H, Yu YC, Coutant C, Coutinho AL, Curran D, Dressman J, Ericksen B, Falade L, Gao Y, Gao Z, Ghosh D, Ghosh T, Govada A, Gray E, Guo R, Hammell D, Hermans A, Jaini R, Li H, Mandula H, Men S, Milsmann J, Moldthan H, Moody R, Moseson DE, Müllertz A, Patel R, Paudel K, Reppas C, Savkur R, Schaefer K, Serajuddin A, Taylor LS, Valapil R, Wei K, Weitschies W, Yamashita S, Polli JE. Drug Dissolution in Oral Drug Absorption: Workshop Report. AAPS J 2023; 25:103. [PMID: 37936002 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-person workshop "Drug Dissolution in Oral Drug Absorption" was held on May 23-24, 2023, in Baltimore, MD, USA. The workshop was organized into lectures and breakout sessions. Three common topics that were re-visited by various lecturers were amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), dissolution/permeation interplay, and in vitro methods to predict in vivo biopharmaceutics performance and risk. Topics that repeatedly surfaced across breakout sessions were the following: (1) meaning and assessment of "dissolved drug," particularly of poorly water soluble drug in colloidal environments (e.g., fed conditions, ASDs); (2) potential limitations of a test that employs sink conditions for a poorly water soluble drug; (3) non-compendial methods (e.g., two-stage or multi-stage method, dissolution/permeation methods); (4) non-compendial conditions (e.g., apex vessels, non-sink conditions); and (5) potential benefit of having both a quality control method for batch release and a biopredictive/biorelevant method for biowaiver or bridging scenarios. An identified obstacle to non-compendial methods is the uncertainty of global regulatory acceptance of such methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Raines
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Payal Agarwal
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alaadin Alayoubi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucas Attia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | | | - Martin Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Hansong Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuly Chiang Yu
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carrie Coutant
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46225, USA
| | | | - David Curran
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19046, USA
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bryan Ericksen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah Falade
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Zongming Gao
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Debasis Ghosh
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Tapash Ghosh
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Anitha Govada
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruiqiong Guo
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 650 E Kendall St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Dana Hammell
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Hermans
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2025 E Scott Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Rohit Jaini
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Hanlin Li
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | - Haritha Mandula
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johanna Milsmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Huong Moldthan
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Pfizer Inc., 558 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165, København, Denmark
| | - Roshni Patel
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalpana Paudel
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Christos Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Rajesh Savkur
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerstin Schaefer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Abu Serajuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Rutu Valapil
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shinji Yamashita
- Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Tojiin Kitamachi, Kita Ward, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Bapat P, Paul S, Thakral NK, Tseng YC, Taylor LS. Does Media Choice Matter When Evaluating the Performance of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions? Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5714-5727. [PMID: 37751517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) is a weakly acidic polymer that is widely used in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). While the pH-dependent solubility of HPMCAS is widely recognized, the role of other solution properties, including buffer capacity, is less well understood in the context of ASD dissolution. The goal of this study was to elucidate the rate-limiting steps for drug and HPMCAS release from ASDs formulated with two poorly water soluble model drugs, indomethacin and indomethacin methyl ester. The surface area normalized release rate of the drug and/or polymer in a variety of media was determined. The HPMCAS gel layer apparent pH was determined by incorporating pH sensitive dyes into the polymer matrix. Water uptake extent and rate into the ASDs were measured gravimetrically. For neat HPMCAS, the rate-limiting step for polymer dissolution was observed to be the polymer solubility at the polymer-solution interface. This, in turn, was impacted by the gel layer pH which was found to be substantially lower than the bulk solution pH, varying with medium buffer capacity. For the ASDs, the HPMCAS release rate was found to control the drug release rate. However, both drugs reduced the polymer release rate with indomethacin methyl ester having a larger impact. In low buffer capacity media, the presence of the drug had less impact on release rates when compared to observations in higher strength buffers, suggesting changes in the rate-limiting steps for HPMCAS dissolution. The observations made in this study can contribute to the fundamental understanding of acidic polymer dissolution in the presence and absence of a molecularly dispersed lipophilic drug and will help aid in the design of more in vivo relevant release testing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Naveen K Thakral
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Deac A, Qi Q, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Correction to "Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Close Look at the Dissolution Interface". Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5241. [PMID: 37702660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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13
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. Crystallinity: A Complex Critical Quality Attribute of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4802-4825. [PMID: 37699354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Does the performance of an amorphous solid dispersion rely on having 100% amorphous content? What specifications are appropriate for crystalline content within an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) drug product? In this Perspective, the origin and significance of crystallinity within amorphous solid dispersions will be considered. Crystallinity can be found within an ASD from one of two pathways: (1) incomplete amorphization, or (2) crystal creation (nucleation and crystal growth). While nucleation and crystal growth is the more commonly considered pathway, where crystals originate as a physical stability failure upon accelerated or prolonged storage, manufacturing-based origins of crystallinity are possible as well. Detecting trace levels of crystallinity is a significant analytical challenge, and orthogonal methods should be employed to develop a holistic assessment of sample properties. Probing the impact of crystallinity on release performance which may translate to meaningful clinical significance is inherently challenging, requiring optimization of dissolution test variables to address the complexity of ASD formulations, in terms of drug physicochemical properties (e.g., crystallization tendency), level of crystallinity, crystal reference material selection, and formulation characteristics. The complexity of risk presented by crystallinity to product performance will be illuminated through several case studies, highlighting that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be used to set specification limits, as the risk of crystallinity can vary widely based on a multitude of factors. Risk assessment considerations surrounding drug physicochemical properties, formulation fundamentals, physical stability, dissolution, and crystal micromeritic properties will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Worldwide Research and Development Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Van Duong T, Diab S, Hodnett NS, Taylor LS. Kinetic Barriers to Disproportionation of Salts of Weakly Basic Drugs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3886-3894. [PMID: 37494545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionation is a major issue in formulations containing salts of weakly basic drugs. Despite considerable interest in risk assessment approaches for disproportionation, the prediction of salt-to-base conversion remains challenging. Recent studies have highlighted several confounding factors other than pHmax that appear to play an important role in salt disproportionation and have suggested that kinetic barriers need to be considered in addition to the thermodynamic driving force when assessing the risk of a salt to undergo conversion to parent free base. Herein, we describe the concurrent application of in situ Raman spectroscopy and pH monitoring to investigate the disproportionation kinetics of three model salts, pioglitazone hydrochloride, sorafenib tosylate, and atazanavir sulfate, in aqueous slurries. We found that even for favorable thermodynamic conditions (i.e., pH ≫ pHmax), disproportionation kinetics of the salts were very different despite each system having a similar pHmax. The importance of free base nucleation kinetics was highlighted by the observation that the disproportionation conversion time in the slurries showed the same trend as the free base nucleation induction time. Pioglitazone hydrochloride, with a free base induction time of <1 min, rapidly converted to the free base in slurry experiments. In contrast, atazanavir sulfate, where the free base induction time was much longer, took several hours to undergo disproportionation in the slurry for pH ≫ pHmax. Additionally, we altered an established thermodynamically based modeling framework to account for kinetic effects (representing the nucleation kinetic barrier) to estimate the solid-state stability of salt formulations. In conclusion, a solution-based thermodynamic model is mechanistically appropriate to predict salt disproportionation in a solid-state formulation, when kinetic barriers are also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Samir Diab
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, SG12 0DP, U.K
| | - Neil S Hodnett
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
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15
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Taylor LS. Highly Cited Articles in Molecular Pharmaceutics: Hot Topics in Pharmaceutical Research. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3251. [PMID: 37394973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
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16
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Nguyen HT, Van Duong T, Jaw-Tsai S, Bruning-Barry R, Pande P, Taneja R, Taylor LS. Fed- and Fasted-State Performance of Pretomanid Amorphous Solid Dispersions Formulated with an Enteric Polymer. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37220082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Weakly acid polymers with pH-responsive solubility are being used with increasing frequency in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations of drugs with low aqueous solubility. However, drug release and crystallization in a pH environment where the polymer is insoluble are not well understood. The aim of the current study was to develop ASD formulations optimized for release and supersaturation longevity of a rapidly crystallizing drug, pretomanid (PTM), and to evaluate a subset of these formulations in vivo. Following screening of several polymers for their ability to inhibit crystallization, hypromellose acetate succinate HF grade (HPMCAS-HF; HF) was selected to prepare PTM ASDs. In vitro release studies were conducted in simulated fasted- and fed-state media. Drug crystallization in ASDs following exposure to dissolution media was evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. In vivo oral pharmacokinetic evaluation was conducted in male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 4) given 30 mg PTM under both fasted and fed conditions in a crossover design. Three HPMCAS-based ASDs of PTM were selected for fasted-state animal studies based on their in vitro release performance. Enhanced bioavailability was observed for each of these formulations relative to the reference product that contained crystalline drug. The 20% drug loading PTM-HF ASD gave the best performance in the fasted state, with subsequent dosing in the fed state. Interestingly, while food improved drug absorption of the crystalline reference product, the exposure of the ASD formulation was negatively impacted. The failure of the HPMCAS-HF ASD to enhance absorption in the fed state was hypothesized to result from poor release in the reduced pH intestinal environment resulting from the fed state. In vitro experiments confirmed a reduced release rate under lower pH conditions, which was attributed to reduced polymer solubility and an enhanced crystallization tendency of the drug. These findings emphasize the limitations of in vitro assessment of ASD performance using standardized media conditions. Future studies are needed for improved understanding of food effects on ASD release and how this variability can be captured by in vitro testing methodologies for better prediction of in vivo outcomes, in particular for ASDs formulated with enteric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sarah Jaw-Tsai
- Sarah Jaw-Tsai Consulting Services, 12279 Skyracer Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89138, United States
| | - Rebecca Bruning-Barry
- Global Health Technologies Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27704, United States
| | - Poonam Pande
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), 80 Pine Street, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Rajneesh Taneja
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), 80 Pine Street, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Deac A, Qi Q, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Close Look at the Dissolution Interface. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2217-2234. [PMID: 36926898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent success of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) at enabling the delivery of poorly soluble small molecule drugs, ASD-based dosage forms are limited by low drug loading. This is partially due to a sharp decline in drug release from the ASD at drug loadings surpassing the 'limit of congruency' (LoC). In some cases, the LoC is as low as 5% drug loading, significantly increasing the risk of pill burden. Despite efforts to understand the mechanism responsible for the LoC, a clear picture of the molecular processes occurring at the ASD/solution interface remains elusive. In this study, the ASD/solution interface was studied for two model compounds formulated as ASDs with copovidone. The evolution of a gel layer and its phase behavior was captured in situ with fluorescence confocal microscopy, where fluorescent probes were added to label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases. Phase separation was detected in the gel layer for most of the ASDs. The morphology of the hydrophobic phase was found to correlate with the release behavior, where a discrete phase resulted in good release and a continuous phase formed a barrier leading to poor release. The continuous phase formed at a lower drug loading for the system with stronger drug-polymer interactions. This was due to incorporation of the polymer into the hydrophobic phase. The study highlights the complex molecular and phase behavior at the ASD/solution interface of copovidone-based ASDs and provides a thermodynamic argument for qualitatively predicting the release behavior based on drug-polymer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Nguyen HT, Van Duong T, Taylor LS. Impact of Gastric pH Variations on the Release of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulations Containing a Weakly Basic Drug and Enteric Polymers. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1681-1695. [PMID: 36730186 PMCID: PMC9997068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteric polymers are widely used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. The aim of the current study was to explore ASD failure mechanisms across a wide range of pH conditions that mimic in vivo gastric compartment variations where enteric polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) are largely insoluble. Delamanid (DLM), a weakly basic drug used to treat tuberculosis, was selected as the model compound. Both DLM free base and the edisylate salt were formulated with HPMCP, while DLM edisylate ASDs were also prepared with different grades of HPMCAS. Two-stage release testing was conducted with the gastric stage pH varied between pH 1.6 and 5.0, prior to transfer to intestinal conditions of pH 6.5. ASD particles were collected following suspension in the gastric compartment and evaluated using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Additional samples were also evaluated with polarized light microscopy. In general, ASDs with HPMCP showed improved overall release for all testing conditions, relative to ASDs with HPMCAS. ASDs with the edisylate salt likewise outperformed those with DLM free base. Impaired release for certain formulations at intestinal pH conditions was attributed to surface drug crystallization that initiated during suspension in the gastric compartment where the polymer is insoluble; crystallization appeared more extensive for HPMCAS ASDs. These findings suggest that gastric pH variations should be evaluated for ASD formulations containing weakly basic drugs and enteric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Correa-Soto CE, Gao Y, Indulkar AS, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Release Enhancement by Plasticizer Inclusion for Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing High T g Drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:777-790. [PMID: 36859747 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasticizers are commonly used in the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with the main goal of aiding processability; however, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of plasticizers on drug release has not been explored. The goal of this study was to evaluate diverse plasticizers, including glycerol and citrate derivatives, as additives to increase the drug loading where good drug release could be achieved from copovidone (PVPVA)-based dispersions, focusing on high glass transition (Tg) drugs, atazanavir (ATZ) and ledipasvir (LED). METHODS ASDs were prepared using the high Tg compounds, atazanavir (ATZ) and ledipasvir (LED), as model drugs. Release was evaluated using surface normalized dissolution testing. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure glass transition temperature and water vapor sorption was performed on select samples. RESULTS The presence of a plasticizer at 5% w/w for ATZ and 10% w/w for LED ASDs, led to improved drug release. For ATZ ASDs, in the absence of plasticizer, release was very poor at drug loadings of 10% w/w and above. Good release was obtained for plasticized ASDs up to a drug loading of 25%. The corresponding improvement for LED was from 5 to 20% DL. Interestingly, for a low Tg compound, ritonavir, relatively smaller improvements in release as a function of drug loading were achieved through plasticizer incorporation. CONCLUSIONS The use of plasticizers represents a potential new strategy to increase drug loading in ASDs for high Tg compounds with a low tendency to crystallize and may help improve a major limitation of ASD formulations, namely the high excipient burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara E Correa-Soto
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Pivotal Drug Product, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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20
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Taylor LS. Building a Culture of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Respect in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:785-786. [PMID: 36695769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Dimiou S, McCabe J, Booth R, Booth J, Nidadavole K, Svensson O, Sparén A, Lindfors L, Paraskevopoulou V, Mead H, Coates L, Workman D, Martin D, Treacher K, Puri S, Taylor LS, Yang B. Selecting Counterions to Improve Ionized Hydrophilic Drug Encapsulation in Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1138-1155. [PMID: 36653946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) can successfully increase the drug loading and control the release kinetics of ionizable hydrophilic drugs, addressing challenges that prevent these molecules from reaching the clinic. Nevertheless, polymeric nanoparticle (PNP) formulation development requires trial-and-error experimentation to meet the target product profile, which is laborious and costly. Herein, we design a preformulation framework (solid-state screening, computational approach, and solubility in PNP-forming emulsion) to understand counterion-drug-polymer interactions and accelerate the PNP formulation development for HIP systems. The HIP interactions between a small hydrophilic molecule, AZD2811, and counterions with different molecular structures were investigated. Cyclic counterions formed amorphous ion pairs with AZD2811; the 0.7 pamoic acid/1.0 AZD2811 complex had the highest glass transition temperature (Tg; 162 °C) and the greatest drug loading (22%) and remained as phase-separated amorphous nanosized domains inside the polymer matrix. Palmitic acid (linear counterion) showed negligible interactions with AZD2811 (crystalline-free drug/counterion forms), leading to a significantly lower drug loading despite having similar log P and pKa with pamoic acid. Computational calculations illustrated that cyclic counterions interact more strongly with AZD2811 than linear counterions through dispersive interactions (offset π-π interactions). Solubility data indicated that the pamoic acid/AZD2811 complex has a lower organic phase solubility than AZD2811-free base; hence, it may be expected to precipitate more rapidly in the nanodroplets, thus increasing drug loading. Our work provides a generalizable preformulation framework, complementing traditional performance-indicating parameters, to identify optimal counterions rapidly and accelerate the development of hydrophilic drug PNP formulations while achieving high drug loading without laborious trial-and-error experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Dimiou
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, CambridgeCB21 6GH, U.K.,UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, LondonWC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - James McCabe
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rebecca Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Jonathan Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Kalyan Nidadavole
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Olof Svensson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, GothenburgSE-43183, Sweden
| | - Anders Sparén
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, GothenburgSE-43183, Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D AstraZeneca, GothenburgSE-43183, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Heather Mead
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Lydia Coates
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David Workman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, CambridgeCB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Dave Martin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Kevin Treacher
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, MacclesfieldSK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sanyogitta Puri
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, CambridgeCB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Bin Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, CambridgeCB21 6GH, U.K
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22
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Cao Z, Harmon DM, Yang R, Razumtcev A, Li M, Carlsen MS, Geiger AC, Zemlyanov D, Sherman AM, Takanti N, Rong J, Hwang Y, Taylor LS, Simpson GJ. Periodic Photobleaching with Structured Illumination for Diffusion Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2192-2202. [PMID: 36656303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of periodically structured illumination coupled with spatial Fourier-transform fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FT-FRAP) was shown to support diffusivity mapping within segmented domains of arbitrary shape. Periodic "comb-bleach" patterning of the excitation beam during photobleaching encoded spatial maps of diffusion onto harmonic peaks in the spatial Fourier transform. Diffusion manifests as a simple exponential decay of a given harmonic, improving the signal to noise ratio and simplifying mathematical analysis. Image segmentation prior to Fourier transformation was shown to support pooling for signal to noise enhancement for regions of arbitrary shape expected to exhibit similar diffusivity within a domain. Following proof-of-concept analyses based on simulations with known ground-truth maps, diffusion imaging by FT-FRAP was used to map spatially-resolved diffusion differences within phase-separated domains of model amorphous solid dispersion spin-cast thin films. Notably, multi-harmonic analysis by FT-FRAP was able to definitively discriminate and quantify the roles of internal diffusion and exchange to higher mobility interfacial layers in modeling the recovery kinetics within thin amorphous/amorphous phase-separated domains, with interfacial diffusion playing a critical role in recovery. These results have direct implications for the design of amorphous systems for stable storage and efficacious delivery of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Dustin M Harmon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Aleksandr Razumtcev
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Minghe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Mark S Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Andreas C Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Dmitry Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Alex M Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Nita Takanti
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Jiayue Rong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Yechan Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Garth J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
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23
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Deac A, Qi Q, Indulkar AS, Purohit HS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of Drug Load and Molecular Interactions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:722-737. [PMID: 36545917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High drug load amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been a challenge to formulate partially because drug release is inhibited at high drug loads. The maximum drug load prior to inhibition of release has been termed the limit of congruency (LoC) and has been most widely studied for copovidone (PVPVA)-based ASDs. The terminology was derived from the observation that below LoC, the polymer controlled the kinetics and the drug and the polymer released congruently, while above LoC, the release rates diverged and were impaired. Recent studies show a correlation between the LoC value and drug-polymer interaction strength, where a lower LoC was observed for systems with stronger interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the causality between drug-PVPVA interaction strength and LoC. Four chemical analogues with diverse abilities to interact with PVPVA were used as model drugs. The distribution of the polymer between the dilute aqueous phase and the insoluble nanoparticles containing drug was studied with solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and traditional separation techniques to understand the thermodynamics of the systems in a dilute environment. Polymer diffusion to and from ASD particles suspended in aqueous solution was monitored for drug loads above the LoC to investigate the thermodynamic driving force for polymer release. The surface composition of ASD compacts before and after exposure to buffer was studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to capture potential kinetic barriers to release. It was found that ASD compacts with drug loads above the LoC formed an insoluble barrier on the surface that was in pseudo-equilibrium with the aqueous phase and prevented further release of drugs and polymers during dissolution. The insoluble barrier contained a substantial amount of the polymer for the strongly interacting drug-polymer systems. In contrast, a negligible amount was found for the weakly interacting systems. This observation provides an explanation for the ability of strongly interacting systems to form an insoluble barrier at lower drug loads. The study highlights the importance of thermodynamic and kinetic factors on the dissolution behavior of ASDs and provides a potential framework for maximizing the drug load in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois60064, United States
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, Illinois60064, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
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24
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Moseson DE, Benson EG, Cao Z, Bhalla S, Wang F, Wang M, Zheng K, Narwankar PK, Simpson GJ, Taylor LS. Impact of Aluminum Oxide Nanocoating on Drug Release from Amorphous Solid Dispersion Particles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:593-605. [PMID: 36346665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atomic layer coating (ALC) is emerging as a particle engineering strategy to inhibit surface crystallization of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In this study, we turn our attention to evaluating drug release behavior from ALC-coated ASDs, and begin to develop a mechanistic framework. Posaconazole/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate was used as a model system at both 25% and 50% drug loadings. ALC-coatings of aluminum oxide up to 40 nm were evaluated for water sorption kinetics and dissolution performance under a range of pH conditions. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to investigate the microstructure of partially released ASD particles. Coating thickness and defect density (inferred from deposition rates) were found to impact water sorption kinetics. Despite reduced water sorption kinetics, the presence of a coating was not found to impact dissolution rates under conditions where rapid drug release was observed. Under slower releasing conditions, underlying matrix crystallization was reduced by the coating, enabling greater levels of drug release. These results demonstrate that water was able to penetrate through the ALC coating, hydrating the amorphous solid, which can initiate dissolution of drug and/or polymer (depending on pH conditions). Swelling of the ASD substrate subsequently occurs, disrupting and cracking the coating, which serves to facilitate rapid drug release. Water sorption kinetics are highlighted as a potential predictive tool to investigate the coating quality and its potential impact on dissolution performance. This study has implications for formulation design and evaluation of ALC-coated ASD particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily G Benson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ziyi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shradha Bhalla
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Miaojun Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Kai Zheng
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Pravin K Narwankar
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Ave, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Garth J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Yang R, Zhang GGZ, Zemlyanov DY, Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Release Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of Drug-Polymer Phase Separation and Morphology. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:304-317. [PMID: 36306863 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Formulating poorly soluble molecules as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is an effective strategy to improve drug release. However, drug release rate and extent tend to rapidly diminish with increasing drug loading (DL). The poor release at high DLs has been postulated to be linked to the process of amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS), although the exact connection between phase separation and release properties remains somewhat unclear. Herein, release profiles of ASDs formulated with ritonavir (RTV) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) at different DLs were determined using surface normalized dissolution. Surface morphologies of partially dissolved ASD compacts were evaluated with confocal fluorescence microscopy, using Nile red and Alexa Fluor 488 as fluorescence markers to track the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases respectively. ASD phase behavior during hydration and release of components were also visualized in real time using a newly developed in situ confocal fluorescence microscopy method. RTV-PVPVA ASDs showed complete and rapid drug release below 30% DL, partial drug release at 30% DL and no drug release above 30% DL. It was observed that formation of discrete drug-rich droplets at lower DLs led to rapid and congruent release of both drug and polymer, whereas formation of continuous drug-rich phase at the ASD matrix-solution interface was the cause of poor release above certain DLs. Thus, the domain size and interconnectivity of phase separated drug-rich domains appear to be critical factors impacting drug release from RTV-PVPVPA ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Moseson DE, Hiew TN, Su Y, Taylor LS. Formulation and Processing Strategies which Underpin Susceptibility to Matrix Crystallization in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:108-122. [PMID: 35367246 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Through matrix crystallization, an amorphous solid may transform directly into its more stable crystalline state, reducing the driving force for dissolution. Herein, the mechanism of matrix crystallization in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was probed. ASDs of bicalutamide/copovidone were prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion, and sized by mortar and pestle or cryomilling techniques, modulating the level of mechanical activation experienced by the sample. Drug loading (DL) of the binary ASD was varied from 5-50%, and ternary systems were formulated at 30% DL with two surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Vitamin E TPGS). Imaging of partially dissolved or crystallized compacts by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy was performed to investigate pathways of hydration, phase separation, and crystallization. Monitoring drug and polymer release of ASD powder under non-sink conditions provided insight into supersaturation and desupersaturation profiles. Systems at the greatest risk of matrix crystallization had high DLs, underwent mechanical activation, and/or contained surfactant. Systems having greatest resistance to matrix crystallization had rapid and congruent drug and polymer release. This study has implications for formulation and process design of ASDs and risk assessment of matrix crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States; Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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Hiew TN, Saboo S, Zemlyanov DY, Punia A, Wang M, Smith D, Lowinger M, Solomos MA, Schenck L, Taylor LS. Improving Dissolution Performance and Drug Loading of Amorphous Dispersions Through a Hierarchical Particle Approach. J Pharm Sci 2022:S0022-3549(22)00583-4. [PMID: 36574837 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Co-precipitation is an emerging manufacturing strategy for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Herein, the interplay between processing conditions, surface composition, and release performance was evaluated using grazoprevir and hypromellose acetate succinate as the model drug and polymer, respectively. Co-precipitated amorphous dispersion (cPAD) particles were produced in the presence and absence of an additional polymer that was either dissolved or dispersed in the anti-solvent. This additional polymer in the anti-solvent was deposited on the surfaces of the cPAD particles during isolation and drying to create hierarchical particles, which we define here as a core ASD particle with an additional water soluble component that is coating the particle surfaces. The resultant hierarchical particles were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Release performance was evaluated using a two-stage dissolution test. XPS analysis revealed a trend whereby cPAD particles with a lower surface drug concentration showed improved release relative to particles with a higher surface drug concentration, for nominally similar drug loadings. This surface drug concentration could be impacted by whether the secondary polymer was dissolved in the anti-solvent or dispersed in the anti-solvent prior to isolating final dried hierarchical cPAD powders. Grazoprevir exposure in dogs was higher when the hierarchical cPAD was dosed, with ∼1.8 fold increase in AUC compared to the binary cPAD. These observations highlight the important interplay between processing conditions and ASD performance in the context of cPAD particles and illustrate a hierarchical particle design as a successful approach to alter ASD surface chemistry to improve dissolution performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Sugandha Saboo
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Ashish Punia
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Wang
- Biopharmaceutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Lowinger
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marina A Solomos
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luke Schenck
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Moseson DE, Benson EG, Nguyen HT, Wang F, Wang M, Zheng K, Narwankar PK, Taylor LS. Atomic Layer Coating to Inhibit Surface Crystallization of Amorphous Pharmaceutical Powders. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:40698-40710. [PMID: 36054111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preventing crystallization is a primary concern when developing amorphous drug formulations. Recently, atomic layer coatings (ALCs) of aluminum oxide demonstrated crystallization inhibition of high drug loading amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) for over 2 years. The goal of the current study was to probe the breadth and mechanisms of this exciting finding through multiple drug/polymer model systems, as well as particle and coating attributes. The model ASD systems selected provide for a range of hygroscopicity and chemical functional groups, which may contribute to the crystallization inhibition effect of the ALC coatings. Atomic layer coating was performed to apply a 5-25 nm layer of aluminum oxide or zinc oxide onto ASD particles, which imparted enhanced micromeritic properties, namely, reduced agglomeration and improved powder flowability. ASD particles were stored at 40 °C and a selected relative humidity level between 31 and 75%. Crystallization was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) up to 48 weeks. Crystallization was observable by SEM within 1-2 weeks for all uncoated samples. After ALC, crystallization was effectively delayed or completely inhibited in some systems up to 48 weeks. The delay achieved was demonstrated regardless of polymer hygroscopicity, presence or absence of hydroxyl functional groups in drugs and/or polymers, particle size, or coating properties. The crystallization inhibition effect is attributed primarily to decreased surface molecular mobility. ALC has the potential to be a scalable strategy to enhance the physical stability of ASD systems to enable high drug loading and enhanced robustness to temperature or relative humidity excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily G Benson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Miaojun Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Kai Zheng
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Pravin K Narwankar
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Lavasanifar A, Taylor LS. Shedding Light on the Elephant in a Dark Room in the Discovery of New Medicine: Highlighting Molecular Pharmaceutics within ACS Bio & Med Chem Au. ACS Bio Med Chem Au 2022; 2:313-315. [PMID: 37102168 PMCID: PMC10114712 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 2142F Katz Group Centre for Research, 11315-87 Ave NW, Edmonton T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
The spontaneous formation of amorphous drug nanoparticles following the release of a drug from a supersaturating formulation is gaining increasing attention due to their potential contribution to increased oral bioavailability. The formation of nanosized drug particles also has considerable implications for the interpretation of in vitro and in vivo data. However, the membrane transport properties of these drug particles remain less well understood. Herein, the membrane permeation of nanosized amorphous drug particles of a model drug atazanavir was evaluated using different artificial membrane-based, cell-based, and animal tissue-based models. Results showed that flux enhancement by particles was different for the various systems used. Generally, good agreement was obtained among experiments performed using the same apparatus with different model membranes, with the exception of the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayer and the Long-Evans rat intestine tissue, which showed lower flux enhancements. Franz cell-based models showed slightly higher flux enhancements by particles compared to Transwell and intestinal tissue sac models. Mass transport analysis suggested that the extent of flux enhancement by particles is dependent on the geometry of the apparatus as well as the properties of the membrane and buffer used, whereas the flux plateau concentration is dependent on the unstirred water later (UWL) asymmetry. These results highlight the complexity in characterizing the permeability advantage of these nonmembrane permeable drug particles and suggest that caution should be used in selecting the appropriate in vitro model to evaluate the overall permeability of colloidal drug particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Sabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Akshay Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Law D, Carrier RL, Taylor LS. Structured Sponsorship: An Option for Improved Workplace Inclusion in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3003-3004. [PMID: 35952306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devalina Law
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Taylor LS. Faking It: Impostor Syndrome in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3681-3682. [PMID: 35925766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Taylor LS, Braun DE, Tajber L, Steed JW. Crystallizing the Role of Solid-State Form in Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2683-2685. [PMID: 35909368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Taylor
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
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34
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Qi Q, Taylor LS. Improved dissolution of an enteric polymer and its amorphous solid dispersions by polymer salt formation. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121886. [PMID: 35661745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Weakly acidic polymers, historically used as enteric coatings, are increasingly being employed in solubility-enhancing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding around how these carboxylic acid-containing polymers dissolve, in particular when molecularly mixed with a lipophilic drug, as in an ASD. Identification of critical factors dominating their dissolution is vital for rational design of new polymers with enhanced release properties to address contemporary ASD delivery challenges, notably achieving good release at higher drug loadings. Herein, after identification of polymer solubilization via ionization as the rate limiting step for dissolution, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HP-50) was converted to a salt by neutralization of the phthalic acid groups with different bases. Surface normalized dissolution was performed to assess the dissolution rate improvement achieved by polymer pre-ionization via salt formation. Polymer salts showed ∼ 3-fold faster release than HP-50 at pH 6.8 (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer). Importantly, a polymer salt was able to maintain a rapid dissolution rate, irrespective of the buffer capacity of the medium, whereas the protonated polymer showed greatly diminished dissolution as medium buffer capacity decreased toward physiological gastrointestinal tract values. HP-50 and two polymer salts were formulated into ASDs with miconazole, a lipophilic and weakly basic antifungal drug, at a 20% drug loading. Rapid drug release rates were achieved with polymer salt ASDs, whereby drug release was 14 times faster than from the protonated HP-50 ASD. This study highlights the critical role of polymer ionization and buffer capacity in the dissolution of HP-50-based systems and how pre-ionization via polymer salt formation is a successful strategy for the design of new polymers for improved ASD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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35
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Razumtcev A, Li M, Rong J, Teng CC, Pfluegl C, Taylor LS, Simpson GJ. Label-Free Autofluorescence-Detected Mid-Infrared Photothermal Microscopy of Pharmaceutical Materials. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6512-6520. [PMID: 35446548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Label-free autofluorescence-detected photothermal mid-IR (AF-PTIR) microscopy is demonstrated experimentally and applied to test the distribution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in a mixture containing representative pharmaceutical excipients. Two-photon excited UV-fluorescence (TPE-UVF) supports autofluorescence of native aromatic moieties using visible-light optics. Thermal modulation of the fluorescence quantum yield serves to report on infrared absorption, enabling infrared spectroscopy in the fingerprint region with a spatial resolution dictated by fluorescence. AF-PTIR provides high selectivity and sensitivity in image contrast for aromatic APIs, complementing broadly applicable optical photothermal IR (O-PTIR) microscopy based on photothermal modulation of refractive index/scattering. Mapping the API distribution is critical in designing processes for powdered dosage form manufacturing, with high spatial variance potentially producing variability in both delivered dosage and product efficacy. The ubiquity of aromatic moieties within API candidates suggests the viability of AF-PTIR in combination with O-PTIR to improve the confidence of chemical classification in spatially heterogeneous dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Razumtcev
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Minghe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jiayue Rong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chu C Teng
- Pendar Technologies, 30 Spinelli Place, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christian Pfluegl
- Pendar Technologies, 30 Spinelli Place, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Physical and Industrial Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Garth J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Duong TV, Nguyen HT, Taylor LS. Combining enabling formulation strategies to generate supersaturated solutions of delamanid: in situ salt formation during amorphous solid dispersion fabrication for more robust release profiles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:131-143. [PMID: 35413402 PMCID: PMC9084191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Moseson DE, Parker AS, Beaudoin SP, Taylor LS. Erratum to: Amorphous solid dispersions containing residual crystallinity: Influence of seed properties and polymer adsorption on dissolution performance: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 146 (2020) 105276. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 173:106178. [PMID: 35370057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew S Parker
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stephen P Beaudoin
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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Yang R, Zhang GGZ, Kjoller K, Dillon E, Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Phase separation in surfactant-containing amorphous solid dispersions: Orthogonal analytical methods to probe the effects of surfactants on morphology and phase composition. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121708. [PMID: 35364219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS) is an important phase transition process for amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) performance both in terms of drug release as well as physical and chemical stability during storage. Addition of surfactants to ASD systems can impact both of these processes. One possible mechanism through which surfactants affect ASD performance is via their impact on AAPS. Unfortunately, despite their increasing usage in ASD formulations, the effect of surfactant on AAPS is still poorly understood, and there are limited analytical techniques that provide microstructural and composition information about phase separated ASDs. In this study, the impact of four surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 80, Span 20 and Span 85) on water-induced phase separation in ASDs formulated with ritonavir and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) was investigated using a variety of orthogonal analytical methods. Transparent films of ASDs with different compositions were prepared by spin coating. Fluorescence confocal microscopy in combination with an in situ humidity chamber was used to monitor the kinetics and morphology of phase separation following exposure to high relative humidity. Optical photothermal IR analysis of phase separated films enabled characterization of domain composition and surfactant distribution. Liquid-liquid phase separation concentration, zeta potential and solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements enabled interpretation of interaction with and partition of surfactants into the drug-rich phase. It was found that phase separation kinetics and morphology were notably changed by the surfactants. Further, the surfactants showed different affinities for the drug-rich versus the aqueous/polymer-rich phases. The employed analytical techniques were found to be complementary in providing insight into surfactant location in phase separated systems. This study highlights the complexity of phase separation, especially in the presence of surfactants, and provides a foundation to understand the impact of AAPS on ASD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Eoghan Dillon
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Van Duong T, Ni Z, Taylor LS. Phase Behavior and Crystallization Kinetics of a Poorly Water-Soluble Weakly Basic Drug as a Function of Supersaturation and Media Composition. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1146-1159. [PMID: 35319221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of poorly water-soluble compounds in vivo and the impact on oral absorption is critical to design consistently performing products with optimized bioavailability. Weakly basic compounds are of particular importance in this context since they have an inherent tendency to undergo supersaturation in vivo upon exit from the stomach and entry into the small intestine because of their pH-dependent solubility. To understand and probe potential in vivo variability of supersaturating systems, rigorous understanding of compound physical properties and phase behavior landscape is essential. Herein, we extensively characterize the solution phase behavior of a model, poorly soluble and weakly basic compound, posaconazole. Phase boundaries for crystal-solution and amorphous-solution were established as a function of pH, allowing possible phase transformations, namely, crystallization or liquid-liquid phase separation, to be mapped for different initial doses and fluid volumes. Endogenous surfactants including sodium taurocholate, lecithin, glycerol monooleate, and sodium oleate in biorelevant media significantly extended the phase boundaries due to solubilization, to an extent that was dependent on the concentration of the surface-active agents. The nucleation induction time of posaconazole was much shorter in biorelevant media in comparison to the corresponding buffer solution, with two distinct regions observed in all media that could be attributed to a change in the nucleation mechanism at high and low supersaturation. The presence of undissolved nanocrystals accelerated the desupersaturation. This work enhances our understanding of biorelevant factors impacting precipitation kinetics, which might affect absorption in vivo. It is expected that findings from this study with posaconazole could be broadly applicable to other weakly basic compounds, after taking into consideration differences in pKa, solubility, and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Taylor LS. Review of the Picture a Scientist Documentary. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:359-360. [PMID: 35124967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Indulkar AS, Lou X, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Role of Surfactants on Release Performance of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Ritonavir and Copovidone. Pharm Res 2022; 39:381-397. [PMID: 35169959 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the role of different surfactants, incorporated into amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of ritonavir and copovidone, in terms of their impact on release, phase behavior and stabilization of amorphous precipitates formed following drug release. METHODS Ternary ASDs with ritonavir, copovidone and surfactants (30:70:5 w/w/w) were prepared by rotary evaporation. ASD release performance was tested using Wood's intrinsic dissolution rate apparatus and compared to the binary drug-polymer ASD with 30% drug loading. Size measurement of amorphous droplets was performed using dynamic light scattering. Solid state characterization was performed using attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS All surfactant-containing ASDs showed improvement over the binary ASD. Span 85 and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) showed complete release with no evidence of AAPS or crystallization whereas Span 20 and Tween 80 showed < 50% release with amorphous amorphous phase separation (AAPS). Span 20 also induced solution crystallization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed very rapid, albeit incomplete (~ 80%) release. AAPS was not observed with SDS. However, crystallization on the dissolving solid surface was noted. Span 20 and TPGS formed the smallest and most size-stable droplets with ~ 1 µm size whereas coalescence was noted with other surfactants. CONCLUSIONS Surfactants improved the release performance relative to the binary ASD. Different surfactant types impacted overall performance to varying extents and affected different attributes. Overall, Span 85 showed best performance (complete release, no crystallization/AAPS and small droplet size). Correlation between physicochemical properties and surfactant performance was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anura S Indulkar
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Chen YC, Moseson DE, Richard CA, Swinney MR, Horava SD, Oucherif KA, Cox AL, Hawkins ED, Li Y, DeNeve DF, Lomeo J, Zhu A, Lyle LT, Munson EJ, Taylor LS, Park K, Yeo Y. Development of hot-melt extruded drug/polymer matrices for sustained delivery of meloxicam. J Control Release 2022; 342:189-200. [PMID: 34990702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For effective resolution of regional subacute inflammation and prevention of biofouling formation, we have developed a polymeric implant that can release meloxicam, a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, in a sustained manner. Meloxicam-loaded polymer matrices were produced by hot-melt extrusion, with commercially available biocompatible polymers, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA). PLGA and EVA had a limited control over the drug release rate partly due to the acidic microenvironment and hydrophobicity, respectively. PCL allowed for sustained release of meloxicam over two weeks and was used as a carrier of meloxicam. Solid-state and image analyses indicated that the PCL matrices encapsulated meloxicam in crystalline clusters, which dissolved in aqueous medium and generated pores for subsequent drug release. The subcutaneously implanted meloxicam-loaded PCL matrices in rats showed pharmacokinetic profiles consistent with their in vitro release kinetics, where higher drug loading led to faster drug release. This study finds that the choice of polymer platform is crucial to continuous release of meloxicam and the drug release rate can be controlled by the amount of drug loaded in the polymer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chu Chen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Coralie A Richard
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Monica R Swinney
- Eli Lilly and Company, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarena D Horava
- Eli Lilly and Company, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Amy L Cox
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Eric D Hawkins
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Daniel F DeNeve
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua Lomeo
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, West Burlington, MA 01803, USA
| | - Aiden Zhu
- DigiM Solution LLC, 67 South Bedford Street, West Burlington, MA 01803, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Abstract
High-temperature exposure during hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions may result in thermal degradation of the drug. Polymer type may influence the extent of degradation, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the model compound, ritonavir (Tm = 126 °C), undergoes thermal degradation upon high-temperature exposure. The extent of degradation of ritonavir in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) formulated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) following isothermal heating and hot melt extrusion was evaluated, and mechanisms related to molecular mobility and intermolecular interactions were assessed. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) studies were used to determine the degradation products and pathways and ultimately the drug-polymer compatibility. The dominant degradation product of ritonavir was the result of a dehydration reaction, which then catalyzed a series of hydrolysis reactions to generate additional degradation products, some newly reported. This reaction series led to accelerated degradation rates with protic polymers, HPMCAS and HPMC, while ASDs with aprotic polymers, PVP and PVP/VA, had reduced degradation rates. This work has implications for understanding mechanisms of thermal degradation and drug-polymer compatibility with respect to the thermal stability of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito Roberto de Alvarenga
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Taylor LS. Variable-Temperature NMR Analysis of the Thermodynamics of Polymer Partitioning between Aqueous and Drug-Rich Phases and Its Significance for Amorphous Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:100-114. [PMID: 34702040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the polymers used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), and hypromellose (HPMC), distribute into the drug-rich phase of ibuprofen (IBP) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, resulting in a reduction in the maximum drug supersaturation in the aqueous phase. Herein, the mechanism underlying the partitioning of the polymer into the drug-rich phase was investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The dissolved IBP concentration in the aqueous phase and the amount of polymer distributed into the IBP-rich phase were quantitatively analyzed in IBP-supersaturated solutions containing different polymers using variable-temperature solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer weight ratio in the IBP-rich phase increased at higher temperatures, leading to a more notable reduction of IBP amorphous solubility. Among the polymers, the amorphous solubility reduction was the greatest for the PVP-VA solution at lower temperatures, while HPMC reduced the amorphous solubility to the greatest extent at higher temperatures. The change in the order of polymer impact on the amorphous solubility resulted from the differences in the temperature dependency of polymer partitioning. The van't Hoff plot of the polymer partition coefficient revealed that both enthalpy and entropy changes for polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase from the aqueous phase (ΔHaqueous→IBP-rich and ΔSaqueous→IBP-rich) gave positive values for most of the measured temperature range, indicating that polymer partitioning into the IBP-rich phase was an endothermic but entropically favorable process. The polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase was more endothermic for HPMC than for PVP and PVP-VA. The solid-state NMR analysis of the IBP/polymer ASD implied that the newly formed IBP/polymer interactions in the IBP-rich phase upon polymer incorporation were weaker for HPMC, providing a rationale for the larger positive transfer enthalpy for HPMC. The change in Gibbs free energy for polymer transfer (ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich) showed negative values across the experimental temperature range, decreasing with an increase in temperature, indicating that the distribution of the polymer into the IBP-rich phase is favored at higher temperatures. Moreover, ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich for HPMC showed the greatest decrease with the temperature, likely reflecting the temperature-induced dehydration of HPMC in the aqueous phase. This study contributes fundamental insights into the phenomenon of polymer partitioning into drug-rich phases, furthering the understanding of achievable supersaturation levels and ultimately providing information on polymer selection for ASD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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47
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Hiew TN, Zemlyanov DY, Taylor LS. Balancing Solid-State Stability and Dissolution Performance of Lumefantrine Amorphous Solid Dispersions: The Role of Polymer Choice and Drug-Polymer Interactions. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:392-413. [PMID: 34494842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are of great interest due to their ability to enhance the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to acting as a crystallization inhibitor, the polymer in an ASD plays a role in controlling the rate of drug release, notably in congruently releasing formulations, where both the drug and polymer have similar normalized release rates. The aim of this study was to compare the solid-state stability and release performance of ASDs when formulated with neutral and enteric polymers. One neutral (polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, PVPVA) and four enteric polymers (hypromellose acetate succinate; hypromellose phthalate; cellulose acetate phthalate, CAP; methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer, Eudragit L 100) were used to formulate binary ASDs with lumefantrine, a hydrophobic and weakly basic antimalarial drug. The normalized drug and polymer release rates of lumefantrine-PVPVA ASDs up to 35% drug loading (DL) were similar and rapid. No drug release from PVPVA systems was detected when the DL was increased to 40%. In contrast, ASDs formulated with enteric polymers showed a DL-dependent decrease in the release rates of both the drug and polymer, whereby release was slower than for PVPVA ASDs for DLs < 40% DL. Drug release from CAP and Eudragit L 100 systems was the slowest and drug amorphous solubility was not achieved even at 5% DL. Although lumefantrine-PVPVA ASDs showed fast release, they also showed rapid drug crystallization under accelerated stability conditions, while the ASDs with enteric polymers showed much greater resistance to crystallization. This study highlights the importance of polymer selection in the formulation of ASDs, where a balance between physical stability and dissolution release must be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abouselo A, Rance GA, Tres F, Taylor LS, Kwokal A, Renou L, Scurr DJ, Burley JC, Aylott JW. Effect of Excipients on Salt Disproportionation during Dissolution: A Novel Application of In Situ Raman Imaging. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3247-3259. [PMID: 34399050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have employed a bespoke setup combining confocal Raman microscopy and an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy flow cell to investigate the effect of excipients on the disproportionation kinetics of Pioglitazone HCl (PioHCl) in tablets during dissolution. Three binary formulations of PioHCl, containing citric acid monohydrate (CA), lactose monohydrate (LM), or magnesium stearate (MgSt), respectively, were used as models to study the influence of excipients' physicochemical properties on the rate of salt disproportionation kinetics and dissolution performance in different aqueous pH environments. It was found that formulation excipients can induce or prevent salt disproportionation by modulating the microenvironmental pH regardless of the pH of the dissolution media. Incorporating CA in PioHCl tablets preserves the salt form and enhances the dissolution performance of the salt in the acidic medium (pH = 1.2). In contrast, LM and MgSt had a detrimental effect on in vitro drug performance by inducing salt disproportionation in the tablet during dissolution in the same acidic medium. Dissolution in the neutral medium (pH = 6.8) showed rapid formation of the free base upon contact with the dissolution medium. The Raman maps of the cross-sectioned tablets revealed the formation of a shell consisting of the free base around the edge of the tablet. This shell decreased the rate of penetration of the dissolution medium into the tablet, which had significant implications on the release of the API into the surrounding solution, as shown by the UV-vis absorption spectroscopy drug release data. Our findings highlight the utility of the Raman/UV-vis flow cell analytical platform as an advanced analytical technique to investigate the effect of excipients and dissolution media on salt disproportionation in real time. This methodology will be used to enhance our understanding of salt stability studies that may pave the way for more stable multicomponent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Abouselo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Francesco Tres
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 4790, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 4790, United States
| | - Ana Kwokal
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ludovic Renou
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonathan C Burley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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49
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Bhujbal SV, Mitra B, Jain U, Gong Y, Agrawal A, Karki S, Taylor LS, Kumar S, (Tony) Zhou Q. Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2505-2536. [PMID: 34522596 PMCID: PMC8424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging. This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs. As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD, the impact of formulation, equipment, and process variables, together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed. Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods, which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.
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Key Words
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- ASDs, amorphous solid dispersions
- ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system
- Amorphous solid dispersions
- CAP, cellulose acetate phthalate
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CSG, continuous-spray granulation
- Co-precipitation
- Downstream processing
- Drug delivery
- EPAS, evaporative aqueous solution precipitation
- Eudragit®, polymethacrylates derivatives
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- GAS, gas antisolvent
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- HPMCP, hypromellose phthalate
- Manufacturing
- Melting process
- PCA, precipitation with compressed fluid antisolvent
- PGSS, precipitation from gas-saturated solutions
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPVA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
- RESS, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution
- SAS, supercritical antisolvent
- SCFs, supercritical fluids
- SEDS, solution-enhanced dispersion by SCF
- SLS, selective laser sintering
- Selection criteria
- Soluplus®, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer
- Solvent evaporation
- Stability
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- USC, ultrasound compaction
- scCO2, supercritical CO2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Biplob Mitra
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Uday Jain
- Material Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Shyam Karki
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Que C, Deac A, Zemlyanov DY, Qi Q, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Impact of Drug-Polymer Intermolecular Interactions on Dissolution Performance of Copovidone-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3496-3508. [PMID: 34319746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For poorly soluble drugs formulated as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), fast and complete release with the generation of drug-rich colloidal particles is beneficial for optimizing drug absorption. However, this ideal dissolution profile can only be achieved when the drug releases at the same normalized rate as the polymer, also known as congruent release. This phenomenon only occurs when the drug loading (DL) is below a certain value. The maximal DL at which congruent release occurs is defined as the limit of congruency (LoC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug chemical structure and LoC for PVPVA-based ASDs. The compounds investigated shared a common scaffold substituted with different functional groups, capable of forming hydrogen bonds only, halogen bonds only, both hydrogen and halogen bonds, or nonspecific interactions only with the polymer. Intermolecular interactions were studied and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The release rates of ASDs with different DLs were investigated using surface area normalized dissolution. ASDs with hydrogen bond formation between the drug and polymer had lower LoCs, while compounds that were only able to form halogen bonds or nonspecific interactions with the polymer achieved considerably higher LoCs. This study highlights the impact of different types of drug-polymer interactions on ASD dissolution performance, providing insights into the role of drug and polymer chemical structures on the LoC and ASD performance in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chailu Que
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - QingQing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Science and Technology, Operations, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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