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Paulus F, Holm R, Stappaerts J, Bauer-Brandl A. Absorption of Cinnarizine from Type II Lipid-Based Formulations: Impact of Lipid Chain Length, Supersaturation, Digestion, and Precipitation Inhibition. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024:106765. [PMID: 38608735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) are an enabling-formulation approach for lipophilic poorly water-soluble compounds. In LBFs, drugs are commonly pre-dissolved in lipids, and/or surfactants/cosolvents, hereby avoiding the rate-limiting dissolution step. According to the Lipid formulation classification system, proposed by Pouton in 2006, in type II LBFs a surfactant with an HLB-value lower than 12 is added to the lipids. If high drug doses are required, e.g. for preclinical toxicity studies, supersaturated LBFs prepared at elevated temperatures may be a possibility to increase drug exposure. In the present study, the impact of digestion on drug absorption in rats was studied by pre-dosing of the lipase inhibitor orlistat. The lipid chain length of the type II LBFs was varied by administration of a medium-chain- (MC) and a long-chain (LC)-based formulation. Different drug doses, both non-supersaturated and supersaturated, were applied. Due to an inherent precipitation tendency of cinnarizine in supersaturated LBFs, the effect of the addition of the precipitation inhibitor Soluplus® was also investigated. The pharmacokinetic results were also evaluated by multiple linear regression. In most cases LC-based LBFs did not perform better in vivo, in terms of a higher area under the curve (AUC0-24h) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), than MC-based LBFs. The administration of supersaturated LBFs resulted in increased AUC0-24h (1.5 - 3.2-fold) and Cmax (1.1 - 2.6-fold)-values when compared to the non-supersaturated equivalents. Lipase inhibition led to a decreased drug exposure in most cases, especially for LC formulations (AUC0-24h reduced to 47 - 67 %, Cmax to 46 - 62 %). The addition of Soluplus® showed a benefit to drug absorption from supersaturated type II LBFs (1.2 - 1.7-fold AUC0-24h), due to an increased solubility of cinnarizine in the formulation. Upon dose-normalization of the pharmacokinetic parameters, no beneficial effect of Soluplus® could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Paulus
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jef Stappaerts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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2
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Guidetti M, Hilfiker R, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Blatter F. Water-mediated phase transformations of posaconazole: An intricate jungle of crystal forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 195:106722. [PMID: 38336250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Posaconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent exhibiting rich polymorphism. Up to now, a total of fourteen different crystal forms have been reported, sometimes with an ambiguous nomenclature, but less is known about their properties and stability relationships. Investigating the solid-state of a drug compound is essential to identify the most stable form under working conditions and to prevent the risk of undesired solid-phase transformations under processing and storage. In this paper, we study posaconazole polymorphism by providing a description of its polymorphs, hydrates, and solvates. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), spectroscopic and thermal techniques were employed to characterize the different forms. In addition, the solid-phase transformations of posaconazole in aqueous suspensions were studied by means of Raman microscopy. Surprisingly, we found that Form S, the crystal form contained in the marketed oral suspension, is not the most stable form in water. Form S readily converts to a more stable hydrate, i.e. Form A, after storage in water for two weeks. In the commercial oral formulation the conversion between the two forms is prevented by the presence of polysorbate 80. Such insights into the stabilizing excipient effects beyond particle dispersion are critical to formulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guidetti
- Solvias AG, Solid-State Development Department, Römerpark 2, Kaiseraugst CH- 4303, Switzerland; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Rolf Hilfiker
- Solvias AG, Solid-State Development Department, Römerpark 2, Kaiseraugst CH- 4303, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Muttenz CH- 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Fritz Blatter
- Solvias AG, Solid-State Development Department, Römerpark 2, Kaiseraugst CH- 4303, Switzerland.
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3
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Holzem FL, Petrig Schaffland J, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A, Stillhart C. Using molecularly dissolved drug concentrations in PBBMs improves the prediction of oral absorption from supersaturating formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106703. [PMID: 38224722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Predicting the absorption of drugs from enabling formulations is still challenging due to the limited capabilities of standard physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBMs) to capture complex absorption processes. Amongst others, it is often assumed that both, molecularly and apparently dissolved drug in the gastrointestinal lumen are prone to absorption. A recently introduced method for measuring concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug in a dynamic in vitro dissolution setup using microdialysis has opened new opportunities to test this hypothesis and refine mechanistic PBBM approaches. In the present study, we compared results of PBBMs that used either molecularly or apparently dissolved concentrations in the simulated gastrointestinal lumen as input parameters. The in vitro dissolution data from three supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole (PCZ) were used as model input. The modeling outcome was verified using PCZ concentration vs. time profiles measured in human intestinal aspirates and in the blood plasma. When using apparently dissolved drug concentrations (i.e., the sum of colloid-associated and molecularly dissolved drug) the simulated systemic plasma exposures were overpredicted, most pronouncedly with the ASD-based tablet. However, if the concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug were used as input values, the PBBM resulted in accurate prediction of systemic exposures for all three PCZ formulations. The present study impressively demonstrated the value of considering molecularly dissolved drug concentrations as input value for PBBMs of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Paulus F, Bauer-Brandl A, Stappaerts J, Holm R. Digestion is a critical element for absorption of cinnarizine from supersaturated lipid-based type I formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106634. [PMID: 37951315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Enabling formulations, such as lipid-based formulations (LBFs), are means to deliver challenging-to-formulate, poorly soluble drugs. LBFs may be composed of lipids, surfactants and/or cosolvents and can be classified depending on the proportions of the components and the hydrophilicity of the surfactant according to the Lipid Formulations Classification System, ranging from type I (very lipophilic) to type IV (hydrophilic). In cases where drug solubility in LBFs does not suffice, e.g. for preclinical toxicity studies, supersaturated LBFs can be used in order to increase the drug load. However, the effect of digestion on drug absorption from supersaturated type I formulations (consisting exclusively of lipids) still remains relatively unexplored and unclear. In the present study, the impact of lipid digestion on absorption of cinnarizine-loaded supersaturated lipid-based formulations of type I was investigated in rats by pre-dosing of the lipase inhibitor orlistat. The lipid chain length and the drug dose were varied by testing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides (LCT), both supersaturated and non-supersaturated. Due to the physical instability of supersaturated formulations of cinnarizine, i.e. a potential of precipitation of cinnarizine, the impact of the addition of the amphiphilic polymer Soluplus®, as a potential precipitation inhibitor, was also investigated. The supersaturated systems resulted in a 2.3 - 3.3-fold higher Area Under the Curve (AUC0-24 h, not dose-normalized) and 1.4 - 2.2-fold higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, not dose-normalized) than non-supersaturated formulations (statistically significant with p = 0.05), whereas the addition of Soluplus® did not reveal any benefit. Results indicated that lipase inhibition affected the in vivo performance of LBFs: Co-administration of the lipase inhibitor significantly reduced Cmax and AUC0-24 h (both to 33-39 %, not dose-normalized) for the LCT formulations and, though not significant, a similar trend was observed for the AUC0-24 h of the MCT formulations (to 53-87 %), suggesting a higher dependency on lipolysis for LCT. Also, tmax tended to decrease to 20-60 % when compared to the animals not dosed with orlistat but lacking statistical significance. Without lipase inhibition, the LCT in general lead to better absorption of cinnarizine as compared to MCT, with 1.2-1.7-fold higher AUC0-24 h and 1.4-1.8-fold higher Cmax, but without showing statistical significance. Overall, the study revealed that lipolysis plays a major role in drug absorption from supersaturated lipid-based formulations type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Paulus
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jef Stappaerts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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5
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Raines K, Agarwal P, Augustijns P, Alayoubi A, Attia L, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Chatterjee P, Chen H, Yu YC, Coutant C, Coutinho AL, Curran D, Dressman J, Ericksen B, Falade L, Gao Y, Gao Z, Ghosh D, Ghosh T, Govada A, Gray E, Guo R, Hammell D, Hermans A, Jaini R, Li H, Mandula H, Men S, Milsmann J, Moldthan H, Moody R, Moseson DE, Müllertz A, Patel R, Paudel K, Reppas C, Savkur R, Schaefer K, Serajuddin A, Taylor LS, Valapil R, Wei K, Weitschies W, Yamashita S, Polli JE. Drug Dissolution in Oral Drug Absorption: Workshop Report. AAPS J 2023; 25:103. [PMID: 37936002 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-person workshop "Drug Dissolution in Oral Drug Absorption" was held on May 23-24, 2023, in Baltimore, MD, USA. The workshop was organized into lectures and breakout sessions. Three common topics that were re-visited by various lecturers were amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), dissolution/permeation interplay, and in vitro methods to predict in vivo biopharmaceutics performance and risk. Topics that repeatedly surfaced across breakout sessions were the following: (1) meaning and assessment of "dissolved drug," particularly of poorly water soluble drug in colloidal environments (e.g., fed conditions, ASDs); (2) potential limitations of a test that employs sink conditions for a poorly water soluble drug; (3) non-compendial methods (e.g., two-stage or multi-stage method, dissolution/permeation methods); (4) non-compendial conditions (e.g., apex vessels, non-sink conditions); and (5) potential benefit of having both a quality control method for batch release and a biopredictive/biorelevant method for biowaiver or bridging scenarios. An identified obstacle to non-compendial methods is the uncertainty of global regulatory acceptance of such methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Raines
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Payal Agarwal
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alaadin Alayoubi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucas Attia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | | | - Martin Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Hansong Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuly Chiang Yu
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carrie Coutant
- Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46225, USA
| | | | - David Curran
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19046, USA
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bryan Ericksen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah Falade
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Zongming Gao
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Debasis Ghosh
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Tapash Ghosh
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Anitha Govada
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruiqiong Guo
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 650 E Kendall St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Dana Hammell
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Hermans
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2025 E Scott Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Rohit Jaini
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Hanlin Li
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | - Haritha Mandula
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johanna Milsmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Huong Moldthan
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Pfizer Inc., 558 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165, København, Denmark
| | - Roshni Patel
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalpana Paudel
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Christos Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Rajesh Savkur
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerstin Schaefer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Abu Serajuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Rutu Valapil
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, White Oak, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shinji Yamashita
- Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Tojiin Kitamachi, Kita Ward, Kyoto, 603-8577, Japan
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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6
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Czajkowski M, Jacobsen AC, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Skupin-Mrugalska P. Hydrogenated phospholipid, a promising excipient in amorphous solid dispersions of fenofibrate for oral delivery: Preparation and in-vitro biopharmaceutical characterization. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123294. [PMID: 37544387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) represent a viable formulation strategy to improve dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Our study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and potential role of hydrogenated phospholipid (HPL) as a matrix material and solubilizing additive for binary (alone) or ternary (in combination with polymers) solid dispersions, using fenofibrate (FEN) as the model drug. FEN, incorporated within ASDs by melting or freeze-drying (up to 20% m/m), stayed amorphous during short-term stability studies. The solubility enhancing potential of HPL depended on the dissolution medium. In terms of enhancing in vitro permeation, solid dispersions with HPL were found equally or slightly more potent as compared to the polymer-based ASD. For studied ASD, in vitro permeation was found substantially enhanced as compared to a suspension of crystalline FEN and at least equal compared to marketed formulations under comparable conditions (literature data). Additionally, while the permeation of neat FEN and FEN in binary solid dispersions was affected by the dissolution medium (i.e., the "prandial state"), for ternary solid dispersions the permeation was independent of the "prandial state" (FaSSIF = FeSSIF). This suggests that ternary solid dispersions containing both polymer and HPL may represent a viable formulation strategy to mitigate fenofibrate's food effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Czajkowski
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Collegium Pharmaceuticum, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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7
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Reppas C, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Carlert S, Dallmann A, Dietrich S, Dressman J, Ejskjaer L, Frechen S, Guidetti M, Holm R, Holzem FL, Karlsson Ε, Kostewicz E, Panbachi S, Paulus F, Senniksen MB, Stillhart C, Turner DB, Vertzoni M, Vrenken P, Zöller L, Griffin BT, O'Dwyer PJ. Leveraging the use of in vitro and computational methods to support the development of enabling oral drug products: An InPharma commentary. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106505. [PMID: 37343604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong tendency towards poorly soluble drugs in modern development pipelines, enabling drug formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions, cyclodextrins, co-crystals and lipid-based formulations are frequently applied to solubilize or generate supersaturation in gastrointestinal fluids, thus enhancing oral drug absorption. Although many innovative in vitro and in silico tools have been introduced in recent years to aid development of enabling formulations, significant knowledge gaps still exist with respect to how best to implement them. As a result, the development strategy for enabling formulations varies considerably within the industry and many elements of empiricism remain. The InPharma network aims to advance a mechanistic, animal-free approach to the assessment of drug developability. This commentary focuses current status and next steps that will be taken in InPharma to identify and fully utilize 'best practice' in vitro and in silico tools for use in physiologically based biopharmaceutic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotte Ejskjaer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaida Panbachi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Felix Paulus
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Malte Bøgh Senniksen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Vrenken
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Laurin Zöller
- AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Nunes PD, Pinto JF, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Henriques J, Paiva AM. In vitro dissolution/permeation tools for amorphous solid dispersions bioavailability forecasting I: Experimental design for PermeaLoop™. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106512. [PMID: 37423576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for candidate-enabling formulations comes the need for appropriate in vitro bioavailability forecasting. Dissolution/permeation (D/P) systems employing cell-free permeation barriers are increasingly gaining interest, due to their low cost and easy application as passive diffusion bio-predictive profiling in drug product development, as this accounts for nearly 75% of new chemical entities (NCEs) absorption mechanism. To this end, this study comprises theoretical considerations on the design and experimental work towards the establishment and optimization of a PermeaLoop™ based dissolution/permeation assay to simultaneously evaluate the drug release and permeation using Itraconazole (ITZ)-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) formulations, with different drug loads, based on a solvent-shift approach. Alternative method conditions were tested such as: donor medium, acceptor medium and permeation barrier were screened using both PermeaPad® and PermeaPlain® 96-well plates. A range of solubilizers, namely Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Vitamin E-TPGS and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, were screened as possible solubilizing additives to the acceptor medium, while donor medium was varied between blank FaSSIF (phosphate buffer) and FaSSIF. The method optimization also included the ITZ dose selection, being the ITZ single dose (100 mg) considered the most adequate to be used in further experiments to allow the comparison with in vivo studies. In the end, a standardized approach that may be applied to predict the bioavailability of weakly basic poorly soluble drug-based formulations is described, contributing to strengthening the analytical portfolio of in vitro pre-clinical drug product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Nunes
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK, 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK, 5230, Denmark.
| | - João Henriques
- R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Holzem FL, Jensen IH, Petrig Schaffland J, Stillhart C, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Combining in vitro dissolution/permeation with microdialysis sampling: Capabilities and limitations for biopharmaceutical assessments of supersaturating drug formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106533. [PMID: 37480963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Many novel small drug molecules are poorly water-soluble and thus, enabling drug formulations may be required to ensure sufficient absorption upon oral administration. Biopharmaceutical assessment and absorption prediction of enabling formulations, however, remains challenging. Combined in vitro dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest since they may provide a more realistic formulation ranking based on the drug permeation profiles from different formulations as compared to conventional dissolution, which captures both readily permeable and not readily permeable fractions of "dissolved" drug. Moreover, the combined in vitro D/P assays allow to better predict intestinal supersaturation and precipitation processes as compared to simple dissolution setups due to the effect of an absorptive sink. Microdialysis on the other hand has proven useful to determine molecularly dissolved drug in colloidal dispersions, thus allowing for a deeper mechanistic insight into the mechanism of drug release from supersaturating formulations. Here, microdialysis sampling from the donor compartment was used in combination with the dissolution/permeation (D/P) tool PermeaLoop™ to study commercial supersaturating drug formulations of the poorly soluble and weakly basic drug Posaconazole (PCZ). An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD)-based tablet, as well as a crystalline suspension in acidified and neutral dilution medium, respectively, were tested. Microdialysis sampling allowed for differentiation between molecularly dissolved and micellar drug concentration, as expected, but, surprisingly, it was found that the presence of the microdialysis probe affected the precipitation behavior of a crystalline suspension within the two-stage D/P setup, simulating the oral administration of the acidified PCZ (Noxafil®) suspension: the extent and duration of supersaturation in the donor decreased significantly, which also affected permeation. Similarly, for the ASD-based tablet, a less pronounced supersaturation was observed during the first 120 min of the experiment. Hence, in this case, the formulation ranking and the prediction of intestinal supersaturation in the in vitro D/P assay became less predictive as compared to a conventional PermeaLoop™ study without microdialysis sampling. It was concluded that valuable mechanistic insights into the molecularly dissolved drug profiles over time can be obtained by microdialysis. However, since the presence of the probe may affect the degree of supersaturation and precipitation, a conventional D/P assay (without microdialysis sampling) is preferred for formulation ranking of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Iben Højgaard Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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10
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Nunes PD, Ferreira AF, Pinto JF, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Henriques J, Paiva AM. In vitro dissolution/permeation tools for amorphous solid dispersions bioavailability forecasting II: Comparison and mechanistic insights. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106513. [PMID: 37423577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for complex formulations comes the need for appropriate in vitro methodologies capable of predicting their corresponding in vivo performance and the mechanisms controlling the drug release which can impact on in vivo drug absorption. In vitro dissolution-permeation (D/P) methodologies that can account for the effects of enabling formulations on the permeability of drugs are increasingly being used in performance ranking during early development stages. This work comprised the application of two different cell-free in vitro D/P setups: BioFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ to evaluate the dissolution-permeation interplay upon drug release from itraconazole (ITZ)- HPMCAS amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of different drug loads. A solvent-shift approach was employed, from a simulated gastric environment to a simulated intestinal environment in the donor compartment. PermeaLoop™ was then combined with microdialysis sampling to separate the dissolved (free) drug from other species present in solution, like micelle-bound drug and drug-rich colloids, in real time. This setup was applied to clarify the mechanisms for drug release and permeation from these ASDs. In parallel, a pharmacokinetic study (dog model) was conducted to assess the drug absorption from these ASDs and to compare the in vivo results with the data obtained from each in vitro D/P setup, allowing to infer which would be the most adequate setup for ASD ranking. Even though both D/P systems resulted in the same qualitative ranking, BioFLUX™ overpredicted the difference between the in vivo AUC of two ASDs, whereas PermeaLoop™ permeation flux resulted in a good correlation with the AUC observed in pharmacokinetic studies (dog model) (R2 ≈ 0.98). Also, PermeaLoop™ combined with a microdialysis sampling probe clarified the mechanisms for drug release and permeation from these ASDs. It demonstrated that the free drug was the only driving force for permeation, while the drug-rich colloids kept permeation active for longer periods by acting as drug reservoirs and maintaining constant high levels of free drug in solution, which are then immediately able to permeate. Hence, the data obtained points BioFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ applications to different momentums in the drug product development pipeline: while BioFLUX™, an automated standardized method, poses as a valuable tool for initial ASD ranking during the early development stages, PermeaLoop™ combined with microdialysis sampling allows to gain mechanistic understanding of the dissolution-permeation interplay, being crucial to fine tune and identify leading ASD candidates prior to in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Nunes
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Ferreira
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - João Henriques
- R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Lynnerup JT, Eriksen JB, Bauer-Brandl A, Holsæter AM, Brandl M. Insight into the mechanism behind oral bioavailability-enhancement by nanosuspensions through combined dissolution/permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106417. [PMID: 36870578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
As numerous new drug candidates are poorly water soluble, enabling formulations are needed to increase their bioavailability for oral administration. Nanoparticles are a conceptually simple, yet resource consuming strategy for increasing drug dissolution rate, as predicting in vivo oral absorption using in vitro dissolution remains difficult. The objective of this study was to obtain insight into nanoparticle characteristics and performance utilizing an in vitro combined dissolution/permeation setup. Two examples of poorly soluble drugs were examined (cinnarizine and fenofibrate). Nanosuspensions were produced by top-down wet bead milling using dual asymmetric centrifugation, obtaining particle diameters of approx. 300 nm. DSC and XRPD studies indicated that nanocrystals of both drugs were present with retained crystallinity, however with some disturbances. Equilibrium solubility studies showed no significant increase in drug solubility over the nanoparticles, as compared to the raw APIs. Combined dissolution/permeation experiments revealed significantly increased dissolution rates for both compounds compared to the raw APIs. However, there were substantial differences between the dissolution curves of the nanoparticles as fenofibrate exhibited supersaturation followed by precipitation, whereas cinnarizine did not exhibit any supersaturation, but instead a shift towards faster dissolution rate. Permeation rates were found significantly increased for both nanosuspensions when compared to the raw APIs, indicating a direct implication that formulation strategies are needed, be it stabilization of supersaturation by precipitation inhibition and/or dissolution rate enhancement. This study indicates that in vitro dissolution/permeation studies can be employed to better understand the oral absorption enhancement of nanocrystal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Tobias Lynnerup
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark; Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | | | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ann Mari Holsæter
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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12
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Eriksen JB, Christiansen JJ, Bauer-Brandl A, Ruponen M, Rautio J, Brandl M. In-vitro dynamic dissolution/bioconversion/permeation of fosamprenavir using a novel tool with an artificial biomimetic permeation barrier and microdialysis-sampling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106366. [PMID: 36565891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fosamprenavir is a phosphate ester prodrug that, upon dissolution, is cleaved to the poorly soluble yet readily absorbable parent drug amprenavir. In this study, a novel cell-free in vitro setup with quasi-continuous monitoring of the dynamic dissolution/bio-conversion/permeation of fosamprenavir was designed and tested. It consists of side-by-side diffusion cells, where the donor and acceptor compartments are separated by the biomimetic barrier PermeaPad®, and sampling from the donor compartment is accomplished via a microdialysis probe. Externally added bovine alkaline phosphatase induced bioconversion in the donor compartment. Microdialysis sampling allowed to follow the enzymatic conversion of fosamprenavir to amprenavir by the bovine alkaline phosphatase in an (almost) real-time manner eliminating the need to remove or inactivate the enzyme. Biomimetic conversion rates in the setup were established by adding appropriate amounts of the alkaline phosphatase. A substantial (6.5-fold) and persistent supersaturation of amprenavir was observed due to bioconversion at lower (500 µM) concentrations, resulting in a substantially increased flux across the biomimetic barrier, nicely reflecting the situation in vivo. At conditions with an almost 10-fold higher dose than the usual human dose, some replicates showed premature precipitation and collapse of supersaturation, while others did not. In conclusion, the proposed novel tool appears very promising in gaining an in-depth mechanistic understanding of the bioconversion/permeation interplay, including transient supersaturation of phosphate-ester prodrugs like fosamprenavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Borregaard Eriksen
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, SDU, FKF, Campusvej 52, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Juhl Christiansen
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, SDU, FKF, Campusvej 52, Odense 5230, Denmark; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, SDU, FKF, Campusvej 52, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, SDU, FKF, Campusvej 52, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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13
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Guidetti M, Hilfiker R, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Blatter F. Exploring the Cocrystal Landscape of Posaconazole by Combining High-Throughput Screening Experimentation with Computational Chemistry. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:842-852. [PMID: 36747574 PMCID: PMC9896487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicomponent crystal forms, such as cocrystals, represents a means to enhance the dissolution and absorption properties of poorly water-soluble drug compounds. However, the successful discovery of new pharmaceutical cocrystals remains a time- and resource-consuming process. This study proposes the use of a combined computational-experimental high-throughput approach as a tool to accelerate and improve the efficiency of cocrystal screening exemplified by posaconazole. First, we employed the COSMOquick software to preselect and rank cocrystal candidates (coformers). Second, high-throughput crystallization experiments (HTCS) were conducted on the selected coformers. The HTCS results were successfully reproduced by liquid-assisted grinding and reaction crystallization, ultimately leading to the synthesis of thirteen new posaconazole cocrystals (7 anhydrous, 5 hydrates, and 1 solvate). The posaconazole cocrystals were characterized by PXRD, 1H NMR, Fourier transform-Raman, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the prediction performance of COSMOquick was compared to that of two alternative knowledge-based methods: molecular complementarity (MC) and hydrogen bond propensity (HBP). Although HBP does not perform better than random guessing for this case study, both MC and COSMOquick show good discriminatory ability, suggesting their use as a potential virtual tool to improve cocrystal screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guidetti
- Solid-State
Development Department, Solvias AG, Römerpark 2, CH-4303Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Hilfiker
- Solid-State
Development Department, Solvias AG, Römerpark 2, CH-4303Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute
of Pharma Technology, University of Applied
Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH-4132Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230Odense, Denmark
| | - Fritz Blatter
- Solid-State
Development Department, Solvias AG, Römerpark 2, CH-4303Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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14
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Cuoco A, Eriksen JB, Luppi B, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. When interactions between bile salts and cyclodextrin cause a negative food effect: Dynamic dissolution/permeation studies with itraconazole (Sporanox®) and biomimetic media. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1372-1378. [PMID: 36539063 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The marketed oral solution of itraconazole (Sporanox®) contains 40% (259.2 mM) of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). The obvious role of HP-β-CD is to solubilize itraconazole and to overcome its poor aqueous solubility that restricts its absorption. In this study, we investigated the biorelevance of in vitro experiments by the influence of biomimetic media (containing bile salts and phospholipids) on the predicted itraconazole absorption from the commercial HP-β-CD-based Sporanox® solution. We performed phase-solubility studies of itraconazole and dynamic 2-step-dissolution/permeation studies using a biomimetic artificial barrier, Sporanox® solution, and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF_V1). Both FaSSIF_V1 and HP-β-CD increased the apparent solubility of itraconazole when used individually. In combination, their solubility-enhancing effects were not additive probably due to the competition of bile salts with itraconazole for the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD. Our combined dissolution/permeation experiments indicated the occurrence of a transient supersaturation from Sporanox® upon two-step dissolution. Through systematic variation of bile salt concentrations in the biomimetic media, it was observed that the extent and the duration of supersaturation depend on the concentrations of bile salts: supersaturation was rather stable in the absence of bile salts and phospholipids. The higher the bile salt concentration, the faster the collapse of the transient supersaturation occurred, an effect which is nicely mirrored by reduced in vitro permeation across the barrier. This is an indication of a negative food effect, which in fact correlates well with what earlier had been observed in clinical studies for Sporanox® solution. In essence, we could demonstrate that in vitro two-stage dissolution/permeation experiments using an artificial barrier and selected biomimetic media may predict the negative effects of the latter on cyclodextrin-based drug formulations like Sporanox® Oral Solution and, at the same time, provide a deeper mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Cuoco
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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15
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Corazza E, di Cagno MP, Bauer-Brandl A, Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Bigucci F, Luppi B. Drug delivery to the brain: In situ gelling formulation enhances carbamazepine diffusion through nasal mucosa models with mucin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 179:106294. [PMID: 36116696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to optimize a thermosensitive in situ gelling formulation to improve intranasal and nose-to-brain delivery of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ). A preliminary procedure of vehicles obtained just mixing different fractions of poloxamer 407 (P407) and poloxamer 188 (P188) revealed preparations with phase transition temperatures, times to gelation and pH values suitable for nasal delivery. Subsequently, the mucoadhesive properties of the most promising formulations were tuned by adding hydroxypropylmethylcellulose types of different viscosity grades, and the effect of the adhesive polymers was evaluated by testing in vitro time and strength of mucoadhesion on specimens of sheep nasal mucosa. The formulation that showed the greatest mucoadhesive potential in vitro, with a time and force of mucoadhesion equal to 1746,75 s and 3.66 × 10-4 N, respectively, was that composed of 22% P407, 5% P188 and 0.8% HPMC low-viscous and it was further investigated for its ability to increase drug solubility and to control the release of the drug. Lastly, the capability of the candidate vehicle to ensure drug permeation across the biomimetic membrane Permeapad®, an artificial phospholipid-based barrier with a stratified architecture, and the same barrier enriched with a mucin layer was verified. The final formulation was characterized by a pH value of 6.0, underwent gelation at 32.33°C in 37.85 s, thus showing all the features required by in situ gelling thermosensitive preparations designed for nasal delivery and, more notably, it conserved the ability to favor drug permeation in the presence of mucin. These findings suggest that the optimized gelling system could be a promising and easy to realize strategy to improve CBZ delivery to the brain exploiting both a direct and indirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corazza
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pio di Cagno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, Oslo 0371, Norway.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, Bologna 40127, Italy
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16
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Holzem FL, Weck A, Schaffland JP, Stillhart C, Klein S, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Biopredictive capability assessment of two dissolution/permeation assays, µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™, using supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106260. [PMID: 35842141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The majority of new drug entities exhibits poor water solubility and therefore enabling formulations are often needed to ensure sufficient in vivo bioavailability upon oral administration. Several in vitro tools have been proposed for biopredictive screening of such drug formulations to facilitate formulation development. Among these, combined dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest in recent years, since they are presumed to better predict the absorption behavior as compared to single-compartment dissolution assays. Moreover, especially for supersaturating formulations, it has been demonstrated that the presence of an absorption sink better mimics the intraluminal supersaturation performance. The present study aimed to investigate the biopredictive abilities of two in vitro D/P setups to predict intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption of supersaturable systems. Experiments were performed with a µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ apparatus, respectively, which differ primarily in their volume-to-area ratios between donor compartment and membrane as well as in the type of biomimetic barrier. A two-stage dissolution protocol was adopted to mimic the transit from acidic stomach to more neutral intestinal fluids using biomimetic media. Three formulations of the weakly basic compound Posaconazole (PCZ), namely an acidified and a neutral suspension and an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablet, were tested. Under the present conditions, and for the specific set of formulations studied here, PermeaLoop™ showed a better biopredictive ability for intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption for the three formulations than the µFLUX™ D/P setup. Interestingly, minor modifications of the two-stage D/P protocol in terms of medium transfer rates from simulated gastric fluid (SGF) to fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) had a substantial impact particularly on the permeation of the crystalline PCZ suspension ("acidified suspension"). The ASD tablet was less sensitive to gradual medium changes than the crystalline PCZ suspensions. The current study confirms the usefulness of D/P assays for formulation ranking of weakly basic compounds and supersaturating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anika Weck
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process R&D 3, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
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17
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Eriksen JB, Jacobsen AC, Christensen KT, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. 'Stirred not Shaken!' Comparing Agitation Methods for Permeability Studies Using a Novel Type of 96-Well Sandwich-Plates. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:32-40. [PMID: 34102204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve a high sample throughput, permeation experiments are often carried out using 96-well sandwich plates. Even though agitation is regarded as important, permeation studies in 96-well format are often carried out without agitation since orbital shaking, the most common agitation method for 96-well plates, has been reported to create difficulties (e.g., well-to-well cross-talk), and high cost and low availability limits the use of other agitation techniques (e.g., magnetic stirring). This study investigates how orbital shaking and magnetic stirring affect the apparent permeability of model compounds with different water-solubilities (methylene blue, carbamazepine, and albendazole) using a novel 96-well sandwich plate comprising a cellulose-hydrate membrane (PermeaPlain® plate). Orbital shaking was found less efficient than magnetic stirring in terms of homogeneously distributing a small volume of dye within the donor compartment. Furthermore, in terms of achieving maximum trans-barrier flux, magnetic stirring was found a more effective agitation method than orbital shaking. Obviously, with orbital shaking the medium in the bottom compartment of the sandwich plates never was mixed in-phase. The impact of insufficient mixing on permeation was found strongest with the most lipophilic compound, which correlates with literature reports that the contribution of the unstirred water layer towards the overall resistance of the barrier is most expressed in case of lipophilic drugs. Finally, it was tested how different liquid volumes in the bottom compartment of the plates affect the well-to-well cross-talk during permeation experiments under orbital shaking. This study revealed that 250-300 µL should be used in the bottom compartment of the sandwich plates to reduce well-to-well cross-talk when using orbital shaking for agitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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Poulsen J, Nielsen KA, Bauer-Brandl A. Raman Imaging as a powerful tool to elucidate chemical processes in a matrix: Medicated chewing gums with nicotine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114519. [PMID: 34906922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extruded medicated chewing gum is a convenient but complex drug delivery system. Description of gum ingredient distribution and interactions in literature is sparse, but fundamental in product characterization and stability prediction. Although Raman spectroscopy has been used for such characterization of numerous dosage forms, its applicability to medicated chewing gum has not been studied until now. The objective was to investigate the applicability of confocal Raman imaging on chewing gum for identification and distribution of excipients and the model drug nicotine, including changes occurring during shelf life. A sample preparation protocol was composed to present an even surface of a gum cross section without altering the gum matrix texture. High-resolution Raman maps were obtained by Non Negative Least Squares (NNLS) analysis for a reference gum and gums stored for 6 months at mild (25 °C/60% RH) and accelerated (40 °C/75% RH) conditions. Additional Empty Modelling™ analysis confirmed the results of NNLS. The NNLS analysis located nicotine and the following excipients: gum base, calcium carbonate, sorbitol, xylitol, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and talc in distinct domains of the reference sample. Changes of the sample stored at accelerated conditions was discovered as sodium carbonate was not observed in this sample. Additionally, stereo light microscopy showed changes in product appearance and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed formation of the oxidation product nicotine-1'-N-oxide in this sample. The gum formulation and its ingredients displayed characteristic Raman spectra, proving Raman imaging as a useful method for characterizing medicated chewing gums, including changes occurring during stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Poulsen
- Nicotine Science Center, Fertin Pharma A/S, Dandyvej 19, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Kent Albin Nielsen
- Nicotine Science Center, Fertin Pharma A/S, Dandyvej 19, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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19
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Eriksen JB, Christensen SB, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Dissolution/Permeation of Albendazole in the Presence of Cyclodextrin and Bile Salts: A Mechanistic In-Vitro Study into Factors Governing Oral Bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1667-1673. [PMID: 34808218 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to understand the impact of the interplay between bile salts and cyclodextrins on the dissolution-permeation of poorly soluble drug compounds with a moderate-strong binding constant to cyclodextrin. Phase diagrams were prepared on the chosen model compound albendazole in phosphate buffer, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF), and a modified fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIFmod) with (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) concentrations of up to 10 % (m/m). Then we investigated the dissolution/permeation interplay of albendazole dissolved/suspended in the different media through a biomimetic barrier on a 96-well in vitro model. The apparent solubility of albendazole was enhanced by HP-β-CD and FaSSIF/FeSSIFmod separately. However, when albendazole was dissolved in HP-β-CD and biomimetic media together, the solubility was significantly lower than the predicted additive solubility from the solubilizing effects. It is postulated that this is due to the sodium taurocholate from the biomimetic media displacing albendazole from the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD. In the permeation experiments, the highest permeation was observed at cyclodextrin concentrations able to solubilize close to the total dose of albendazole without a major surplus of solubilization capacity. Furthermore, an over-proportional permeation enhancement was observed when both, cyclodextrin and biomimetic media were present. These results indicate that the interplay between bile salts and cyclodextrins can enhance the free (molecularly dissolved) fraction of drug in solution to a greater extent than could be obtained with one of the solubilizing components alone. In conclusion, at carefully selected cyclodextrin-concentrations in combination with biomimetic media, obviously, a transient supersaturation is induced, which is made responsible for the observed major permeation enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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20
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Vertzoni M, Alsenz J, Augustijns P, Bauer-Brandl A, Bergström C, Brouwers J, Müllerz A, Perlovich G, Saal C, Sugano K, Reppas C. UNGAP best practice for improving solubility data quality of orally administered drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106043. [PMID: 34662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action UNGAP (UNderstanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes, www.ungap.eu) is to improve standardization of methods relating to the study of oral drug absorption. Solubility is a general term that refers to the maximum achievable concentration of a compound dissolved in a liquid medium. For orally administered drugs, relevant information on drug properties is crucial during drug (product) development and at the regulatory level. Collection of reliable and reproducible solubility data requires careful application and understanding of the limitations of the selected experimental method. In addition, the purity of a compound and its solid state form, as well as experimental parameters such as temperature of experimentation, media related factors, and sample handling procedures can affect data quality. In this paper, an international consensus developed by the COST UNGAP network on recommendations for collecting high quality solubility data for the development of orally administered drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vertzoni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece
| | - J Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cas Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Müllerz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Perlovich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solution Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Analytics Healthcare, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sugano
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - C Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece.
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Palmelund H, Eriksen JB, Bauer-Brandl A, Rantanen J, Löbmann K. Enabling formulations of aprepitant: in vitro and in vivo comparison of nanocrystalline, amorphous and deep eutectic solvent based formulations. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100083. [PMID: 34151250 PMCID: PMC8193149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a eutectic system consisting of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor has been suggested as a promising formulation strategy for poorly soluble drugs. A DES consisting of choline chloride and levulinic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio was used to formulate a liquid solution of the model drug aprepitant. This formulation was tested in vitro (drug release and permeability) and in vivo (rat model) and compared with the performance of amorphous aprepitant and the commercial aprepitant nanocrystalline formulation. In this study a DES formulation is compared for the first time directly to other established enabling formulations. The in vitro drug release study demonstrated that the DES formulation and the amorphous form both were able to induce an apparent supersaturation followed by subsequent drug precipitation. To mitigate the risk of precipitation, HPMC was predissolved in the dissolution medium, which successfully reduced the degree of precipitation. In line with the results from the release study, an in vitro permeation study showed superior permeation of the drug from the DES formulation and from the amorphous form compared to the nanocrystalline formulation. However, the promising in vitro findings could not be directly translated into an increased in vivo performance in rats compared to the nanocrystalline formulation. Whilst the DES formulation (34 ± 4%) showed a higher oral bioavailability compared to amorphous aprepitant (20 ± 4%), it was on par with the oral bioavailability obtained from the nanocrystalline formulation (36 ± 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Palmelund
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas B Eriksen
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ilie AR, Griffin BT, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A, Jacobsen AC, Vertzoni M, Kuentz M, Kolakovic R, Holm R. Exploring impact of supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems of celecoxib on in vitro permeation across Permeapad Ⓡ membrane and in vivo absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105452. [PMID: 32622980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems have recently been investigated for oral administration for a variety of lipophilic drugs and have shown either equivalent or superior oral bioavailability compared to conventional non-supersaturated lipid-based drug delivery systems. The aim of the present work was to explore supersaturated versus non-supersaturated lipid-based systems at equivalent lipid doses, on in vivo bioavailability in rats and on in vitro permeation across a biomimetic PermeapadⓇ membrane to establish a potential in vivo - in vitro correlation. A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of lipid composition on in vitro and in vivo performance of lipid systems. Results obtained indicated that increasing the celecoxib load in the lipid-based formulations by thermally-induced supersaturation resulted in increased bioavailability for medium and long chain mono-/di-glycerides systems relative to their non-supersaturated (i.e. 85%) reference formulations, albeit only significant for the medium chain systems. Long chain systems displayed higher celecoxib bioavailability than equivalent medium chain systems, both at supersaturated and non-supersaturated drug loads. In vitro passive permeation of celecoxib was studied using both steady-state and dynamic conditions and correlated well with in vivo pharmacokinetic results with respect to compositional effects. In contrast, permeation studies indicated that flux and percentage permeated of supersaturated systems, either at steady-state or under dynamic conditions, decreased or were unchanged relative to non-supersaturated systems. This study has shown that by using two cell-free PermeapadⓇ permeation models coupled with rat-adapted gastro-intestinal conditions, bio-predictive in vitro tools can be developed to be reflective of in vivo scenarios. With further optimization, such models could be successfully used in pharmaceutical industry settings to rapidly screen various prototype formulations prior to animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Roxana Ilie
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Ruzica Kolakovic
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Jacobsen AC, Ejskjær L, Brandl M, Holm R, Bauer-Brandl A. Do Phospholipids Boost or Attenuate Drug Absorption? In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Mono- and Diacyl Phospholipid-Based Solid Dispersions of Celecoxib. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:198-207. [PMID: 32827494 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are amphiphilic lipids with versatile properties making them promising excipients for enabling formulations for oral drug delivery. Unfortunately, systematic studies on how phospholipid type and content affect oral absorption are rare. Often, only one phospholipid type is used for the formulation development and only one formulation, optimized according to in vitro parameters, is included in oral bioavailability studies. Using this approach, it is unclear if a certain in vitro parameter is predictive for the in vivo performance. In this study, a labor-saving in vitro permeation screening method was combined with a pharmacokinetic study in rats to for the first time systematically compare two types of phospholipid-based solid dispersions. The dispersions contained the drug celecoxib and monoacyl or diacyl phosphatidylcholine at different drug-to-phospholipid ratios. The in vitro screening revealed: 1) none of the formulations with high phospholipid content increased permeation, 2) phospholipid content was negatively correlated with permeation, and 3) mono and diacyl-phosphatidylcholine formulations performed equally. The pharmacokinetic study revealed: 1) At low phospholipid content absorption was enhanced, 2) phospholipid content was negatively correlated with absorption, and 3) monoacyl and diacyl phosphatidylcholine formulations performed equally. Apart from the reference (suspension), the in vitro permeation screening thus predicted the formulations in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Lotte Ejskjær
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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Sironi D, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Rosenberg J, Fricker G. The influence of liquid intake on the performance of an amorphous solid dispersion in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:296-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Elvang PA, Bohsen MS, Stein PC, Bauer-Brandl A, Riethorst D, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Brandl M. Co-existing colloidal phases of human duodenal aspirates: Intraindividual fluctuations and interindividual variability in relation to molecular composition. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 170:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jacobsen AC, Krupa A, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. High-Throughput Dissolution/Permeation Screening -A 96-Well Two-Compartment Microplate Approach. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050227. [PMID: 31083433 PMCID: PMC6572106 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early formulation screening can alleviate development of advanced oral drug formulations, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Traditionally, dissolution is used to predict ASD performance. Here, a high-throughput approach is described that simultaneously screens drug dissolution and permeation employing a two-compartment 96-well plate. Freeze-drying from hydro-alcoholic solutions was used to prepare amorphous formulations. The screening approach was tested on amorphous and crystalline tadalafil formulations with and without Soluplus®. The workflow consisted of: 1) dispersion of the formulations; 2) incubation within the two-compartment plate, where a dialysis membrane separated donor (dispersed formulation) and acceptor; 3) sampling (donor and acceptor), where donor samples were centrifuged to remove non-dissolved material; and 4) quantification by UHPLC-UV. To identify optimal screening conditions, the following parameters were varied: dispersion medium (buffer / biomimetic media), acceptor medium (buffer / surfactant solutions), and incubation time (1, 3, and 6 h). Surfactants (acceptor) increased tadalafil permeation. Biomimetic medium (donor) enhanced dissolution, but not permeation, except for freeze-dried tadalafil, for which the permeated amount increased. The predictiveness was evaluated by comparing dissolution-/permeation-results with in vivo bioavailability. In general, both dissolution and permeation reflected bioavailability, whereof the latter was a better predictor. High-throughput dissolution/permeation is regarded promising for formulation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow 30-6088, Poland.
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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Jacobsen AC, Elvang PA, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. A dynamic in vitro permeation study on solid mono- and diacyl-phospholipid dispersions of celecoxib. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 127:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Berben P, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Faller B, Flaten GE, Jacobsen AC, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Drug permeability profiling using cell-free permeation tools: Overview and applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:219-233. [PMID: 29660464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free permeation systems are gaining interest in drug discovery and development as tools to obtain a reliable prediction of passive intestinal absorption without the disadvantages associated with cell- or tissue-based permeability profiling. Depending on the composition of the barrier, cell-free permeation systems are classified into two classes including (i) biomimetic barriers which are constructed from (phospho)lipids and (ii) non-biomimetic barriers containing dialysis membranes. This review provides an overview of the currently available cell-free permeation systems including Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay (PVPA), Permeapad®, and artificial membrane based systems (e.g. the artificial membrane insert system (AMI-system)) in terms of their barrier composition as well as their predictive capacity in relation to well-characterized intestinal permeation systems. Given the potential loss of integrity of cell-based permeation barriers in the presence of food components or pharmaceutical excipients, the superior robustness of cell-free barriers makes them suitable for the combined dissolution/permeation evaluation of formulations. While cell-free permeation systems are mostly applied for exploring intestinal absorption, they can also be used to evaluate non-oral drug delivery by adjusting the composition of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Elvang PA, Stein PC, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Characterization of co-existing colloidal structures in fasted state simulated fluids FaSSIF: A comparative study using AF4/MALLS, DLS and DOSY. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:531-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koplin S, Kumpugdee-Vollrath M, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Surfactants enhance recovery of poorly soluble drugs during microdialysis sampling: Implications for in vitro dissolution-/permeation-studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:586-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Bibi HA, Holm R, Bauer-Brandl A. Simultaneous lipolysis/permeation in vitro model, for the estimation of bioavailability of lipid based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sironi D, Christensen M, Rosenberg J, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Evaluation of a dynamic dissolution/permeation model: Mutual influence of dissolution and barrier-flux under non-steady state conditions. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:50-57. [PMID: 28263834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combined dissolution/permeation testing is gaining increasing attention as an in vitro tool for predictive performance ranking of enabling oral formulations. The current aim was to study how in vitro drug permeation evolves under conditions, where the donor concentration is changing (non-steady state). To this end, a model case was construed: compacts of pure crystalline hydrocortisone methanolate (HC·MeOH) of slow release rates were prepared, and their dissolution and permeation determined simultaneously in a side-by-side setup, separated by a biomimetic barrier (Permeapad®). This was compared to a corresponding setup for a suspension of micronized hydrocortisone (HC). The HC suspension showed constant dissolved HC concentration and constant flux across the barrier, representing the permeation-limited situation. For the HC·MeOH compacts, various dynamic scenarios were observed, where dissolution rate and flux influenced each other. Interestingly, for all the dynamic scenarios, the incremental flux values obtained correlated nicely with the corresponding actual donor concentrations. Furthermore, donor depletion was tested using a HC solution. The dynamic interplay between decrease in donor concentration (down to less than 10% of the initial concentration) and flux was studied. The experiences gained are discussed in terms of further developing combined dissolution/permeation setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sironi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mette Christensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jörg Rosenberg
- AbbVie GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße 50, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Fong SYK, Poulsen J, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. A novel microdialysis-dissolution/permeation system for testing oral dosage forms: A proof-of-concept study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:154-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Volkova TV, Terekhova IV, Silyukov OI, Proshin AN, Bauer-Brandl A, Perlovich GL. Towards the rational design of novel drugs based on solubility, partitioning/distribution, biomimetic permeability and biological activity exemplified by 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Medchemcomm 2016; 8:162-175. [PMID: 30108702 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00545d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives as potent neuroprotectors were synthesized and identified. Their ability to inhibit the glutamate stimulated Ca2+ uptake was investigated. The solubility of thiadiazoles was measured in a buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 298 K. The distribution coefficients in 1-octanol/buffer (pH 7.4) and 1-hexane/buffer (pH 7.4) immiscible phases as model systems imitating the gastrointestinal tract epithelium and the blood-brain barrier were determined. Permeation experiments the new Permeapad™ barrier using Franz diffusion cells were conducted and the apparent permeability coefficients were obtained. The influence of the compound structure on the physicochemical properties determining the bioavailability of drug-like substances was revealed. Solubility-permeability interplay has been assessed to evaluate potential bioavailability of the compounds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Volkova
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs , Krestov's Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , 153045 Akademicheskaya str. 1 , Ivanovo , Russia .
| | - I V Terekhova
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs , Krestov's Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , 153045 Akademicheskaya str. 1 , Ivanovo , Russia .
| | - O I Silyukov
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs , Krestov's Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , 153045 Akademicheskaya str. 1 , Ivanovo , Russia .
| | - A N Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds , Russian Academy of Sciences , 142432 , Chernogolovka , Russia
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - G L Perlovich
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs , Krestov's Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , 153045 Akademicheskaya str. 1 , Ivanovo , Russia .
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Bibi HA, Holm R, Bauer-Brandl A. Use of Permeapad® for prediction of buccal absorption: A comparison to in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo method. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fong SYK, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Oral bioavailability enhancement through supersaturation: an update and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:403-426. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1218465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hinna AH, Hupfeld S, Kuntsche J, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Mechanism and kinetics of the loss of poorly soluble drugs from liposomal carriers studied by a novel flow field-flow fractionation-based drug release-/transfer-assay. J Control Release 2016; 232:228-37. [PMID: 27112112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes represent a versatile drug formulation approach e.g. for improving the water-solubility of poorly soluble drugs but also to achieve drug targeting and controlled release. For the latter applications it is essential that the drug remains associated with the liposomal carrier during transit in the vascular bed. A range of in vitro test methods has been suggested over the years for prediction of the release of drug from liposomal carriers. The majority of these fail to give a realistic prediction for poorly water-soluble drugs due to the intrinsic tendency of such compounds to remain associated with liposome bilayers even upon extensive dilution. Upon i.v. injection, in contrast, rapid drug loss often occurs due to drug transfer from the liposomal carriers to endogenous lipophilic sinks such as lipoproteins, plasma proteins or membranes of red blood cells and endothelial cells. Here we report on the application of a recently introduced in vitro predictive drug transfer assay based on incubation of the liposomal drug carrier with large multilamellar liposomes, the latter serving as a biomimetic model sink, using flow field-flow fractionation as a tool to separate the two types of liposomes. By quantifying the amount of drug remaining associated with the liposomal drug carrier as well as that transferred to the acceptor liposomes at distinct times of incubation, both the kinetics of drug transfer and release to the water phase could be established for the model drug p-THPP (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)21H,23H-porphine). p-THPP is structurally similar to temoporfin, a photosensitizer which is under clinical evaluation in a liposomal formulation. Mechanistic insights were gained by varying the donor-to-acceptor lipid mass ratio, size and lamellarity of the liposomes. Drug transfer kinetics from one liposome to another was found rate determining as compared to redistribution from the outermost to the inner concentric bilayers, such that the overall process could be adequately described by a single 1st order kinetic model. By varying the donor-to-acceptor lipid mass ratio in the range 1:1 to 1:10, a correlation was established between donor-to-acceptor-lipid mass ratio and transfer kinetics, which is regarded essential for scaling to physiological lipid mass ratios. By applying the assay to a series of structurally related model compounds of different bilayer affinity, transfer and release kinetics were established over the whole expected range of liposome bilayer associated drugs in terms of water solubility and lipophilicity. A very rapid transfer and considerable release from liposomes to the water phase was observed for the more water-soluble compounds Sudan II (clogP 5.45) and Sudan III (clogP 6.83). For the more lipophilic compounds, the rate of transfer from the donor liposomes followed the rank order Sudan IV (fastest)>Oil Red O>Sudan Black>p-THPP (slowest). For an equimolar donor-to-acceptor lipid mass ratio, half-lifes of transfer in the range of 12min (Sudan IV) up to 1.5h (p-THPP) were determined. In essence, the results presented here allow for both, mechanistic insights and predictions of drug loss from liposomal carriers upon exposure to biological sinks, which appear more realistic than the commonly employed in vitro release tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askell Hvid Hinna
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan Hupfeld
- Aker Biomarine Antarctic AS, Oksenøyveien 10, P.O Box 496, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway; Institute for Energy Technology, Isotope laboratories, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Judith Kuntsche
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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Fong SYK, Martins SM, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Solid Phospholipid Dispersions for Oral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Investigation Into Celecoxib Incorporation and Solubility-In Vitro Permeability Enhancement. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1113-23. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Surov AO, Solanko KA, Bond AD, Bauer-Brandl A, Perlovich GL. Cocrystals of the antiandrogenic drug bicalutamide: screening, crystal structures, formation thermodynamics and lattice energies. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new cocrystals of the antiandrogenic drug bicalutamide with benzamide and salicylamide are reported. Relationships between crystal structures, melting temperatures, aqueous dissolution, formation thermodynamics and crystal lattice energies of the cocrystals are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O. Surov
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Katarzyna A. Solanko
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - German L. Perlovich
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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Fong SYK, Ibisogly A, Bauer-Brandl A. Solubility enhancement of BCS Class II drug by solid phospholipid dispersions: Spray drying versus freeze-drying. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:382-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fong SYK, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Phospholipid-based solid drug formulations for oral bioavailability enhancement: A meta-analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 80:89-110. [PMID: 26296863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low bioavailability nowadays often represents a challenge in oral dosage form development. Solid formulations composed of drug and phospholipid (PL), which, upon contact with water, eventually form multilamellar liposomes (i.e. 'proliposomes'), are an emerging approach to solve such issue. Regarded as an 'improved' version of liposomes concerning storage stability, the potential and versatility of a range of such formulations for oral drug delivery have been extensively discussed. However, a systematic and quantitative analysis of the studies that applied solid PL for oral bioavailability enhancement is currently lacking. Such analysis is necessary for providing an overview of the research progress and addressing the question on how promising this approach can be on bioavailability enhancement. The current review performed a systematic search of references in three evidence-based English databases, Medline, Embase, and SciFinder, from the year of 1985 up till March 2015. A total of 112 research articles and 82 patents that involved solid PL-based formulations were identified. The majority of such formulations was intended for oral drug delivery (55%) and was developed to address low bioavailability issues (49%). A final of 54 studies that applied such formulations for bioavailability enhancement of 43 different drugs with poor water solubility and/or permeability were identified. These proof-of-concept studies with in vitro (n=31) and/or animal (n=23) evidences have been systematically summarized. Meta-analyses were conducted to measure the overall enhancement power (percent increase compared to control group) of solid PL formulations on drugs' solubility, permeability and oral bioavailability, which were found to be 127.4% (95% CI [86.1, 168.7]), 59.6% (95% CI [30.1, 89.0]), and 18.5% (95% CI [10.1, 26.9]) respectively. Correlations between the enhancement factors and in silico physiochemical properties of drugs were also performed to check if such approach can be used to identify the best candidates for oral solid PL formulation. In addition to scientific literature, 13 solid PL formulation-related patents that addressed the issue of low oral bioavailability have been identified and summarized; whereas no clinical study was identified from the current search. By providing systematic information and meta-analysis on studies that applied the principle of 'proliposomes' for oral bioavailability enhancement, the current review should be insightful for formulation scientists who wish to adopt the PL based approach to overcome the solubility, permeability and bioavailability issues of orally delivered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Yui Kau Fong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Cerchiara T, Abruzzo A, di Cagno M, Bigucci F, Bauer-Brandl A, Parolin C, Vitali B, Gallucci M, Luppi B. Chitosan based micro- and nanoparticles for colon-targeted delivery of vancomycin prepared by alternative processing methods. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Surov AO, Solanko KA, Bond AD, Bauer-Brandl A, Perlovich GL. Diversity of felodipine solvates: structure and physicochemical properties. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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di Cagno M, Terndrup Nielsen T, Lambertsen Larsen K, Kuntsche J, Bauer-Brandl A. β-Cyclodextrin-dextran polymers for the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2014; 468:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The calcium-channel blocking agent felodipine forms co-crystals with 4,4′-bipyridine with 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 molar ratios. The co-crystal with 1 : 1 molar ratio exists in two polymorphic forms. The co-crystals polymorphism was investigated by X-ray diffraction, DSC, solution calorimetry and Hirshfeld surfaces analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O. Surov
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Katarzyna A. Solanko
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - German L. Perlovich
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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Becker D, Rigassi T, Bauer-Brandl A. Effectiveness of binders in wet granulation: a comparison using model formulations of different tabletability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 23:791-808. [PMID: 24359330 DOI: 10.3109/03639049709150550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Based on an analysis of model granulates and tablets, a comparison was made of the effectiveness of the binders PVP K30 PH, Cellulose HP-M 603, Lycatab DSH, Lycatab PGS, and L-HPC (type LH 11). A high shear mixer was used to prepare two model granulates (placebo and paracetamol) under processing conditions which were, as far as possible, comparable. The binders were added as proportions of 2%, 6%, and 10%. Water was used as the granulating liquid. The properties of the placebo granulates (particle size distribution, bulk and tapped density, granule strength, flow properties), and those of the tablets (crushing strength, friability) prepared from these granulates under different compaction forces, were generally good. However, with PVP, Cellulose HP-M603, and Lycatab, the disintegration time of the tablets did not meet pharmacopoeial requirements even though a "disintegrant" was used in the "outer phase." The paracetamol formulations were prime examples of high-dose drug substances with particularly poor granulating and tabletting properties, well suited to reveal differences between the binders. The paracetamol granulates were of higher friability and less flowability than the placebo granulates. The tablets tended to cap, friability was (with few exceptions) high, and disintegration times were long. In the preparation of model tablets containing paracetamol, PVP K30 PH (6%). and Cellulose HP-M 603 (6%) turn out to be the binders of choice with respect to crushing strength, but the disintegration times are too long. Lycatab PGS, Lycatab DSH, and L-HPC-LH 11 could not be used to produce paracetamol tablets that met the requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Becker
- Novartis, Inc., Building K-407.2.65, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Brinkmann-Trettenes U, Barnert S, Bauer-Brandl A. Single step bottom-up process to generate solid phospholipid nano-particles. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:326-32. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.778875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Arakcheeva A, Pattison P, Bauer-Brandl A, Birkedal H, Chapuis G. Cimetidine, C10H16N6S, form C: crystal structure and modelling of polytypes using the superspace approach. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812048133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The H2 antagonist cimetidine forms many polymorphs, several of which have resisted structural analysis thus far. Using single-crystal X-ray measurements obtained from synchrotron radiation, the crystal structure of cimetidine form C has been solved. This layered structure crystallizes in space groupC2/cwith an unusually large lattice parameter,a= 82.904 Å. The thickness of each layerLis equal toa′ =a/6 = 13.82 Å, anda= 6a′ originates from a sixfoldLLLL′L′L′ sequence withLandL′ differing by 0.5b. This packing is reminiscent of polytypic stacking in metals. A (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace model is derived and used to explain and predict many polytypic modifications. This model is characterized by (i) the (3 + 1)-dimensional symmetry groupX2/c(α0γ)00, whereX= 0\textstyle{1 \over 2}0\textstyle{1 \over 2}; (ii) the lattice parametera′ and modulation vectorq= 1/n(a′*); (iii) the atomic positions of a single molecule of cimetidine form C; (iv) the primary variable, 1/n. The model reproduces the previously solved structure, the 6M polytype, and generates the related polytypesnM with lattice parameteranM =na′ forn= 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. A comparison of powder X-ray diffraction patterns available for cimetidine form C with those simulated for thenM polytypes suggests that the powder samples published previously probably contain a mixture of various polytypes.
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Surov AO, Solanko KA, Bond AD, Bauer-Brandl A, Perlovich GL. Crystal architecture and physicochemical properties of felodipine solvates. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40715b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brinkmann-Trettenes U, Stein PC, Klösgen B, Bauer-Brandl A. A method for simultaneous quantification of phospholipid species by routine 31P NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:708-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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