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Nunes PD, Pinto JF, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Henriques J, Paiva AM. In vitro dissolution/permeation tools for amorphous solid dispersions bioavailability forecasting I: Experimental design for PermeaLoop™. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106512. [PMID: 37423576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for candidate-enabling formulations comes the need for appropriate in vitro bioavailability forecasting. Dissolution/permeation (D/P) systems employing cell-free permeation barriers are increasingly gaining interest, due to their low cost and easy application as passive diffusion bio-predictive profiling in drug product development, as this accounts for nearly 75% of new chemical entities (NCEs) absorption mechanism. To this end, this study comprises theoretical considerations on the design and experimental work towards the establishment and optimization of a PermeaLoop™ based dissolution/permeation assay to simultaneously evaluate the drug release and permeation using Itraconazole (ITZ)-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) formulations, with different drug loads, based on a solvent-shift approach. Alternative method conditions were tested such as: donor medium, acceptor medium and permeation barrier were screened using both PermeaPad® and PermeaPlain® 96-well plates. A range of solubilizers, namely Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Vitamin E-TPGS and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, were screened as possible solubilizing additives to the acceptor medium, while donor medium was varied between blank FaSSIF (phosphate buffer) and FaSSIF. The method optimization also included the ITZ dose selection, being the ITZ single dose (100 mg) considered the most adequate to be used in further experiments to allow the comparison with in vivo studies. In the end, a standardized approach that may be applied to predict the bioavailability of weakly basic poorly soluble drug-based formulations is described, contributing to strengthening the analytical portfolio of in vitro pre-clinical drug product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Nunes
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK, 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK, 5230, Denmark.
| | - João Henriques
- R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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Nunes PD, Ferreira AF, Pinto JF, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Henriques J, Paiva AM. In vitro dissolution/permeation tools for amorphous solid dispersions bioavailability forecasting II: Comparison and mechanistic insights. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106513. [PMID: 37423577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for complex formulations comes the need for appropriate in vitro methodologies capable of predicting their corresponding in vivo performance and the mechanisms controlling the drug release which can impact on in vivo drug absorption. In vitro dissolution-permeation (D/P) methodologies that can account for the effects of enabling formulations on the permeability of drugs are increasingly being used in performance ranking during early development stages. This work comprised the application of two different cell-free in vitro D/P setups: BioFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ to evaluate the dissolution-permeation interplay upon drug release from itraconazole (ITZ)- HPMCAS amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of different drug loads. A solvent-shift approach was employed, from a simulated gastric environment to a simulated intestinal environment in the donor compartment. PermeaLoop™ was then combined with microdialysis sampling to separate the dissolved (free) drug from other species present in solution, like micelle-bound drug and drug-rich colloids, in real time. This setup was applied to clarify the mechanisms for drug release and permeation from these ASDs. In parallel, a pharmacokinetic study (dog model) was conducted to assess the drug absorption from these ASDs and to compare the in vivo results with the data obtained from each in vitro D/P setup, allowing to infer which would be the most adequate setup for ASD ranking. Even though both D/P systems resulted in the same qualitative ranking, BioFLUX™ overpredicted the difference between the in vivo AUC of two ASDs, whereas PermeaLoop™ permeation flux resulted in a good correlation with the AUC observed in pharmacokinetic studies (dog model) (R2 ≈ 0.98). Also, PermeaLoop™ combined with a microdialysis sampling probe clarified the mechanisms for drug release and permeation from these ASDs. It demonstrated that the free drug was the only driving force for permeation, while the drug-rich colloids kept permeation active for longer periods by acting as drug reservoirs and maintaining constant high levels of free drug in solution, which are then immediately able to permeate. Hence, the data obtained points BioFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ applications to different momentums in the drug product development pipeline: while BioFLUX™, an automated standardized method, poses as a valuable tool for initial ASD ranking during the early development stages, PermeaLoop™ combined with microdialysis sampling allows to gain mechanistic understanding of the dissolution-permeation interplay, being crucial to fine tune and identify leading ASD candidates prior to in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Nunes
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Ferreira
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Ulisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - João Henriques
- R&D Oral Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciência S.A., Campus do Lumiar, Building S, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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Paisana MC, Lino PR, Nunes PD, Pinto JF, Henriques J, Paiva AM. Laser diffraction as a powerful tool for amorphous solid dispersion screening and dissolution understanding. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105853. [PMID: 33865976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs may be formulated as supersaturating drug delivery systems (e.g., amorphous solid dispersions [ASDs]) that can generate a supersaturated drug solution during gastrointestinal (GI) transit. The mechanisms that contribute to increased bioavailability are generally attributed to the increased solubility of the amorphous form, but another mechanism with significant contributions to the improved bioavailability have been recently identified. This mechanism consists on the formation of colloidal species and may further improve the bioavailability several fold beyond that of the amorphous drug alone. These colloidal species occur when the concentration of drug generated in solution exceeds the amorphous solubility during dissolution, resulting in a liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). For the appearance of LLPS, the crystallization kinetics needs to be slow relatively to the dissolution process. This work intended to implement an analytical methodology to understand the ability of a drug to form colloidal species in a biorelevant dissolution media. This screening tool was therefore focused on following the colloidal formation and crystallization kinetics of itraconazole (ITZ; model drug from BSC class II) in the presence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-AS L and HPMC-AS M, which are HPMC-AS with varying ratios of succinoyl:acetyl groups), using a laser diffraction-based methodology. The ability of ITZ to form colloids by a solvent-shift approach was compared with the actual colloidal formation of ITZ amorphous solid dispersions produced by spray-drying. Results indicate that regardless of the used methodology, colloids of ITZ can be detected and monitored. The extension of colloid generation showed to be correlated with the ASD disintegration/dissolution rate, i.e, polymers with faster wettability kinetics led to faster ASD disintegration and colloidal formation. As conclusion, this study showed that laser diffraction could give complementary information about colloidal formation and ASD dissolution profile, showing to be an excellent screening strategy to be applied in the early stage development of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Paisana
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Lino
- R&D Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia D Nunes
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; R&D Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; iMed - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1640-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João F Pinto
- iMed - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1640-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Henriques
- R&D Drug Product Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- R&D Analytical Development, Hovione Farmaciencia SA, Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pinto JP, Paiva AM, Simioni EB, Gibran L, Yela DA. Relationship Between Hysteroscopic and Hystological Findings in Postmenopausal Asymptomatic Women With Thickened Endometrium. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:S184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.08.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Silva R, Palmeira A, Carmo H, Barbosa DJ, Gameiro M, Gomes A, Paiva AM, Sousa E, Pinto M, Bastos MDL, Remião F. P-glycoprotein induction in Caco-2 cells by newly synthetized thioxanthones prevents paraquat cytotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1783-800. [PMID: 25234084 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The induction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent efflux pump, has been proposed as a strategy against the toxicity induced by P-gp substrates such as the herbicide paraquat (PQ). The aim of this study was to screen five newly synthetized thioxanthonic derivatives, a group known to interact with P-gp, as potential inducers of the pump's expression and/or activity and to evaluate whether they would afford protection against PQ-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells. All five thioxanthones (20 µM) caused a significant increase in both P-gp expression and activity as evaluated by flow cytometry using the UIC2 antibody and rhodamine 123, respectively. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the tested compounds, when present only during the efflux of rhodamine 123, rapidly induced an activation of P-gp. The tested compounds also increased P-gp ATPase activity in MDR1-Sf9 membrane vesicles, indicating that all derivatives acted as P-gp substrates. PQ cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in the presence of four thioxanthone derivatives, and this protective effect was reversed upon incubation with a specific P-gp inhibitor. In silico studies showed that all the tested thioxanthones fitted onto a previously described three-feature P-gp induction pharmacophore. Moreover, in silico interactions between thioxanthones and P-gp in the presence of PQ suggested that a co-transport mechanism may be operating. Based on the in vitro activation results, a pharmacophore model for P-gp activation was built, which will be of further use in the screening for new P-gp activators. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the potential of the tested thioxanthonic compounds in protecting against toxic effects induced by P-gp substrates through P-gp induction and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Química Medicinal (CEQUIMED-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Carmo
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariline Gameiro
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Gomes
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Mafalda Paiva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Química Medicinal (CEQUIMED-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Química Medicinal (CEQUIMED-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Química Medicinal (CEQUIMED-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Paiva AM, Pinto MM, Sousa E. A century of thioxanthones: through synthesis and biological applications. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:2438-57. [PMID: 23521678 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320190004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the synthesis and applications of thioxanthones, dibenzo-gamma-thiopyrones, started in the beginning of the 20th century. Thioxanthones are traditionally synthesized via benzophenone, diarylthioether or diarylthioester intermediates. In recent years, more efficient and cleaner synthetic methodologies are being applied to obtain thioxanthone derivatives, especially for photochemical applications. Considering biological activities, the first thioxanthone introduced in therapy in 1945 was Miracil D, as an antischistosomal agent. Since then, the variety of studies of biological/ pharmacological activities of thioxanthones led to the discovery of new agents and to the disclosure of their mechanisms of action. Moreover, the ability to sensitize cancer cells suggested new and promising applications in chemotherapy. New antitumor derivatives are being developed by molecular modifications such as isosterism (aza-thioxanthones and aminoethylthioxanthones) or hybridation (psorospermine and acronycin analogues). The last generation of antitumor thioxanthones rendered a derivative, SR271425, with an excellent preclinical antitumor efficacy. The last decade has been excited in the research of thioxanthones with important achievements in both synthesis and biochemical applications, especially in order to dissociate the antitumor activity from the toxicity of drug candidates. Recently, thioxanthones emerged as dual inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and tumor cell growth. It is expected that in the following years new analogues with the thioxanthone scaffold emerge in the field of anticancer therapy, with enhanced antitumor activity and without serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paiva
- Centro de Química Medicinal - Universidade do Porto (CEQUIMED-UP), Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Paiva AM, Sousa ME, Camões A, Nascimento MSJ, Pinto MMM. Prenylated xanthones: antiproliferative effects and enhancement of the growth inhibitory action of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell line. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paiva AM, Vanderwall DE, Blanchard JS, Kozarich JW, Williamson JM, Kelly TM. Inhibitors of dihydrodipicolinate reductase, a key enzyme of the diaminopimelate pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1545:67-77. [PMID: 11342032 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of infectious disease in the world today and therapies developed over the last forty years are becoming increasingly ineffective against resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In an effort to explore new mechanisms for drug development, we have investigated the enzymes of the diaminopimelate biosynthetic pathway as potential targets. Specifically, dihydrodipicolinate reductase, the essential gene product of dapB, was screened for novel inhibitors. Inhibitors were identified both by a molecular modeling approach which utilized the available crystal structure of the enzyme with an inhibitor bound at the active site as well as by more conventional screening strategies. The resulting compounds contain a number of structural motifs and were all found to be competitive with respect to the DHDP substrate. The K(i) values for the inhibitors range from 10 to 90 microM. The molecular modeling approach was very effective in identifying novel inhibitors of the enzyme. These compounds were obtained at a higher frequency based on the number of compounds analyzed than those inhibitors discovered via conventional screening. However, conventional screening proved beneficial in identifying compounds with greater structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paiva
- Department of Endocrinology and Chemical Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Abstract
Several HPLC assays are reported for monitoring the mass of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) in yeast cell lysates. The assays utilized either a polymeric resin column containing a phenyl ligate or a silica-based octadecyl micropellicular column. Prior to chromatography on the polymeric column, the samples were derivatized with the thiol-specific fluorescent probe monobromobimane to discriminate the rHBsAg from nonfluorescent cellular components. Using a dual gradient of acetic acid and acetonitrile the derivatized rHBsAg eluted with a retention time equal to 17 min. Chromatography on the micropellicular column did not require prederivatization and utilized an isopropanol gradient with increasing amounts of acetonitrile. Operating this column at elevated temperature with a high flow rate resolved the rHBsAg from yeast components within 5 min and allowed a new sample injection every 10 min. All the assays displayed useful linear ranges for analyzing rHBsAg in cell lysates and had detection limits for rHBsAg between 10 and 50 ng per injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O O'Keefe
- Department of Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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