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Patel RP, Cristofoletti R, Wu F, Shoyaib AA, Polli JE. In Vitro Lipolysis Model to Predict Food Effect of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Itraconazole, Rivaroxaban, and Ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00132-1. [PMID: 38614321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
It is desirable to predict positive food effect of oral formulations due to food mediated dissolution enhancement of lipophilic drugs. The objective was to assess the ability of in vitro lipolysis to anticipate a positive food effect. Tested formulations included rivaroxaban and itraconazole, where some formulations, but not all, exhibit a positive food effect in vivo in humans. Amorphous solid dispersion formulations of ritonavir, which exhibit a negative food effect in vivo in humans, were also studied. Fe-lipolysis and Fa-lipolysis media representing fed and fasted intestinal conditions were used. Results show frequent agreement between in vitro lipolysis predictions and in vivo human outcomes. For rivaroxaban, food effect of unformulated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and products were correctly predicted where 2.5 mg and 10 mg strengths did not show any food effect; however, 20 mg did show a positive food effect. For itraconazole, all four products were correctly predicted, with Sporanox, Sempera, and generic capsules having a food effect, but Tolsura not having a positive food effect. For ritonavir, lipolysis predicted a positive food effect for API and Norvir tablet and powder, but Norvir products have negative food effect in vivo in humans. Overall, the lipolysis model showed favorable predictability and merits additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni P Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD, USA
| | | | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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2
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Rossier B, Jordan O, Allémann E, Rodríguez-Nogales C. Nanocrystals and nanosuspensions: an exploration from classic formulations to advanced drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01559-0. [PMID: 38451440 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Nanocrystals and nanosuspensions have become realistic approaches to overcome the formulation challenges of poorly water-soluble drugs. They also represent a less-known but versatile platform for multiple therapeutic applications. They can be integrated into a broad spectrum of drug delivery systems including tablets, hydrogels, microneedles, microparticles, or even functionalized liposomes. The recent progresses, challenges, and opportunities in this field are gathered originally together with an informative case study concerning an itraconazole nanosuspension-in-hydrogel formulation. The translational aspects, historical and current clinical perspectives are also critically reviewed here to shed light on the incoming generation of nanocrystal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rossier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Jordan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Nogales
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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3
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Chen Y, Guan Y, Guo H, Yang M, Yue P. Rubusoside As a Multifunctional Stabilizer for Novel Nanocrystal-Based Solid Dispersions with a High Drug Loading: A Case Study. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:699-710. [PMID: 37659720 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs has always been the focus of pharmaceutical researchers. We innovatively combined nanocrystal technology and solid dispersion technology to prepare novel nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NCSDs), which enable both the solidification and redispersion of nanocrystals, offering a promising new pathway for oral delivery of insoluble Chinese medicine ingredients. The rubusoside (Rub) was first used as the multifunctional stabilizer of novel apigenin nanocrystal-based solid dispersions (AP-NSD), improving the in vitro solubilization rate of the insoluble drug apigenin(AP). AP-NSD has been produced using a combination of homogenisation and spray-drying technology. The effects of stabilizer type and concentration on AP nanosuspensions (AP-NS) particles, span, and zeta potential were studied. And the effects of different types of protective agents on the yield and redispersibility of AP-NSD were also studied. Furthermore, AP-NSD was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Solubility was used to assess the in vitro dissolution of AP-NSD relative to APIs and amorphous solid dispersions (AP-ASD), and AP-ASD was prepared by the solvent method. The results showed that 20% Rub stabilized AP-NSD exhibited high drug-loading and good redispersibility and stability, and higher in vitro dissolution rate, which may be related to the presence of Rub on surface of drug. Therefore provides a natural and safe option for the development of formulations for insoluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yingchong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Huiwen Guo
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Holzem FL, Petrig Schaffland J, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A, Stillhart C. Using molecularly dissolved drug concentrations in PBBMs improves the prediction of oral absorption from supersaturating formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106703. [PMID: 38224722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Predicting the absorption of drugs from enabling formulations is still challenging due to the limited capabilities of standard physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBMs) to capture complex absorption processes. Amongst others, it is often assumed that both, molecularly and apparently dissolved drug in the gastrointestinal lumen are prone to absorption. A recently introduced method for measuring concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug in a dynamic in vitro dissolution setup using microdialysis has opened new opportunities to test this hypothesis and refine mechanistic PBBM approaches. In the present study, we compared results of PBBMs that used either molecularly or apparently dissolved concentrations in the simulated gastrointestinal lumen as input parameters. The in vitro dissolution data from three supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole (PCZ) were used as model input. The modeling outcome was verified using PCZ concentration vs. time profiles measured in human intestinal aspirates and in the blood plasma. When using apparently dissolved drug concentrations (i.e., the sum of colloid-associated and molecularly dissolved drug) the simulated systemic plasma exposures were overpredicted, most pronouncedly with the ASD-based tablet. However, if the concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug were used as input values, the PBBM resulted in accurate prediction of systemic exposures for all three PCZ formulations. The present study impressively demonstrated the value of considering molecularly dissolved drug concentrations as input value for PBBMs of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Becelaere J, Frateur O, Schoolaert E, Vanhoorne V, D'hooge DR, Vervaet C, Hoogenboom R, De Clerck K. Solvent electrospinning amorphous solid dispersions with high itraconazole, celecoxib, mebendazole and fenofibrate drug loading and release potential. J Control Release 2023; 362:268-277. [PMID: 37648083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the feasibility of ultra-high drug loaded amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) for the poorly soluble itraconazole, mebendazole and celecoxib via solvent electrospinning in combination with poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and fenofibrate in combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone is demonstrated. By lowering the polymer concentration in the electrospinning solution below its individual spinnable limit, ASDs with a drug content of up to 80 wt% are obtained. This is attributed to drug-polymer interactions not being limited by default to hydrogen bonds, as also Van der Waals interactions can result in high drug loadings. The theoretically predicted miscibility by the Flory-Huggins theory is corroborated by the experimental findings based on (modulated) differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction. Globally, the maximally obtained amorphous drug loadings are higher compared to the loadings found in literature. Additionally, non-sink dissolution tests demonstrate an increase in solubility of up to 50 times compared to their crystalline counterparts. Moreover, due to the lack of precipitation biocompatible PEtOx succeeds in stabilizing the dissolved drug and inhibiting its instant precipitation. The current work thus demonstrates the broader applicability of the electrospinning technique for the production of physically stable ASDs with ultra-high drug loadings, a result which has been validated for several Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Becelaere
- Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olmo Frateur
- Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ella Schoolaert
- Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valérie Vanhoorne
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Ghent University, Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Krijgslaan 281 - S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Ghent University, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Holzem FL, Jensen IH, Petrig Schaffland J, Stillhart C, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A. Combining in vitro dissolution/permeation with microdialysis sampling: Capabilities and limitations for biopharmaceutical assessments of supersaturating drug formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106533. [PMID: 37480963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Many novel small drug molecules are poorly water-soluble and thus, enabling drug formulations may be required to ensure sufficient absorption upon oral administration. Biopharmaceutical assessment and absorption prediction of enabling formulations, however, remains challenging. Combined in vitro dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest since they may provide a more realistic formulation ranking based on the drug permeation profiles from different formulations as compared to conventional dissolution, which captures both readily permeable and not readily permeable fractions of "dissolved" drug. Moreover, the combined in vitro D/P assays allow to better predict intestinal supersaturation and precipitation processes as compared to simple dissolution setups due to the effect of an absorptive sink. Microdialysis on the other hand has proven useful to determine molecularly dissolved drug in colloidal dispersions, thus allowing for a deeper mechanistic insight into the mechanism of drug release from supersaturating formulations. Here, microdialysis sampling from the donor compartment was used in combination with the dissolution/permeation (D/P) tool PermeaLoop™ to study commercial supersaturating drug formulations of the poorly soluble and weakly basic drug Posaconazole (PCZ). An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD)-based tablet, as well as a crystalline suspension in acidified and neutral dilution medium, respectively, were tested. Microdialysis sampling allowed for differentiation between molecularly dissolved and micellar drug concentration, as expected, but, surprisingly, it was found that the presence of the microdialysis probe affected the precipitation behavior of a crystalline suspension within the two-stage D/P setup, simulating the oral administration of the acidified PCZ (Noxafil®) suspension: the extent and duration of supersaturation in the donor decreased significantly, which also affected permeation. Similarly, for the ASD-based tablet, a less pronounced supersaturation was observed during the first 120 min of the experiment. Hence, in this case, the formulation ranking and the prediction of intestinal supersaturation in the in vitro D/P assay became less predictive as compared to a conventional PermeaLoop™ study without microdialysis sampling. It was concluded that valuable mechanistic insights into the molecularly dissolved drug profiles over time can be obtained by microdialysis. However, since the presence of the probe may affect the degree of supersaturation and precipitation, a conventional D/P assay (without microdialysis sampling) is preferred for formulation ranking of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Iben Højgaard Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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Lynnerup JT, Eriksen JB, Bauer-Brandl A, Holsæter AM, Brandl M. Insight into the mechanism behind oral bioavailability-enhancement by nanosuspensions through combined dissolution/permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106417. [PMID: 36870578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
As numerous new drug candidates are poorly water soluble, enabling formulations are needed to increase their bioavailability for oral administration. Nanoparticles are a conceptually simple, yet resource consuming strategy for increasing drug dissolution rate, as predicting in vivo oral absorption using in vitro dissolution remains difficult. The objective of this study was to obtain insight into nanoparticle characteristics and performance utilizing an in vitro combined dissolution/permeation setup. Two examples of poorly soluble drugs were examined (cinnarizine and fenofibrate). Nanosuspensions were produced by top-down wet bead milling using dual asymmetric centrifugation, obtaining particle diameters of approx. 300 nm. DSC and XRPD studies indicated that nanocrystals of both drugs were present with retained crystallinity, however with some disturbances. Equilibrium solubility studies showed no significant increase in drug solubility over the nanoparticles, as compared to the raw APIs. Combined dissolution/permeation experiments revealed significantly increased dissolution rates for both compounds compared to the raw APIs. However, there were substantial differences between the dissolution curves of the nanoparticles as fenofibrate exhibited supersaturation followed by precipitation, whereas cinnarizine did not exhibit any supersaturation, but instead a shift towards faster dissolution rate. Permeation rates were found significantly increased for both nanosuspensions when compared to the raw APIs, indicating a direct implication that formulation strategies are needed, be it stabilization of supersaturation by precipitation inhibition and/or dissolution rate enhancement. This study indicates that in vitro dissolution/permeation studies can be employed to better understand the oral absorption enhancement of nanocrystal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Tobias Lynnerup
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark; Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | | | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ann Mari Holsæter
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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8
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Holzem FL, Weck A, Schaffland JP, Stillhart C, Klein S, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Biopredictive capability assessment of two dissolution/permeation assays, µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™, using supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106260. [PMID: 35842141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The majority of new drug entities exhibits poor water solubility and therefore enabling formulations are often needed to ensure sufficient in vivo bioavailability upon oral administration. Several in vitro tools have been proposed for biopredictive screening of such drug formulations to facilitate formulation development. Among these, combined dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest in recent years, since they are presumed to better predict the absorption behavior as compared to single-compartment dissolution assays. Moreover, especially for supersaturating formulations, it has been demonstrated that the presence of an absorption sink better mimics the intraluminal supersaturation performance. The present study aimed to investigate the biopredictive abilities of two in vitro D/P setups to predict intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption of supersaturable systems. Experiments were performed with a µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ apparatus, respectively, which differ primarily in their volume-to-area ratios between donor compartment and membrane as well as in the type of biomimetic barrier. A two-stage dissolution protocol was adopted to mimic the transit from acidic stomach to more neutral intestinal fluids using biomimetic media. Three formulations of the weakly basic compound Posaconazole (PCZ), namely an acidified and a neutral suspension and an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablet, were tested. Under the present conditions, and for the specific set of formulations studied here, PermeaLoop™ showed a better biopredictive ability for intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption for the three formulations than the µFLUX™ D/P setup. Interestingly, minor modifications of the two-stage D/P protocol in terms of medium transfer rates from simulated gastric fluid (SGF) to fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) had a substantial impact particularly on the permeation of the crystalline PCZ suspension ("acidified suspension"). The ASD tablet was less sensitive to gradual medium changes than the crystalline PCZ suspensions. The current study confirms the usefulness of D/P assays for formulation ranking of weakly basic compounds and supersaturating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anika Weck
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process R&D 3, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
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9
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Schmied FP, Bernhardt A, Baudron V, Beine B, Klein S. Development and Characterization of Celecoxib Solid Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDS) Prepared Using Novel Cellulose-Based Microparticles as Adsorptive Carriers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:213. [PMID: 35918561 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) represent an interesting platform for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble lipophilic drugs. While Liquid-SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) effectively solubilize the drug in vivo, they have several drawbacks, including poor storage stability. Solid-SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS) combine the advantages of L-SNEDDS with those of solid dosage forms, particularly stability. The aim of the present study was to convert celecoxib L-SNEDDS into S-SNEDDS without altering their release behavior. Various commercially available adsorptive carrier materials were investigated, as well as novel cellulose-based microparticles prepared by spray drying from an aqueous dispersion containing Diacel® 10 and methyl cellulose or gum arabic as a binder prior to their use. Particle size and morphology of the carrier materials were screened by scanning electron microscopy and their effects on the loading capacity for L-SNEDDS were investigated, and comparative in vitro dissolution studies of celecoxib L-SNEDDS and the different S-SNEDDS were performed immediately after preparation and after 3 months of storage. Among the adsorptive carrier materials, the novel cellulose-based microparticles were found to be the most suitable for the preparation of celecoxib S-SNEDDS from L-SNEDDS, enabling the preparation of a solid, stable formulation while preserving the in vitro release performance of the L-SNEDDS formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian-Pascal Schmied
- University of Greifswald, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.,Evonik Operations GmbH, Research, Development & Innovation, Kirschenallee, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Bernhardt
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Research, Development & Innovation, Kirschenallee, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Victor Baudron
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Research, Development & Innovation, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457, Hanau, Germany
| | - Birte Beine
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Research, Development & Innovation, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 55772, Marl, Germany
| | - Sandra Klein
- University of Greifswald, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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10
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Li F, Harvey RD, Modicano P, Hamdi F, Kyrilis F, Müller S, Gruhle K, Kastritis P, Drescher S, Dailey LA. Investigating bolalipids as solubilizing agents for poorly soluble drugs: Effects of alkyl chain length on solubilization and cytotoxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112369. [PMID: 35123195 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic single-chain bolalipids with symmetrical headgroups have shown potential in various pharmaceutical applications, such as the stabilization of liposome bilayers. Despite their amphiphilic character, synthetic bolalipids have not yet been investigated for their suitability as solubilizing agents for poorly soluble drug compounds. In this study, three synthetic single-chain bolalipids with increasing alkyl chain lengths (C22, C24 and C26) were investigated. All three bolalipids were able to achieve an increased solubility of the model drug, mefenamic acid, by approximately 180% in a pH 7.4 buffer compared to only a 102-105% increase achieved by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or the non-ionic surfactant pegylated hydroxystearate (PEG-HS). Subsequently, interfacial activity of bolalipids and their ability to destabilize liposomal bilayers were investigated. The C22 bolalipid exhibited a consistently lower interfacial activity, which was consistent with its significantly lower cytotoxicity in the macrophage-like cell line, J774. A1, compared to C24 and C26 counterparts. The mean IC50 values of the bolalipids tested (0.035-0.093 mM) were approximately 4-100-fold lower than that of SDS (0.401 mM) or PEG-HS (0.922 mM), with the mechanism of toxicity linked to increased cell membrane permeability, as is expected for surfactants. In summary, evidence from this study shows that decreasing the length of the bolalipid alkyl linker from C26 to C22 resulted in a significantly decreased cytotoxicity with no loss in drug solubilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard D Harvey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Modicano
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Biozentrum, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, Germany; Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fotios Kyrilis
- Biozentrum, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, Germany; Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sindy Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kai Gruhle
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Panagiotis Kastritis
- Biozentrum, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, Germany; Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Phospholipid Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Pešić N, Dapčević A, Ivković B, Kachrimanis K, Mitrić M, Ibrić S, Medarević D. Potential application of low molecular weight excipients for amorphization and dissolution enhancement of carvedilol. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121033. [PMID: 34419592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four low molecular weight (LMW) excipients, tryptophan (TRY), phenylalanine (PHE), lysine (LYS) and saccharin (SAC) were evaluated as co-formers to generate co-amorphous systems (CAMS) by ball milling with carvedilol (CRV). Mixtures of CRV and LMW excipient in 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2 drug:excipient molar ratios were ball milled and analysed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform (FT-IR) infrared spectroscopy and dissolution testing. CAMS were formed by milling of a mixture of CRV with TRY in 1:2 M ratio and SAC in 1:1 M ratio, while amorphization of only CRV was achieved in other mixtures with SAC. In other samples containing TRY and PHE, milling resulted in partial amorphization, while LYS was the least suitable excipient for the amorphization of CRV. Unexpectedly, the highest supersaturation of CRV was achieved from samples containing CRV and LYS in 1:1 and 1:2 M ratios, despite the absence of a significant reduction in CRV crystallinity upon milling of these samples. Increase of hydrophobic surface area caused by milling of samples with TRY and PHE and agglomeration during dissolution testing of samples containing SAC are likely causes of poor dissolution performance of mixtures containing fully or partially amorphous CRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pešić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Dapčević
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Ivković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Miodrag Mitrić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Medarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Malik NA. Drug Solubilization by Surfactants: Experimental Methods and Theoretical Perspectives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:579-585. [PMID: 34353255 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210805111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This mini review will give an insight into the need and usefulness of investigating the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs. Commonly used experimental and theoretical models are outlined to study the efficacy of the carrier or excipient for the poorly soluble drugs. Furthermore, the use of surface active agents for drug solubilization is discussed in correlation with the mathematical models suggested from time to time. A few experimental techniques are also discussed which would be very helpful in elucidating the interactions prevailing in the mixed systems of poorly soluble drugs and surface active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology, IUST, Awantipora, Pulwama. India
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13
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Chen P, Liu J, Zhang K, Huang D, Huang S, Xie Q, Yang F, Huang J, Fang D, Huang Z, Lu Z, Chen Y. Preparation of clarithromycin floating core-shell systems (CSS) using multi-nozzle semi-solid extrusion-based 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120837. [PMID: 34197910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix erosion is unavoidable during the release of poorly soluble drugs from gastric floating delivery system (GFDDS), which shortens the floating time and diminishes drug release. We fabricated a core-shell system (CSS) consisting of a low-density drug-loaded shell and a floating core using multi-nozzle semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing technology. The clarithromycin (CAM) loading capacity of the shell was 81.7%. The floating core paste provided structural support during printing and formed a hollow structure in CAM CSS, which increased the buoyancy in the early stage of drug release. In addition, the floating core had numerous micro-airbags that swelled when the solution penetrated the core, and generated CO2. The micro-airbag structure and CO2 generation further increased the buoyancy of CSS. The CAM CSS achieved 74.5% (w/w) drug loading, 8 h sustained release, and immediate and prolonged floating (>10 h). This structure of CSS and floating core provide a novel perspective for constructing a stable gastric floating drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Chen
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaijun Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongzhen Huang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precision Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingchun Xie
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precision Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danqiao Fang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zeju Huang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhufen Lu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precision Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - YanZhong Chen
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precision Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Palmelund H, Eriksen JB, Bauer-Brandl A, Rantanen J, Löbmann K. Enabling formulations of aprepitant: in vitro and in vivo comparison of nanocrystalline, amorphous and deep eutectic solvent based formulations. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100083. [PMID: 34151250 PMCID: PMC8193149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a eutectic system consisting of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor has been suggested as a promising formulation strategy for poorly soluble drugs. A DES consisting of choline chloride and levulinic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio was used to formulate a liquid solution of the model drug aprepitant. This formulation was tested in vitro (drug release and permeability) and in vivo (rat model) and compared with the performance of amorphous aprepitant and the commercial aprepitant nanocrystalline formulation. In this study a DES formulation is compared for the first time directly to other established enabling formulations. The in vitro drug release study demonstrated that the DES formulation and the amorphous form both were able to induce an apparent supersaturation followed by subsequent drug precipitation. To mitigate the risk of precipitation, HPMC was predissolved in the dissolution medium, which successfully reduced the degree of precipitation. In line with the results from the release study, an in vitro permeation study showed superior permeation of the drug from the DES formulation and from the amorphous form compared to the nanocrystalline formulation. However, the promising in vitro findings could not be directly translated into an increased in vivo performance in rats compared to the nanocrystalline formulation. Whilst the DES formulation (34 ± 4%) showed a higher oral bioavailability compared to amorphous aprepitant (20 ± 4%), it was on par with the oral bioavailability obtained from the nanocrystalline formulation (36 ± 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Palmelund
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas B Eriksen
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Tipduangta P, Belton P, McAuley WJ, Qi S. The use of polymer blends to improve stability and performance of electrospun solid dispersions: The role of miscibility and phase separation. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120637. [PMID: 33901595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid dispersion-based nanofiber formulations of poorly soluble drugs prepared by electrospinning (ES) with a water-soluble polymer, can offer significant improvements in drug dissolution for oral drug administration. However, when hygroscopic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are used, environmental moisture sorption can lead to poor physical stability on storage. This study investigated the use of polymer blends to modify PVP-based ES formulations of a model poorly soluble drug, fenofibrate (FF), to improve its physical stability without compromising dissolution enhancement. FF-PVP ES dispersions demonstrated clear dissolution enhancement, but poor storage stability against high humidity. Polymer blends of PVP with Eudragit E, Soluplus and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), were selected because of the low intrinsic moisture sorption of these polymers. The drug-polymer and polymer-polymer miscibility study revealed that FF was more miscible with Eudragit E and Soluplus than with PVP and HPMCAS, and that PVP was more miscible with HPMCAS than Eudragit E and Soluplus. This led to different configurations of phase separation in the placebo and drug-loaded fibres. The in vitro drug release data confirmed that the use of PVP-Eudragit E retained the dissolution enhancement of the PVP formulation, whereas PVP-Soluplus reduced the drug release rate in comparison to FF-PVP formulations. The moisture sorption results confirmed that moisture uptake by the polymer blends was reduced, but formulation deformation occurred to phase-separated blend formulations. The data revealed the importance of miscibility and phase separation in understanding the physical stability of the ES fibre mats. The findings provide insight into the design of formulations that can provide dissolution enhancement balanced with improved storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratchaya Tipduangta
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - William J McAuley
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
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16
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Fael H, Demirel AL. Indomethacin co-amorphous drug-drug systems with improved solubility, supersaturation, dissolution rate and physical stability. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120448. [PMID: 33675920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, new co-amorphous drug systems were designed using a pharmacologically relevant combination to improve the solubility and dissolution of indomethacin. Combinations of indomethacin-paracetamol (IND-PAR) as an anti-inflammatory/pain killer, and indomethacin-nicotinamide (IND-NCT) for prevention of gastric ulcers caused by IND, were developed for co-amorphization. The effect of PAR and NCT on the solubility, supersaturation, and dissolution of the poorly soluble counterpart, IND, was investigated. PAR and NCT were found to enhance the solubility and supersaturation of IND in biorelevant medium (FaSSIF) and in FaSSIF blank. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed capability of IND-PAR and IND-NCT binary mixtures to form eutectic mixture. Powder X-ray diffraction and DSC indicated the formation of a homogenous co-amorphous system with single Tg value. Hydrogen bonding between IND and each of PAR and NCT were found to stabilize the co-amorphous systems as supported by FTIR studies. The intrinsic dissolution rate under sink conditions was improved over that of plain amorphous IND both in FaSSIF and FaSSIF blank. IND-PAR 2:1 and IND-NCT 1:1 were extremely stable and remained amorphous for 7 months at 25 °C, while all co-amorphous formulations were stable at least up to one month at 40 °C under dry condition. The present work demonstrates an improved approach to combine IND-PAR and IND-NCT as promising co-amorphous systems for potential therapeutical applications.
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17
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Peng R, Huang J, He L, Zhao L, Wang C, Wei W, Xia T, Mao Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Yang J. Polymer/lipid interplay in altering in vitro supersaturation and plasma concentration of a model poorly soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105262. [PMID: 32060005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturation drug delivery system (SDDS) based on amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a widely used strategy to improve oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs by achieving a supersaturated state where drug concentration is significantly higher than drug solubility. However, dissolved drugs tend to recrystallize in gastrointestinal (GI) tract if without effective stabilizing excipients. In this paper, well-recognized polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) and lipid (phosphatidylcholine, PC) excipients are combined as ASD carrier, aiming at investigating the effects on evolution of in vitro supersaturation and in vivo plasma concentration of a model poorly soluble drug indomethacin (IND). Fundamental aspects including polymer/lipid composition ratio, drug loading (DL) degree and administration dose were investigated. The in vitro dissolution profiles of ASDs were assessed by supersaturation degree, duration, maximum achievable drug concentration and dose-normalized efficiency, and correlated with in vivo pharmacokinetic data. Results showed that both in vitro and in vivo concentration-time profiles of IND were significantly varying with abovementioned factors. Solution viscosity, solid-state properties and morphology of ASDs were related to the results. This study revealed fundamental mechanisms of PVP/PC mixture effect on IND supersaturation and oral bioavailability, demonstrating that polymer/lipid mixture could be used as a promising carrier to alter supersaturation profile and oral bioavailability of SDDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada.
| | - Li He
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Cuitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongchao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yifei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinghui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Makar RR, Latif R, Hosni EA, El Gazayerly ON. A New Crystal Engineering Technique for Dissolution Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs Combining Quasi-emulsion and Crystallo-co Agglomeration Methods. Iran J Pharm Res 2020; 19:219-235. [PMID: 33224227 PMCID: PMC7667531 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A target of best dissolution improvement of poorly soluble drugs is a necessity for the success of formulation in industry. The present work describes the preparation, optimization, and evaluation of a new spherical agglomeration technique for glimepiride as a model of poorly soluble drugs. It involved the emulsification of a drug solution containing a dispersed carrier that tailors the crystal habit of the drug to a perfect spherical geometry, in a poor solvent containing a hydrophilic polymer which imparts sphericity and strength to the formed agglomerates. The FTIR peaks of optimized product did not show any sign of chemical interaction between the drug and adsorbed carrier. The DSC and X ray diffractogram showed a peak characteristic of spherical agglomerates with much less intensity than that of glimepiride. The dissolution t1/2 of the drug slightly decreased from 381 min to 334 min in plain agglomerates. Introducing polymers in the aqueous phase of emulsion led to an improvement in the dissolution, reflected in t1/2 ranging from 118 to 231 min. Agglomerates prepared with Starlac/PVP demonstrated the most optimum physicochemical characteristics being spherical, with the best flowability and packability parameters. The t1/2 was as short as 19 min. The new carrier/polymer system offered a synergistic combination that highly contributed in dissolution enhancement of glimepiride. The spheronization and amorphisation offered by the new technique could account for such improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana R. Makar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt.
| | - Randa Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Ehab A. Hosni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt.
| | - Omaima N. El Gazayerly
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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19
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Ruphuy G, Saloň I, Tomas J, Šalamúnová P, Hanuš J, Štěpánek F. Encapsulation of poorly soluble drugs in yeast glucan particles by spray drying improves dispersion and dissolution properties. Int J Pharm 2019; 576:118990. [PMID: 31899318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, novel amorphous solid dispersions based on yeast glucan particles were produced. Yeast glucan particles are hollow and porous, and they are mainly composed of amorphous polysaccharides. We hypothesized that these particles are suitable candidates for the amorphization of drugs with low water solubility. Model drugs ibuprofen and curcumin were successfully encapsulated in glucan particles by spray drying. Different spray-drying parameters were tested to evaluate the influence of atomizing droplet size and initial solid content on encapsulation efficiency. It was shown that higher solid content and, more significantly, larger droplet sizes lead to higher encapsulation efficiencies. The encapsulation efficiency of ibuprofen (10 wt%) into glucan particles was considerably improved from 41.3 ± 0.5% to 64.3 ± 0.2% by increasing initial solid content and droplet size with the two-fluid nozzle. The spray drying process was further optimized by using the ultrasonic nozzle and it was possible to achieve complete encapsulation of ibuprofen and curcumin without any precipitation of the active compound outside of the glucan particles. Overall, it was possible to produce completely amorphous composites with outstanding wettability and dispersion properties, and with significantly faster dissolution rates when compared to the micronized crude drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ruphuy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Saloň
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Šalamúnová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hanuš
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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20
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Ibrahim AH, Smått JH, Govardhanam NP, Ibrahim HM, Ismael HR, Afouna MI, Samy AM, Rosenholm JM. Formulation and optimization of drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based tablets to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly water-soluble drug silymarin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105103. [PMID: 31648050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porous carriers have been put forward as a promising alternative for stabilizing the amorphous state of loaded drugs, and thus significantly improving the dissolution rate of poorly soluble compounds. The purpose of this study was to enhance the saturation solubility, dissolution rate and drug loading of the poorly water-soluble drug silymarin via incorporation into mesoporous silica nanospheres within a lyophilized tablet to obtain a unique formulation. 32 full factorial design was applied to study the effect of both independent variables, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer and binder and sucrose as cryoprotectant and disintegrant; and on the dependent variables that included the mean particle size (Y1), disintegration time (Y2), tablet strength (Y3) and % of drug release after 2 min, R2min,Y4. The drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanospheres and the optimized formula was evaluated by different characterization methods: scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; as well as drug content, saturation solubility and moisture content. The evaluation demonstrated that the loaded mesoporous silica nanospheres and the optimized formula are in amorphous state without any chemical interaction with the silica matrix or the stabilizer. Moreover, the drug was stably maintained in nanosize range with narrow particle size distribution. Furthermore, the optimized lyophilized tablets had highly porous structure, low friability (less than 1%), fast disintegration (less than 30 s), high tablet strength, low moisture content (less than 1%), remarkably increased dissolution rate and noticeable improvement in saturation solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jan-Henrik Smått
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3-5, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - N Prakirth Govardhanam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hany M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem R Ismael
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohsen I Afouna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Dong B, Lim LM, Hadinoto K. Enhancing the physical stability and supersaturation generation of amorphous drug-polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complex via incorporation of crystallization inhibitor at the nanoparticle formation step: A case of HPMC versus PVP. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105035. [PMID: 31386892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous drug-polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complex (or nanoplex in short) has emerged as a highly attractive solubility enhancement strategy of poorly-soluble drugs attributed to its simple and highly efficient preparation. The existing nanoplex formulation, however, exhibits poor amorphous form stability during long-term storage for drugs with high crystallization propensity. Using ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sodium dextran sulfate (DXT) as the model drug-polyelectrolyte nanoplex, we investigated the feasibility of incorporating crystallization inhibiting agents, i.e. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), at the nanoplex formation step to improve the physical stability of the CIP nanoplex. The effects of the HPMC or PVP additions on the nanoplex's physical characteristics (i.e. size, zeta potential, CIP payload), CIP utilization rate, dissolution rate, and supersaturation generation were also examined. The results showed that the additions of HPMC or PVP increased the CIP nanoplex size (from 300 to 500 nm) and CIP utilization rate (from 65% to 90% w/w) with minimal impacts on the CIP payload (70-80% w/w). Their additions had opposite impacts on the nanoplex's colloidal stability due to surfactant nature of PVP. Significantly, unlike the CIP-DXT and CIP-DXT-PVP nanoplexes, the CIP-DXT-HPMC nanoplex remained amorphous after three-month accelerated storage, while also exhibited superior solubility enhancement (15-30% higher).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Dong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Li Ming Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Kunn Hadinoto
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Mohammad IS, Hu H, Yin L, He W. Drug nanocrystals: Fabrication methods and promising therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:187-202. [PMID: 30851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug nanocrystals (NCs) with unique physicochemical properties are now considered as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. So far >20 formulations of NCs have been approved in the market. In this review, we summarized recent advances of NCs with emphasis on their therapeutic applications based on administration route and disease states. At the end, we present a brief description of the future perspectives of NCs and their potential role as a promising drug delivery system. As a strategy for solubilization and bioavailability enhancement, the NCs have gained significant success. Besides this, the function of NCs is still far from developed. The emerging NC-based drug delivery approach would widen the applications of NCs in drug delivery and bio-medical field. Their in vitro and in vivo fate is extremely unclear; and the development of hybrid NCs with environment-sensitive fluorophores may assist to extend the scope of bio-imaging and provide better insight to their intracellular uptake kinetics, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200443, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Bavnhøj CG, Knopp MM, Madsen CM, Löbmann K. The role interplay between mesoporous silica pore volume and surface area and their effect on drug loading capacity. Int J Pharm X 2019; 1:100008. [PMID: 31517273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of the mesoporous silica (MS) textural properties (surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume) on drug loading capacity (monomolecular loading capacity and pore filling capacity) was investigated theoretically and experimentally using a thermoanalytical method. The loading capacities of three model drugs (celecoxib, cinnarizine, and paracetamol) were determined in five different MS grades of Sylysia® with identical chemical composition, but varying surface area, pore diameter and pore volume. The experimentally determined loading capacities were compared to theoretical loading capacities, calculated based on the surface area and amorphous density of the drugs, and the surface area and pore volume of the MS. The findings of the study showed that the monomolecular loading capacity generally increased with increasing surface area and decreasing pore volume of the MS. However, the MS grade with the highest surface area did not display the highest monomolecular loading capacity for any of the three drugs. This was probably a result of the decreasing pore diameter necessary to accommodate the increasing surface area of the MS i.e., if the pore is smaller than the drug molecule, the drug cannot access the available surface area. For these systems, the amorphous density of the drug and the pore volume of the MS was used to estimate the theoretical pore filling capacity, which was in good agreement with the experimentally determined loading capacity. In conclusion, this study showed that both the pore volume and surface area of the MS will have an influence on the drug loading capacity and that this can be estimated with good accuracy both theoretically and experimentally.
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Ṣen Karaman D, Patrignani G, Rosqvist E, Smått JH, Orłowska A, Mustafa R, Preis M, Rosenholm JM. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles facilitating the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in orodispersible films. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:152-159. [PMID: 29966736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orodispersible films (ODF) are immediately dissolving/disintegrating intraoral dosage forms, presented as substitutes of conventional tablets or capsules to ease problems associated with swallowing. Efforts have been made to be able to exploit ODFs as dosage forms for poorly soluble drugs. In the last two decades, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been extensively used in drug delivery applications to overcome solubility problems of drugs. The tunable features of MSNs make them suitable candidates as drug carriers and solubility enhancers. In this study, the feasibility of MSNs as a carrier of poorly soluble drugs, using prednisolone as a model drug, in ODFs was investigated. Our results revealed that the increased amount of MSNs in ODFs leads to shortening of the disintegration time of the films. Drug content investigations showed that low dose ODFs with prednisolone incorporation efficiencies higher than 80% could be produced. Furthermore, the prednisolone release profile from ODFs can be tuned with the incorporation of MSNs as drug carrier (MSNpred). The MSNpred incorporated ODFs yield with immediate release of drug from the ODF, whereby 90% of the prednisolone content could be released in the first minutes. By modifying the MSNpred design with copolymer surface coating, prednisolone (cop-MSNpred) release can be modulated into a two-step sustained release profile. To sum up, the MSNs platform does not only provide careful low dose incorporation into ODF with high efficiency, but it also aids in tuning the drug release profiles from ODFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ṣen Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Giorgia Patrignani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Emil Rosqvist
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jan-Henrik Smått
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Orłowska
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Rawand Mustafa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Hempel NJ, Brede K, Olesen NE, Genina N, Knopp MM, Löbmann K. A fast and reliable DSC-based method to determine the monomolecular loading capacity of drugs with good glass-forming ability in mesoporous silica. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:153-7. [PMID: 29679750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to introduce a fast and reliable differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-based method to determine the monomolecular loading capacity of drugs with good glass-forming ability in mesoporous silica (MS). The proposed method is based on a solvent-free melting/fusion of drug into the MS during a heat-cool-heat cycle in the DSC. Overloaded drug-MS systems were analyzed in the DSC at different drug ratios (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% w/w) to quantify the excess drug in the (the fraction not adsorbed to the MS surface). During the first heating, the drug will melt and fuse into the pores of the MS and upon subsequent quench cooling, the drug that is not adsorbed to the surface of the MS will amorphize into a separate phase (as drugs with good glass-forming ability do not crystallize upon quench-cooling from the melt). The drug molecules adsorbed to the MS surface are "immobilized" and will not contribute to a glass transition in the DSC and thus, the excess drug can be quantified simply by determining the change in the heat capacity over the glass transition (ΔCp). Since the ΔCp of overloaded samples decrease linearly with decreasing drug content, the monomolecular loading capacity of the drug in the MS can be determined by extrapolating to zero ΔCp. This value corresponds to the highest drug load at which the drug is monomolecularly adsorbed to the surface of the MS and has no drug-related thermal events (glass transition), i.e. a thermodynamically stable system. Using this method, it was possible to determine the monomolecular loading capacity of four drugs with good glass-forming ability in four different MS. These determinations were in good agreement with the physical stability of the systems during an accelerated stability study, which indicates that the thermoanalytical method enabled fast and reliable determination of the monomolecular loading capacity of drugs in MS.
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Vojinović T, Medarević D, Vranić E, Potpara Z, Krstić M, Djuriš J, Ibrić S. Development of ternary solid dispersions with hydrophilic polymer and surface adsorbent for improving dissolution rate of carbamazepine. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:725-32. [PMID: 29991917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study solid dispersions of carbamazepine in the hydrophilic Kollidon® VA64 polymer, adsorbed onto Neusilin® UFL2 adsorption carrier have been employed to improve carbamazepine dissolution rate. In order to evaluate effects of changing in the proportions of all solid dispersion components on carbamazepine dissolution rate, D-optimal mixture experimental design was used in the formulation development. From all prepared solid dispersion formulations, significantly faster carbamazepine dissolution was observed compared to pure drug. Ternary solid dispersions containing carbamazepine, Kollidon® VA64 and Neusilin® UFL2 showed superior dissolution performances over binary ones, containing only carbamazepine and Neusilin® UFL2. Proportion of Kollidon® VA64 showed the most profound effect on the amount of carbamazepine dissolved after 10 and 30 min, whereby these parameters increase upon increasing in Kollidon® VA64 concentrations up to the middle values in the studied range of Kollidon® VA64 concentrations. Physicochemical characterization of the selected samples using differential scanning calorimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and polarizing light microscopy showed polymorphic transition of carbamazepine from more thermodynamically stable monoclinic form (form III) to less thermodynamically stable triclinic form (form I) in the case of ternary, but not of binary solid dispersion formulations. This polymorphic transition can be one of the factors responsible for improving of carbamazepine dissolution rate from studied solid dispersions. Ternary solid dispersions prepared with Kollidon® VA64 hydrophilic polymer and Neusilin® UFL2 adsorption carrier resulted in significantly improvement of carbamazepine dissolution rate, but formation of metastable polymorphic form of carbamazepine requires particular care to be taken in ensuring product long term stability.
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Wong JJL, Yu H, Lim LM, Hadinoto K. A trade-off between solubility enhancement and physical stability upon simultaneous amorphization and nanonization of curcumin in comparison to amorphization alone. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 114:356-363. [PMID: 29309874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The numerous health benefits of curcumin (CUR) have not been fully realized due to its low aqueous solubility, resulting in poor bioavailability. While amorphization of CUR via amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) represents a well-established CUR solubility enhancement strategy, simultaneous amorphization and nanonization of CUR via amorphous CUR nanoparticles (or nano-CUR in short) have emerged only recently as the plausibly superior alternative to ASD. Herein we examined for the first time the amorphous nano-CUR versus the ASD of CUR in terms of their (1) in vitro solubility enhancement capability and (2) long-term physical stability. The ASD of CUR was prepared by spray drying with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) acting as crystallization inhibitor. The amorphous nano-CUR was investigated in both its (i) aqueous suspension and (ii) dry-powder forms in which the latter was prepared by spray drying with adjuvants (i.e. HPMC, trehalose, and soy lecithin). The results showed that the amorphous nano-CUR (in both its aqueous suspension and dry-powder forms) exhibited superior solubility enhancement to the ASD of CUR attributed to its faster dissolution rates. This was despite the ASD formulation contained a larger amount of HPMC. The superior solubility enhancement, however, came at the expense of low physical stability, where the amorphous nano-CUR showed signs of transformation to crystalline after three-month accelerated storage, which was not observed with the ASD. Thus, despite its inferior solubility enhancement, the conventional ASD of CUR was found to represent the more feasible CUR solubility enhancement strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Jie Long Wong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459
| | - Li Ming Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459
| | - Kunn Hadinoto
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459.
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Abstract
The complexity of the structure and nature of the eye emanates a challenge for drug delivery to formulation scientists. Lower bioavailability concern of conventional ocular formulation provokes the interest of researchers in the development of novel drug delivery system. Nanotechnology-based formulations have been extensively investigated and found propitious in improving bioavailability of drugs by overcoming ocular barriers prevailing in the eye. The advent of nanocrystals helped in combating the problem of poorly soluble drugs specifically for oral and parenteral drug delivery and led to development of various marketed products. Nanocrystal-based formulations explored for ocular drug delivery have been found successful in achieving increase in retention time, bioavailability, and permeability of drugs across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. In this review, we have highlighted the ocular physiology and barriers in drug delivery. A comparative analysis of various nanotechnology-based ocular formulations is done with their pros and cons. Consideration is also given to various methods of preparation of nanocrystals with their patented technology. This article highlights the success achieved in conquering various challenges of ocular delivery by the use of nanocrystals while emphasizing on its advantages and application for ocular formulation. The perspectives of nanocrystals as an emerging flipside to explore the frontiers of ocular drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Viral Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India.
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Davis M, Walker G. Recent strategies in spray drying for the enhanced bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2017; 269:110-127. [PMID: 29117503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs are a significant and ongoing issue for the pharmaceutical industry. An overview of recent developments for the preparation of spray-dried delivery systems is presented. Examples include amorphous solid dispersions, spray dried dispersions, microparticles, nanoparticles, surfactant systems and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Several aspects of formulation are considered, such as pre-screening, choosing excipient(s), the effect of polymer structure on performance, formulation optimisation, ternary dispersions, fixed-dose combinations, solvent selection and component miscibility. Process optimisation techniques including nozzle selection are discussed. Comparisons are drawn with other preparation techniques such as hot melt extrusion, freeze drying, milling, electro spinning and film casting. Novel analytical and dissolution techniques for the characterization of amorphous solid dispersions are included. Progress in understanding of amorphous supersaturation or recrystallisation from solution gathered from mechanistic studies is discussed. Aspects of powder flow and compression are considered in a section on downstream processing. Overall, spray drying has a bright future due to its versatility, efficiency and the driving force of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Davis
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Gavin Walker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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30
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Rosenblatt KM, Bunjes H. Evaluation of the drug loading capacity of different lipid nanoparticle dispersions by passive drug loading. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:49-59. [PMID: 28315731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When using lipid nanoparticles as drug carrier system it is important to know how much drug can be loaded to the nanoparticles. The mainly used drug loading procedure is an empirical approach dissolving the drug in the liquid lipid during preparation of the nanoparticles. This approach does not necessarily lead to the truly loadable amount, as the lipid can, e.g. be overloaded, in particular when it is processed in the heat. In this work, a different procedure, passive drug loading, was evaluated to determine the drug loading capacity of various lipid nanoparticles (supercooled trimyristin emulsion droplets, solid trimyristin nanoparticles, tristearin nanoparticles in the α-modification and cholesteryl myristate nanoparticles in the supercooled smectic as well as in the crystalline state). The nanoparticle dispersions were exposed to eight different model drug compounds (betamethasone-17-valerate, carbamazepine, diazepam, flufenamic acid, griseofulvin, ibuprofen, retinyl palmitate, ubidecarenone) in the bulk state, which varied in partition coefficient and aqueous solubility, and equilibrated over time. The passive loading procedure had no relevant impact on the particle sizes or the physicochemical state of the nanoparticles. The loadable drug amount differed distinctly for the different model compounds and also between the different types of lipid nanoparticles. For most compounds, the loaded amount was much higher than the aqueous solubility. Trimyristin-based dispersions generally had the highest loading capacity, the emulsion usually being equal or superior to the solid trimyristin nanoparticles. For betamethasone-17-valerate, however, solid lipid nanoparticles exhibited by far the highest drug load. The extremely lipophilic model drugs retinyl palmitate and ubidecarenone could not be loaded with the passive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Rosenblatt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraβe 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraβe 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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31
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Castoldi A, Herr C, Niederstraßer J, Labouta HI, Melero A, Gordon S, Schneider-Daum N, Bals R, Lehr CM. Calcifediol-loaded liposomes for local treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 118:62-67. [PMID: 27888144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The influence of vitamin D3 and its metabolites calcifediol (25(OH)D) and calcitriol on immune regulation and inflammation is well described, and raises the question of potential benefit against bacterial infections. In the current study, 25(OH)D was encapsulated in liposomes to enable aerosolisation, and tested for the ability to prevent pulmonary infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prepared 25(OH)D-loaded liposomes were nanosized and monodisperse, with a negative surface charge and a 25(OH)D entrapment efficiency of approximately 23%. Jet nebulisation of liposomes was seen to yield an aerosol suitable for tracheo-bronchial deposition. Interestingly, 25(OH)D in either liposomes or ethanolic solution had no effect on the release of the proinflammatory cytokine KC from Pseudomonas-infected murine epithelial cells (LA-4); treatment of infected, human bronchial 16-HBE cells with 25(OH)D liposomes however resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial survival. Together with the importance of selecting an application-appropriate in vitro model, the current study illustrates the feasibility and practicality of employing liposomes as a means to achieve 25(OH)D lung deposition. 25(OH)D-loaded liposomes further demonstrated promising effects regarding prevention of Pseudomonas infection in human bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Castoldi
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology, Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Julia Niederstraßer
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology, Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hagar Ibrahim Labouta
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Chemistry & "Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering Research Lab" (CMBRL), University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; University of Alexandria, Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ana Melero
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology, Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Institute for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Eleftheriadis GK, Filippousi M, Tsachouridou V, Darda MA, Sygellou L, Kontopoulou I, Bouropoulos N, Steriotis T, Charalambopoulou G, Vizirianakis IS, Van Tendeloo G, Fatouros DG. Evaluation of mesoporous carbon aerogels as carriers of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:262-270. [PMID: 27717918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Towards the development of novel drug carriers for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs mesoporous aerogel carbons (CAs), namely CA10 and CA20 with different pore sizes (10 and 20nm, respectively), were evaluated. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory lipophilic compound ibuprofen was incorporated via passive loading. The drug loaded carbon aerogels were systemically investigated by means of High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Nitrogen physisorption studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray photon electron spectroscopy (XPS) and ζ-potential studies. In vitro release studies were performed in simulated intestinal fluids reflecting both fasted (FaSSIF) and fed (FeSSIF) state conditions. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted with human intestinal cells (Caco-2). Drug was in an amorphous state in the pores of the carbon carrier as shown from the physicochemical characterization studies. The results showed marked differences in the release profiles for ibuprofen from the two aerogels in the media tested whereas in vitro toxicity profiles appear to be compatible with potential therapeutic applications at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K Eleftheriadis
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Maria Filippousi
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vassiliki Tsachouridou
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas-Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH/ICE-HT), P.O. Box 1414, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Anna Darda
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Lamprini Sygellou
- Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas-Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH/ICE-HT), P.O. Box 1414, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kontopoulou
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Bouropoulos
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Theodore Steriotis
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis S Vizirianakis
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios G Fatouros
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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Alhijjaj M, Belton P, Qi S. An investigation into the use of polymer blends to improve the printability of and regulate drug release from pharmaceutical solid dispersions prepared via fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:111-125. [PMID: 27594210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FDM 3D printing has been recently attracted increasing research efforts towards the production of personalized solid oral formulations. However, commercially available FDM printers are extremely limited with regards to the materials that can be processed to few types of thermoplastic polymers, which often may not be pharmaceutically approved materials nor ideal for optimizing dosage form performance of poor soluble compounds. This study explored the use of polymer blends as a formulation strategy to overcome this processability issue and to provide adjustable drug release rates from the printed dispersions. Solid dispersions of felodipine, the model drug, were successfully fabricated using FDM 3D printing with polymer blends of PEG, PEO and Tween 80 with either Eudragit E PO or Soluplus. As PVA is one of most widely used polymers in FDM 3D printing, a PVA based solid dispersion was used as a benchmark to compare the polymer blend systems to in terms of processability. The polymer blends exhibited excellent printability and were suitable for processing using a commercially available FDM 3D printer. With 10% drug loading, all characterization data indicated that the model drug was molecularly dispersed in the matrices. During in vitro dissolution testing, it was clear that the disintegration behavior of the formulations significantly influenced the rates of drug release. Eudragit EPO based blend dispersions showed bulk disintegration; whereas the Soluplus based blends showed the 'peeling' style disintegration of strip-by-strip. The results indicated that interplay of the miscibility between excipients in the blends, the solubility of the materials in the dissolution media and the degree of fusion between the printed strips during FDM process can be used to manipulate the drug release rate of the dispersions. This brings new insight into the design principles of controlled release formulations using FDM 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqdad Alhijjaj
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Abstract
The effects of different formulations and processes on inducing and maintaining the supersaturation of ternary solid dispersions of ezetimibe (EZ) in two biorelevant media fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fasted-state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) at different temperatures (25 °C and 37 °C) were investigated in this work. Ternary solid dispersions of EZ were prepared by adding polymer PVP-K30 and surfactant poloxamer 188 using melt-quenching and spray-drying methods. The resulting solid dispersions were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated DSC, powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. The dissolution of all the ternary solid dispersions was tested in vitro under non-sink conditions. All the prepared solid dispersions were amorphous in nature. In FaSSIF at 25 °C, the melt-quenched (MQ) solid dispersions of EZ were more soluble than the spray-dried (SD) solid dispersions and supersaturation was maintained. However, at 37 °C, rapid and variable precipitation behavior was observed for all the MQ and SD formulations. In FaSSGF, the melting method resulted in better solubility than the spray-drying method at both temperatures. Ternary solid dispersions show potential for improving solubility and supersaturation. However, powder dissolution experiments of these solid dispersions of EZ at 25 °C may not predict the supersaturation behavior at physiologically relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alhayali
- a Department of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences , Luleå University of Technology , Lulea , Sweden
| | - Staffan Tavellin
- b Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience , Umea University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Sitaram Velaga
- a Department of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences , Luleå University of Technology , Lulea , Sweden
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Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems have recently gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical field because of their potential to improve oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs through drug dissolution enhancement as a result of the amorphous nature of the material. A co-amorphous system is characterized by the use of only low molecular weight components that are mixed into a homogeneous single-phase co-amorphous blend. The use of only low molecular weight co-formers makes this approach very attractive, as the amount of amorphous stabilizer can be significantly reduced compared with other amorphous stabilization techniques. Because of this, several research groups started to investigate the co-amorphous formulation approach, resulting in an increasing amount of scientific publications over the last few years. This study provides an overview of the co-amorphous field and its recent findings. In particular, we investigate co-amorphous formulations from the viewpoint of solid dispersions, describe their formation and mechanism of stabilization, study their impact on dissolution and in vivo performance and briefly outline the future potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Jayant Dengale
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Medarević D, Kachrimanis K, Djurić Z, Ibrić S. Influence of hydrophilic polymers on the complexation of carbamazepine with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:273-85. [PMID: 26255049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study binary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, as well as ternary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-hydrophilic polymer systems were used to improve dissolution rate of carbamazepine. It has been shown that addition of hydrophilic polymers (Soluplus® and two types of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-Metolose® 90SH-100 and Metolose® 65SH-1500) significantly increased solubilization capacity of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for carbamazepine. Evaluation of carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-hydrophilic polymer interactions using molecular modeling techniques showed interactions between carbamazepine, which dissociates from inclusion complexes and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose that can prevent crystallization of dissolved carbamazepine. These results can contribute to better understanding of drug-cyclodextrin-hydrophilic polymer interactions which are still not well understood. After evaluation of carbamazepine solubilization with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and hydrophilic polymers, both binary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and ternary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-hydrophilic polymer systems were prepared by spray drying. The results of solid state characterization methods showed amorphous nature of carbamazepine in all spray dried systems, which together with the results of molecular modeling techniques indicates inclusion complex formation. Carbamazepine dissolution rate was significantly improved from spray dried formulations compared to pure drug. Binary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and ternary carbamazepine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-Soluplus® systems exhibited the fastest carbamazepine release, wherein the entire amount of carbamazepine was released during first 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Medarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zorica Djurić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Mosgaard MD, Sassene P, Mu H, Rades T, Müllertz A. Development of a high-throughput in vitro intestinal lipolysis model for rapid screening of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:493-500. [PMID: 26159837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a high-throughput in vitro intestinal lipolysis (HTP) model, without any means of pH-stat-titration, to enable a fast evaluation of lipid-based drug delivery systems (LbDDS). MATERIAL AND METHOD The HTP model was compared to the traditionally used dynamic in vitro lipolysis (DIVL) model with regard to the extent of lipid digestion and drug distribution of two poorly soluble model drugs (cinnarizine and danazol), during digestion of three LbDDS (LbDDS I-III). RESULT The HTP model was able to maintain pH around 6.5 during digestion, without the addition of NaOH to neutralize the free fatty acids (FFAs), due to an increased buffer capacity. Cinnarizine was primarily located in the aqueous phase during digestion of all three LbDDS and did not differ significantly between the two models. The distribution of danazol varied from formulation to formulation, but no significant difference between the models was observed. The triacylglycerides (TAG) in LbDDS III were digested to the same extent in both models, whereas the TAG present in LbDDS II was digested slightly less in the HTP model. No TAG was present in LbDDS I and digestion was therefore not analyzed. CONCLUSION The HTP model is able to predict drug distribution during digestion of LbDDS containing poorly water soluble drugs in the same manner as the DIVL model. Thus the HTP model might prove applicable for high-throughput evaluation of LbDDS in e.g. 96 well plates or small scale dissolution equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette D Mosgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Denmark
| | - Philip Sassene
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Denmark
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Denmark; Bioneer: FARMA, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Potrč T, Baumgartner S, Roškar R, Planinšek O, Lavrič Z, Kristl J, Kocbek P. Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers as a potential oromucosal delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:101-13. [PMID: 25910438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The number of poorly water-soluble drug candidates is rapidly increasing; this represents a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. As a consequence, novel formulation approaches are required. Furthermore, if such a drug candidate is intended for the therapy of a specific group of the population, such as geriatric or pediatric, the formulation challenge is even greater, with the need to produce a dosage form that is acceptable for specific patients. Therefore, the goal of our study was to explore electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers as a novel nanodelivery system adopted for the oromucosal administration of poorly water-soluble drugs. The nanofibers were evaluated in comparison with polymer films loaded with ibuprofen or carvedilol as the model drugs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the amount of incorporated drug affects the diameter and the morphology of the nanofibers. The average fiber diameter increased with a higher drug loading, whereas the morphology of the nanofibers was noticeably changed in the case of nanofibers with 50% and 60% ibuprofen. The incorporation of drugs into the electrospun PCL nanofibers was observed to reduce their crystallinity. Based on the morphology of the nanofibers and the films, and the differential scanning calorimetry results obtained in this study, it can be assumed that the drugs incorporated into the nanofibers were partially molecularly dispersed in the PCL matrix and partially in the form of dispersed nanocrystals. The incorporation of both model drugs into the PCL nanofibers significantly improved their dissolution rates. The PCL nanofibers released almost 100% of the incorporated ibuprofen in 4h, whereas only up to 77% of the incorporated carvedilol was released during the same time period, indicating the influence of the drug's properties, such as molecular weight and solubility, on its release from the PCL matrix. The obtained results clearly demonstrated the advantages of the new nanodelivery system compared to the drug-loaded polymer films that were used as the reference formulation. As a result, electrospinning was shown to be a very promising nanotechnology-based approach to the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs in order to enhance their dissolution. In addition, the great potential of the produced drug-loaded PCL nanofiber mats for subsequent formulation as oromucosal drug delivery systems for children and the elderly was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Potrč
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Baumgartner
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Lavrič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julijana Kristl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Kocbek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wei Q, Keck CM, Müller RH. CapsMorph® technology for oral delivery--theory, preparation and characterization. Int J Pharm 2014; 482:11-20. [PMID: 25445968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The CapsMorph(®) technology prepares amorphous drugs for oral delivery by encapsulating them into porous materials. Hesperidin as model compound was loaded onto AEROPERL(®) 300 Pharma using the wetness impregnation method. Hesperidin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and alternatively in DMSO with addition of Tween 80. The drug solutions were added dropwise to the porous material and subsequently DMSO was evaporated. The AEROPERL(®) 300 Pharma could be loaded with about 30% hesperidin in the amorphous form. Amorphous state was verified by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The CapsMorph(®) formulation was compared regarding properties determining oral bioavailability, i.e., kinetic saturation solubility and dissolution rate to raw drug powder and hesperidin nanocrystals. The saturation solubility of CapsMorph(®) without Tween 80 was 654 μg/ml, which is 36-fold higher than the raw drug powder (18 μg/ml) and about 20 times higher than nanocrystals (30 μg/ml). In vitro release was faster (100% in 10 min at pH 6.8) compared to dissolution of nanocrystals with about 15%. Addition of Tween 80 to CapsMorph(®) lowered the solubility (168 μg/ml) and slowed down the release, but provided longer times of supersaturation without precipitation of drug. Based on these data, it appears that drug loaded porous materials provide better formulations compared to nanocrystals for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Wei
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany; Fachhochschule/University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Rainer H Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Pawar VK, Singh Y, Meher JG, Gupta S, Chourasia MK. Engineered nanocrystal technology: in-vivo fate, targeting and applications in drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 183:51-66. [PMID: 24667572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of nanocrystals is a robust approach which can improve delivery of poorly water soluble drugs, a challenge pharmaceutical industry has been facing since long. Large scale production of nanocrystals is done by techniques like precipitation, media milling and, high pressure homogenization. Application of appropriate stabilizers along with drying accords long term stability and commercial viability to nanocrystals. These can be administered through oral, parenteral, pulmonary, dermal and ocular routes showing their high therapeutic applicability. They serve to target drug molecules in specific regions through size manipulation and surface modification. This review dwells upon the in-vivo fate and varying applications in addition to the facets of drug nanocrystals stated above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Pawar
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Yuvraj Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Jaya Gopal Meher
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.
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41
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Griffin BT, Kuentz M, Vertzoni M, Kostewicz ES, Fei Y, Faisal W, Stillhart C, O'Driscoll CM, Reppas C, Dressman JB. Comparison of in vitro tests at various levels of complexity for the prediction of in vivo performance of lipid-based formulations: case studies with fenofibrate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:427-37. [PMID: 24184675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to characterise three prototype fenofibrate lipid-based formulations using a range of in vitro tests with differing levels of complexity and to assess the extent to which these methods provide additional insight into in vivo findings. Three self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) were prepared: a long chain (LC) Type IIIA SEDDS, a medium chain (MC) Type IIIA SEDDS, and a Type IIIB/IV SEDDS containing surfactants only (SO). Dilution, dispersion and digestion tests were performed to assess solubilisation and precipitation behaviour in vitro. Focussed beam reflectance measurements and solid state characterisation of the precipitate was conducted. Oral bioavailability was evaluated in landrace pigs. Dilution and dispersion testing revealed that all three formulations were similar in terms of maintaining fenofibrate in a solubilised state on dispersion in biorelevant media. During in vitro digestion, the Type IIIA formulations displayed limited drug precipitation (<5%), whereas the Type IIIB/IV formulation displayed extensive drug precipitation (~70% dose). Solid state analysis confirmed that precipitated fenofibrate was crystalline. The oral bioavailability was similar for the three lipid formulations (65-72%). In summary, the use of LC versus MC triglycerides in Type IIIA SEDDS had no impact on the bioavailability of fenofibrate. The extensive precipitation observed with the Type IIIB/IV formulation during in vitro digestion did not adversely impact fenofibrate bioavailability in vivo, relative to the Type IIIA formulations. These results were predicted suitably using in vitro dilution and dispersion testing, whereas the in vitro digestion method failed to predict the outcome of the in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yang Fei
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Waleed Faisal
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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42
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Marizza P, Keller SS, Müllertz A, Boisen A. Polymer-filled microcontainers for oral delivery loaded using supercritical impregnation. J Control Release 2013; 173:1-9. [PMID: 24096018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last years a large variety of drug delivery systems have been developed to improve bioavailability of therapeutics in oral administration. An increasing interest has arisen in reservoir-based microdevices designed for active ingredients like water insoluble compounds and fragile biomolecules. Such microdevices are designed to protect the active ingredient against degradation and deactivation, and to allow cytoadhesion and unidirectional drug release. There are few works which optimize the drug loading step and often therapeutics are dosed in the microdevices through laborious and time consuming procedures. This work proposes an effective loading technique for a poorly soluble model drug in microcontainers, by combining inkjet printing and supercritical fluid impregnation. Well defined quantities of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) solutions are dispensed into microcontainers by inkjet printing with a quasi-no-waste performance. Then ketoprofen is impregnated in the polymer matrix by using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as loading medium. The amount of polymer is controlled by the volume and the number of droplets of dispensed polymer and drug loading is tuned by varying the impregnation parameters. Compared to solid dispersions of the same drug and polymer, scCO2-impregnated microcontainers exhibit a more reproducible drug loading and a faster dissolution rate of the active compound which allows drug release to be modulated. The combination of these loading techniques potentially allows the high throughput fabrication of microdevices for oral drug delivery with a safe and solvent-free solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marizza
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Stephan S Keller
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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43
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Salazar J, Müller RH, Möschwitzer JP. Application of the combinative particle size reduction technology H 42 to produce fast dissolving glibenclamide tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:565-77. [PMID: 23587645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Standard particle size reduction techniques such as high pressure homogenization or wet bead milling are frequently used in the production of nanosuspensions. The need for micronized starting material and long process times are their evident disadvantages. Combinative particle size reduction technologies have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of the standard techniques. The H 42 combinative technology consists of a drug pre-treatment by means of spray-drying followed by standard high pressure homogenization. In the present paper, spray-drying process parameters influencing the diminution effectiveness, such as drug and surfactant concentration, were systematically analyzed. Subsequently, the untreated and pre-treated drug powders were homogenized for 20 cycles at 1500 bar. For untreated, micronized glibenclamide, the particle size analysis revealed a mean particle size of 772 nm and volume-based size distribution values of 2.686 μm (d50%) and 14.423 μm (d90%). The use of pre-treated material (10:1 glibenclamide/docusate sodium salt ratio spray-dried as ethanolic solution) resulted in a mean particle size of 236 nm and volume-based size distribution values of 0.131 μm (d50%) and 0.285 μm (d90%). These results were markedly improved compared to the standard process. The nanosuspensions were further transferred into tablet formulations. Wet granulation, freeze-drying and spray-drying were investigated as downstream methods to produce dry intermediates. Regarding the dissolution rate, the rank order of the downstream processes was as follows: Spray-drying>freeze-drying>wet granulation. The best drug release (90% within 10 min) was obtained for tablets produced with spray-dried nanosuspension containing 2% mannitol as matrix former. In comparison, the tablets processed with micronized glibenclamide showed a drug release of only 26% after 10 min. The H 42 combinative technology could be successfully applied in the production of small drug nanocrystals. A nanosuspension transfer to tablets that maintained the fast dissolution properties of the drug nanocrystals was successfully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Salazar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Abstract
In recent years cocrystal formation has emerged as a viable strategy towards improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this review the success of numerous pharmaceutical cocrystals for the improvement of the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs is demonstrated using various examples taken from the literature. The role of crystal engineering principles in the selection of appropriate coformers and the nature of the supramolecular synthons present within the crystals are described. Evidence for improved animal pharmacokinetic data is given for several systems. A summary is provided of our current understanding of the relationship between cocrystal structure and solution phase interactions on solubility as well as those factors that influence overall cocrystal thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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