Trehalose: Current Use and Future Applications

Construction of sodium alginate/trehalose/wheat starch ternary complex and its effects on storage stability of frozen dough system

In order to improve the quality of frozen dough, a calcium alginate-coated sodium alginate/trehalose/wheat starch ternary complex was designed in this paper. The ternary complex was added to dough, and the dough quality were measured after 0-30 d of frozen storage. The XRD and FT-IR results showed the ternary complex was mainly starchy crystal. The TGA curves showed the starting (To), peak (Tp) and termination temperature (Tc) were increased. The interaction between sodium alginate and trehalose enhanced the thermal performance of ternary complex. As the ternary complex addition to dough increased, the maximum ice crystal formation zone of the frozen dough passed faster, resulting in more uniform and smaller ice crystals. The dough with 0.8% addition contained more bound water and had better hardness, springiness and cohesiveness. In conclusion, the study provides a novel insight and understanding for the development of ternary complex as food additives in frozen food industry.

Trehalose Prevents IL-4/IL-13-Induced Skin Barrier Impairment by Suppressing IL-33 Expression and Increasing NRF2 Activation in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro

Skin barrier dysfunction initiates or deteriorates various cutaneous problems, such as atopic dermatitis. At high concentrations, the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose (α-d-glucopyranosyl α-d-glucopyranoside) induces a transient senescence-like state in fibroblasts and promotes wound repair. In this study, we investigated the effect of trehalose on normal human keratinocytes and demonstrated its specific role in the skin barrier. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that trehalose regulates the expression of many skin barrier-associated genes. T helper 2 cytokines IL-4/IL-13 were observed to downregulate several differentiation markers (FLG, loricrin, keratin 1, and keratin 10) and epidermal antimicrobial proteins in monolayer-cultured keratinocytes and living skin equivalents and impaired skin barrier function in living skin equivalents, all of which were significantly upregulated or restored by trehalose. Trehalose inhibited IL-33 expression and reduced nuclear IL-33 levels by activating MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 5-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. It also increased NRF2 activation to trigger antioxidant enzyme production through JNK, thus neutralizing IL-4/IL-13-mediated oxidative stress. Trehalose prevented IL-4/IL-13-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation and restored IL-4/IL-13-suppressed skin barrier molecules through IL-33 downregulation and NRF2 activation. This study demonstrated that trehalose may play a role in skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis.

Enzymatic Production of Trehalose and Trehalulose by Immobilized Thermostable Trehalose Synthase

Trehalose, a versatile disaccharide renowned for its unique physical and chemical properties, finds extensive application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. While conventional extraction methods face challenges, enzymatic conversion offers a promising avenue for the industrial production of trehalose. This study delves into a novel synthetic approach utilizing a recombinant enzyme, merging the thermostable trehalose synthase domain from Thermus thermophiles with a cellulose binding domain. Immobilization of this enzyme on cellulose matrices enhances stability and facilitates product purification, opening avenues for efficient enzymatic synthesis. Notably, the engineered enzyme demonstrates additional activity, converting sucrose into trehalulose. This dual functionality, combined with immobilization strategies, holds immense potential for scalable and cost-effective production of trehalose and trehalulose, offering promising prospects in various industrial and biomedical applications.

Unlocking Trehalose's versatility: A comprehensive Journey from biosynthesis to therapeutic applications

For over forty years, a sugar of rare configuration known as trehalose (two molecules of glucose linked at their 1-carbons), has been recognised for more than just its roles as a storage compound. The ability of trehalose to protect an extensive range of biological materials, for instance cell lines, tissues, proteins and DNA, has sparked considerable interest in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, trehalose is now being investigated as a promising therapeutic candidate for human use, as it has shown potential to reduce disease severity in various experimental models. Despite its diverse biological effects, the precise mechanism underlying this observation remain unclear. Therefore, this review delves into the significance of trehalose biosynthesis pathway in the development of novel drug, investigates the inhibitors of trehalose synthesis and evaluates the binding efficiency of T6P with TPS1. Additionally, it also emphasizes the knowledge about the protective effect of trehalose on modulation of autophagy, combating viral infections, addressing the conditions like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases based on the recent advancement. Furthermore, review also highlight the trehalose's emerging role as a surfactant in delivering monoclonal antibodies that will further broadening its potential application in biomedicines.

Structural and Mutational Analyses of Trehalose Synthase from Deinococcus radiodurans Reveal the Interconversion of Maltose-Trehalose Mechanism

Trehalose synthase (TreS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of maltose to trehalose, playing a vital role in trehalose production. Understanding the catalytic mechanism of TreS is crucial for optimizing the enzyme activity and enhancing its suitability for industrial applications. Here, we report the crystal structures of both the wild type and the E324D mutant of Deinococcus radiodurans trehalose synthase in complex with the trehalose analogue, validoxylamine A. By employing structure-guided mutagenesis, we identified N253, E320, and E324 as crucial residues within the +1 subsite for isomerase activity. Based on these complex structures, we propose the catalytic mechanism underlying the reversible interconversion of maltose to trehalose. These findings significantly advance our comprehension of the reaction mechanism of TreS.

A comprehensive review on natural sweeteners: impact on sensory properties, food structure, and new frontiers for their application

In recent years, the worldwide increase in lifestyle diseases and metabolic disorders has been ascribed to the excessive consumption of sucrose and added sugars. For this reason, many approaches have been developed in order to replace sucrose in food and beverage formulations with alternative sweetening compounds. The raising awareness concerning the synthetic sweeteners due to their negative impact on health, triggered the need to search for alternative substances. Natural sweeteners may be classified in: (i) non-nutritive (e.g., neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, thaumatin, glycyrrhizin mogroside and stevia) and (ii) bulk sweeteners, including both polyols (e.g., maltitol, mannitol, erythritol) and rare sugars (e.g., tagatose and allulose). In this review we discuss the most popular natural sweeteners and their application in the main food sectors (e.g., bakery, dairy, confectionary and beverage), providing a full understanding of their impact on the textural and sensory properties in comparison to sucrose. Furthermore, we analyze the use of natural sweeteners in blends, which in addition to enabling an effective replacement of sugar, in order to complement the merits and limits of individual compounds. Finally, microencapsulation technology is presented as an alternative strategy to solving some issues such as aftertaste, bitterness, unpleasant flavors, but also to enhance their stability and ease of use.

Aromatic residues in N-terminal domain of archaeal trehalase affect the folding and activity of catalytic domain

Considering the structure of the bacterial GH15 family glucoamylase (GA), Thermoplasma trehalase Tvn1315 may be composed of a β-sandwich domain (BD) and a catalytic domain (CD). Tvn1315 BD weakly binds to insoluble β-glucans, such as cellulose, and helps fold CD. To determine how aromatic residues contribute to proper folding and enzyme activity, we performed alanine scanning for 32 aromatic residues in the BD. The study did not identify a single residue involved in glucan binding. However, several aromatic residues were found to be involved in BD or CD folding and in modulating the activity of the full-length enzyme. Among those aromatic residue mutations, the W43A mutation led to reduced solubility of the BD and full-length protein and resulted in a full-length enzyme with significantly lower activity. The activity of W43F and W43Y was significantly higher than that of W43A. In addition, Ala substitutions of Tyr83, Tyr113, and Tyr17 led to a reduction in trehalase activity, but Phe substitutions of these residues could be tolerated, as these mutants maintained activities similar to WT activity. Thus, these aromatic residues in BD may interact with CD and modulate enzyme activity. KEY POINTS: • Aromatic residues in the BD are involved in BD and CD folding. • Aromatic residues in the BD near the CD active site modulate enzyme activity. • BD interacts with CD and closely modulates enzyme activity.

The biomolecules of Euglena gracilis: Harnessing biology for natural solutions to future problems

Over the past decade, the autotrophic and heterotrophic protist Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has gained popularity across the studies of environmental science, biosynthesis experiments, and nutritional substitutes. The unique physiology and versatile metabolism of E. gracilis have been a recent topic of interest to many researchers who continue to understand the complexity and possibilities of using E. gracilis biomolecule production. In this review, we present a comprehensive representation of recent literature outlining the various uses of biomolecules derived from E. gracilis across the fields of natural product biosynthesis, as a nutritional substitute, and as bioremediation tools. In addition, we highlight effective strategies for altering metabolite production using abiotic stressors and growth conditions. To better understand metabolite biosynthesis and its role in E. gracilis, integrated studies involving genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics should be considered. Together, we show how the ongoing advancements in E. gracilis related research continue to broaden applications in the biosynthetic sector and highlight future works that would strengthen our understanding of overall Euglena metabolism.

Stabilization of an Infectious Enveloped Virus by Spray-Drying and Lyophilization

Enveloped viruses are attractive candidates for use as gene- and immunotherapeutic agents due to their efficacy at infecting host cells and delivering genetic information. They have also been used in vaccines as potent antigens to generate strong immune responses, often requiring fewer doses than other vaccine platforms as well as eliminating the need for adjuvants. However, virus instability in liquid formulations may limit their shelf life and require that these products be transported and stored under stringently controlled temperature conditions, contributing to high cost and limiting patient access. In this work, spray-drying and lyophilization were used to embed an infectious enveloped virus within dry, glassy polysaccharide matrices. No loss of viral titer was observed following either spray-drying (at multiple drying gas temperatures) or lyophilization. Furthermore, viruses embedded in the glassy formulations showed enhanced thermal stability, retaining infectivity after exposure to elevated temperatures as high as 85 °C for up to one hour, and for up to 10 weeks at temperatures as high as 30 °C. In comparison, viruses in liquid formulations lost infectivity within an hour at temperatures above 40 °C, or after incubation at 25 °C for longer periods of time.

Advantages of Spray Drying over Freeze Drying: A Comparative Analysis of Lonicera caerulea L. Juice Powders-Matrix Diversity and Bioactive Response

The study investigated the impact of Lonicera caerulea L. juice matrix modification and drying techniques on powder characteristics. The evaluation encompassed phenolics (514.7-4388.7 mg/100 g dry matter), iridoids (up to 337.5 mg/100 g dry matter), antioxidant and antiglycation capacity, as well as anti-ageing properties of powders produced using maltodextrin, inulin, trehalose, and palatinose with a pioneering role as a carrier. Spray drying proved to be competitive with freeze drying for powder quality. Carrier application influenced the fruit powder properties. Trehalose protected the phenolics in the juice extract products, whereas maltodextrin showed protective effect in the juice powders. The concentrations of iridoids were influenced by the matrix type and drying technique. Antiglycation capacity was more affected by the carrier type in juice powders than in extract products. However, with carrier addition, the latter showed approximately 12-fold higher selectivity for acetylcholinesterase than other samples. Understanding the interplay between matrix composition, drying techniques, and powder properties provides insights for the development of plant-based products with tailored attributes, including potential health-linked properties.

Optimization of lyoprotectant for recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor by response surface methodology

Recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (rh-aFGF) is a widely used biological product, but it is unstable and its biological activity is easy to decrease. In order to maintain the long-term stability and biological activity of rh-aFGF, based on the response surface method, the freeze-drying characterization and cell proliferation rate of rh-aFGF freeze-dried powder were evaluated by scoring and Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in this study. The optimal concentrations of trehalose, glycine and BSA were optimized, and the optimal formulation was verified by regression experiment. The results showed that trehalose, glycine and BSA had significant effects on the characterization of lyophilized rh-aFGF and cell proliferation. The optimal formulation of 5.7% trehalose, 2.04% glycine and 1.98%BSA combined with rh-aFGF could achieve the optimal freeze-dried characterization and biological activity. Using the best formulation to verify, the freeze-dried formability index of the freeze-dried powder was 23.35, and the rate of cell proliferation was 43.59%, which was close to the expected 23 and 41.69%. This study determined a freeze-dried formulation of rh-aFGF that meets the requirements of freeze-dried formalization integrity and maintains biological activity, providing reliable support for the subsequent development of related drugs.

Effects Provided by Sugar Substitutes upon the Quality Indicators of Model Systems of Sweetened Condensed Milk in Storage

Sweetened condensed milk (SCM) is a product widely used by both consumers and other food production branches. However, it contains a lot of sucrose. This study aimed to examine the effects provided by sugar substitutes, such as trehalose, isomaltulose, and polydextrose, upon the SCM sensory profile and valuable quality indicators, such as water activity, viscosity, acidity, crystals size, and Maillard reaction potential (browning index, color change, loss of free amino acids). The study was performed by making model systems of SCM (MSCMs) using the method of reconstitution of powdered ingredients. All the presented carbohydrate compositions in MSCMs provided Aw value typical of intermediate-moisture food, which contributes to the long-term shelf-life of the product. However, only 2 MSCMs with compositions consisted of isomaltulose, trehalose (22.55% and 22.55%); trehalose (28.19%), sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), isomaltulose (5.64%) showed the stability of Aw within 14-d storage period. Trehalose and polydextrose in MSCMs with mono-carbohydrate added fraction demonstrated their high structure-forming ability expressed in high values of dynamic viscosity (>30 Pa·s), provided not by crystallization. MSCMs containing trehalose in predominant amount in the carbohydrate compositions (≥50%) showed lower average crystal size (<16 μm) compared with other MSCMs with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions with predominant amount of isomaltulose and polydextrose. Isomaltulose and polydextrose added to MSCMs led to pronounced browning, while trehalose and sucrose reduced this effect in MSCMs with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions. Addition of 22.55% of polydextrose to carbohydrate fraction of MSCMs caused bitterness, while 5.64% didn't affect the taste. Based on the results of all the research conducted the most optimal carbohydrate compositions to produce SCM with lower calorie, sucrose contents and stable adequate values of processing and sensory properties were trehalose (22.55%) with isomaltulose (22.55%) and trehalose (28.19%) with sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), isomaltulose (5.64%).

α,β-trehalose, an intracellular substance in resting cyst of colpodid ciliates as a key to environmental tolerances

α,α-trehalose is a well-known sugar that plays a key role in establishing tolerance to environmental stresses in many organisms, except unicellular eukaryotes. However, almost nothing is known about α,β-trehalose, including their synthesis, function, and even presence in living organisms. In this study, we identified α,β-trehalose in the resting cyst, a dormancy cell form characterized by extreme tolerance to environmental stresses, of the ciliated protist Colpoda cucullus, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), glycosyltransferase (GT), alpha-amylase (AMY), and trehalose transporter 1 (TRET1), were up-regulated in encystment, while the expression of α-glucosidase 2 (AG2) and trehalase (TREH) was up-regulated in excystment. These results suggest that α,β-trehalose is synthesized during encystment process, while and contributes to extreme tolerances to environmental stressors, stored carbohydrates, and energy reserve during resting cyst and/or during excystment.

Exploring the modulatory effect of trehalose-derived galactooligosaccharides on key gut microbiota groups

Trehalose (α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-1)-α-D-glucopyranoside) has found applications in diverse food products as a sweetener, stabilizer, and humectant. Recent attention has focused on trehalose due to its contradictory effects on the virulence of Clostridium difficile. In this study, we investigate the impact of novel trehalose-derived galactooligosaccharides (Treh-GOS) on the human gut microbiota using in vitro fecal fermentation models. Distinct Treh-GOS structures elicit varying taxonomic responses. For instance, β-Gal-(1-4)-trehalose [DP3(1-4)] leads to an increase of Bifidobacterium, comparable to results observed with commercial GOS. Conversely, β-Gal-(1-6)-trehalose [DP3(1-6)] prompts an increase in Lactobacillus. Notably, both of these trisaccharides yield the highest concentrations of butyric acid across all samples. On the other hand, Treh-GOS tetrasaccharide mixture (DP4), featuring a novel trehalose galactosylation in both glucose units, fosters the growth of Parabacteroides. Our findings underscore the capacity of novel Treh-GOS to modulate the human gut microbiota. Consequently, these innovative galactooligosaccharides emerge as promising candidates for novel prebiotic applications.

Mode coupling behavior and fragile to strong transition of trehalose in a binary mixture with water upon supercooling

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of a binary mixture of water and trehalose with the TIP4P/Ice water model. We analyze the slow dynamics of trehalose molecules in the mildly supercooled region for concentrations of 3.66 and 18.57 wt. %. We previously studied the dynamics of water in the same mixtures. Supercooled TIP4P/Ice water solvating trehalose molecules was found to follow the Mode Coupling Theory (MCT) and to undergo a transition from a fragile to a strong behavior for both concentrations. Here, we show that also the dynamics of trehalose molecules follows the MCT and displays a fragile to strong crossover (FSC). The results show that trehalose in binary mixtures with water shares with it the dynamical behavior typical of glass forming liquids. Moreover, the FSC for trehalose structural relaxation times is found to occur at temperatures close to those previously obtained for water in the same solutions, showing that the dynamics of the solute is strongly coupled to that of the solvent. We also perform a MCT test showing that the trehalose dynamics obeys the MCT time-temperature superposition principle and that the exponents derived from the theory and the ones obtained from fitting procedure of the relaxation times are comparable, confirming that trehalose molecules in supercooled water solutions follow the MCT of glassy dynamics. Moreover, as predicted by the theory, trehalose particles have MCT parameters comparable to those of water in the same mixtures. This is an important result, given that MCT was originally formulated for monoatomic particles.

Comparison of Sucrose and Trehalose for Protein Stabilization Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The disaccharide trehalose is generally acknowledged as a superior stabilizer of proteins and other biomolecules in aqueous environments. Despite many theories aiming to explain this, the stabilization mechanism is still far from being fully understood. This study compares the stabilizing properties of trehalose with those of the structurally similar disaccharide sucrose. The stability has been evaluated for the two proteins, lysozyme and myoglobin, at both low and high temperatures by determining the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the denaturation temperature, Tden. The results show that the sucrose-containing samples exhibit higher Tden than the corresponding trehalose-containing samples, particularly at low water contents. The better stabilizing effect of sucrose at high temperatures may be explained by the fact that sucrose, to a greater extent, binds directly to the protein surface compared to trehalose. Both sugars show Tden elevation with an increasing sugar-to-protein ratio, which allows for a more complete sugar shell around the protein molecules. Finally, no synergistic effects were found by combining trehalose and sucrose. Conclusively, the exact mechanism of protein stabilization may vary with the temperature, as influenced by temperature-dependent interactions between the protein, sugar, and water. This variability can make trehalose to a superior stabilizer under some conditions and sucrose under others.

Intracellular Protective Functions and Therapeutical Potential of Trehalose

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing saccharide widely distributed in nature. Over the years, research on trehalose has revealed that this initially thought simple storage molecule is a multifunctional and multitasking compound protecting cells against various stress factors. This review presents data on the role of trehalose in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions and in the virulence of bacteria and fungi. Numerous studies have demonstrated that trehalose acts in the cell as an osmoprotectant, chemical chaperone, free radical scavenger, carbon source, virulence factor, and metabolic regulator. The increasingly researched medical and therapeutic applications of trehalose are also discussed.

A clinical study and future prospects for bioactive compounds and semi-synthetic molecules in the therapies for Huntington's disease

A neurodegenerative disorder (ND) refers to Huntington's disease (HD) which affects memory loss, weight loss, and movement dysfunctions such as chorea and dystonia. In the striatum and brain, HD most typically impacts medium-spiny neurons. Molecular genetics, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial, and metabolic dysfunction are a few of the theories advanced to explicit the pathophysiology of neuronal damage and cell death. Numerous in-depth studies of the literature have supported the therapeutic advantages of natural products in HD experimental models and other treatment approaches. This article briefly discusses the neuroprotective impacts of natural compounds against HD models. The ability of the discovered natural compounds to suppress HD was tested using either in vitro or in vivo models. Many bioactive compounds considerably lessened the memory loss and motor coordination brought on by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Reduced lipid peroxidation, increased endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, and enhanced mitochondrial energy generation have profoundly decreased the biochemical change. It is significant since histology showed that therapy with particular natural compounds lessened damage to the striatum caused by 3-NP. Moreover, natural products displayed varying degrees of neuroprotection in preclinical HD studies because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, maintenance of mitochondrial function, activation of autophagy, and inhibition of apoptosis. This study highlighted about the importance of bioactive compounds and their semi-synthetic molecules in the treatment and prevention of HD.

Stabilization effects of saccharides in protein formulations: A review of sucrose, trehalose, cyclodextrins and dextrans

Saccharides are a popular group of stabilizers in liquid, frozen and freeze dried protein formulations. The current work reviewed the stabilization mechanisms of three groups of saccharides: (i) Disaccharides, specifically sucrose and trehalose; (ii) cyclodextrins (CDs), a class of cyclic oligosaccharides; and (iii) dextrans, a class of polysaccharides. Compared to sucrose, trehalose exhibits a more pronounced preferential exclusion effect in liquid protein formulations, due to its stronger interaction with water molecules. However, trehalose obtains higher phase separation and crystallization propensity in frozen solutions, resulting in the loss of its stabilization function. In lyophilized formulations, sucrose has a higher crystallization propensity. Besides, its glass matrix is less homogeneous than that of trehalose, thus undermining its lyoprotectant function. Nevertheless, the hygroscopic nature of trehalose may result in high water absorption upon storage. Among all the CDs, the β form is believed to have stronger interactions with proteins than the α- and γ-CDs. However, the stabilization effect, brought about by CD-protein interactions, is case-by-case - in some examples, such interactions can promote protein destabilization. The stabilization effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has been extensively studied. Due to its amphiphilic nature, it can act as a surface-active agent in preventing interfacial stresses. Besides, it is a dual functional excipient in freeze dried formulations, acting as an amorphous bulking agent and lyoprotectant. Finally, dextrans, when combined with sucrose or trehalose, can be used to produce stable freeze dried protein formulations. A strong stabilization effect can be realized by low molecular weight dextrans. However, the terminal glucose in dextrans yields protein glycation, which warrants extra caution during formulation development.

Tableting properties of freeze-dried trehalose: Physico-chemical and mechanical investigation

Freeze-drying of biopharmaceutical products is the method of choice in order to improve their stability and storage conditions. Such freeze-dried products are usually intended for parenteral route administration. However, many biopharmaceutical materials administered by parenteral route are used to treat local diseases particularly in the gastro-intestinal tract. Therefore, many studies concentrate nowadays their effort on developing alternative dosage forms to deliver biopharmaceutical molecules by the oral route. Tablets are the most popular solid pharmaceutical dosage form used for oral administration since they present many advantages, but poor informations are available on the possibility of tableting freeze-dried powders. In this study, we evaluate the compaction behavior of freeze-dried trehalose powder since trehalose is one of the most used cryo and lyoprotectant for the lyophilisation of biopharmaceutical entities. Results show that freeze-dried trehalose powder can be tableted while remaining amorphous and the obtained compacts present very specific properties in terms of compressibility, tabletability, brittleness and viscoelasticity compared to the crystalline trehalose and compared to classical pharmaceutical excipients.

Trehalose-Bearing Carriers to Target Impaired Autophagy and Protein Aggregation Diseases

In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also been demonstrated to preserve the protein's structural integrity and to limit the aggregation of pathologically misfolded proteins. Both of these properties have made trehalose a promising therapeutic candidate to target autophagy-related disorders and protein aggregation diseases. Unfortunately, trehalose has poor bioavailability due to its hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Recently, trehalose-bearing carriers, in which trehalose is incorporated either by chemical conjugation or physical entrapment, have emerged as an alternative option to free trehalose to improve its efficacy, particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers. In the current Perspective, we discuss all existing literature in this emerging field and try to identify key challenges for researchers intending to develop trehalose-bearing carriers to stimulate autophagy or inhibit protein aggregation.

Glassy dynamics of water in TIP4P/Ice aqueous solutions of trehalose in comparison with the bulk phase

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of TIP4P/Ice water in solution with trehalose for 3.65 and 18.57 wt. % concentrations and of bulk TIP4P/Ice water at ambient pressure, to characterize the structure and dynamics of water in a sugar aqueous solution in the supercooled region. We find here that TIP4P/Ice water in solution with trehalose molecules follows the Mode Coupling Theory and undergoes a fragile to strong transition up to the highest concentration investigated, similar to the bulk. Moreover, we perform a Mode Coupling Theory test, showing that the Time Temperature Superposition principle holds for both bulk TIP4P/Ice water and for TIP4P/Ice water in the solutions and we calculate the exponents of the theory. The direct comparison of the dynamical results for bulk water and water in the solutions shows upon cooling along the isobar a fastening of water dynamics for lower temperatures, T < 240 K. We found that the counter-intuitive behavior for the low temperature solutions can be explained with the diffusion anomaly of water leading us to the conclusion that the fastening observed below T = 240 K in water dynamics is only fictitious, due to the fact that the density of water molecules in the solutions is higher than the density of the bulk at the same temperature and pressure. This result should be taken into account in experimental investigations which are often carried out at constant pressure.

Characterization of cold-active trehalose synthase from Pseudarthrobacter sp. for trehalose bioproduction

Trehalose is a functional sugar that has numerous applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Production of trehalose from maltose via a single-step enzymatic catalysis using trehalose synthase (TreS) is a promising method compared with the conventional two-step process due to its simplicity with lower formation of byproducts. In this study, a cold-active trehalose synthase (PaTreS) from Pseudarthrobacter sp. TBRC 2005 was heterologously expressed and characterized. PaTreS showed the maximum activity at 20 °C and maintained 87% and 59% of its activity at 10 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The enzyme had remarkable stability over a board pH range of 7.0-9.0 with the highest activity at pH 7.0. The activity was enhanced by divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+). Conversion of high-concentration maltose syrup (100-300 g/L) using PaTreS yielded 71.7-225.5 g/L trehalose, with 4.5-16.4 g/L glucose as a byproduct within 16 h. The work demonstrated the potential of PaTreS as a promising biocatalyst for the development of low-temperature trehalose production, with the advantages of reduced risk of microbial contamination with low generation of byproduct.

Metabolomic Analysis of Trehalose Alleviating Oxidative Stress in Myoblasts

Trehalose, a naturally occurring non-toxic disaccharide, has attracted considerable attention for its potential in alleviating oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. In this study, our aim was to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms underlying the protective effects of trehalose against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts. Our results show that both trehalose treatment and pretreatment effectively alleviate the H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability, reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and attenuate lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, using NMR-based metabolomics analysis, we observed that trehalose treatment and pretreatment modulate the metabolic profile of myoblasts, specifically regulating oxidant metabolism and amino acid metabolism, contributing to their protective effects against oxidative stress. Importantly, our results reveal that trehalose treatment and pretreatment upregulate the expression levels of P62 and Nrf2 proteins, thereby activating the Nrf2-NQO1 axis and effectively reducing oxidative stress. These significant findings highlight the potential of trehalose supplementation as a promising and effective strategy for alleviating oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and provide valuable insights into its potential therapeutic applications.

The potential therapeutic impacts of trehalose on cardiovascular diseases as the environmental-influenced disorders: An overview of contemporary findings

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as environmental-influenced disorders, are a major concern and the leading cause of death worldwide. A range of therapeutic approaches has been proposed, including conventional and novel methods. Natural compounds offer a promising alternative for CVD treatment due to their ability to regulate molecular pathways with minimal adverse effects. Trehalose is natural compound and disaccharide with unique biological functions and cardio-protective properties. The cardio-protective effects of trehalose are generated through its ability to induce autophagy, which is mediated by the transcription factors TFEB and FOXO1. The stimulation of TFEB plays a significant role in regulating autophagy genes and autophagosome formation. Activation of FOXO1 through dephosphorylation of Foxo1 and blocking of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) also triggers autophagy dramatically. Trehalose has been shown to reduce CVD risk factors, including atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling after a heart attack, cardiac dysfunction, high blood pressure, and stroke. It also reduces structural abnormalities of mitochondria, cytokine production, vascular inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and pyroptosis. This review provides a molecular overview of trehalose's cardioprotective functions, including its mechanisms of autophagy and its potential to improve CVD symptoms based on clinical evidence.

PEG 400:Trehalose Coating Enhances Curcumin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticle Internalization in Neuronal Cells

This work proposes a combination of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and trehalose as a surface modification approach to enhance PLGA-based nanoparticles as a drug carrier for neurons. PEG improves nanoparticles' hydrophilicity, and trehalose enhances the nanoparticle's cellular internalization by inducing a more auspicious microenvironment based on inhibiting cell surface receptor denaturation. To optimize the nanoprecipitation process, a central composite design was performed; nanoparticles were adsorbed with PEG and trehalose. PLGA nanoparticles with diameters smaller than 200 nm were produced, and the coating process did not considerably increase their size. Nanoparticles entrapped curcumin, and their release profile was determined. The nanoparticles presented a curcumin entrapment efficiency of over 40%, and coated nanoparticles reached 60% of curcumin release in two weeks. MTT tests and curcumin fluorescence, with confocal imaging, were used to assess nanoparticle cytotoxicity and cell internalization in SH-SY5Y cells. Free curcumin 80 µM depleted the cell survival to 13% at 72 h. Contrariwise, PEG:Trehalose-coated curcumin-loaded and non-loaded nanoparticles preserved cell survival at 76% and 79% under the same conditions, respectively. Cells incubated with 100 µM curcumin or curcumin nanoparticles for 1 h exhibited 13.4% and 14.84% of curcumin's fluorescence, respectively. Moreover, cells exposed to 100 µM curcumin in PEG:Trehalose-coated nanoparticles for 1 h presented 28% fluorescence. In conclusion, PEG:Trehalose-adsorbed nanoparticles smaller than 200 nm exhibited suitable neural cytotoxicity and increased cell internalization proficiency.

Bulk Flow Optimisation of Amorphous Solid Dispersion Excipient Powders through Surface Modification

Particulate amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been recognised for their potential to enhance the performance of various solid dose forms, especially oral bioavailability and macromolecule stability. However, the inherent nature of spray-dried ASDs leads to their surface cohesion/adhesion, including hygroscopicity, which hinders their bulk flow and affects their utility and viability in terms of powder production, processing, and function. This study explores the effectiveness of L-leucine (L-leu) coprocessing in modifying the particle surface of ASD-forming materials. Various contrasting prototype coprocessed ASD excipients from both the food and pharmaceutical industries were examined for their effective coformulation with L-leu. The model/prototype materials included maltodextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K10 and K90), trehalose, gum arabic, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5LV and K100M). The spray-drying conditions were set such that the particle size difference was minimised, so that it did not play a substantial role in influencing powder cohesion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of each formulation. A combination of previously reported morphological progression typical of L-leu surface modification and previously unreported physical characteristics was observed. The bulk characteristics of these powders were assessed using a powder rheometer to evaluate their flowability under confined and unconfined stresses, flow rate sensitivities, and compactability. The data showed a general improvement in maltodextrin, PVP K10, trehalose and gum arabic flowability measures as L-leu concentrations increased. In contrast, PVP K90 and HPMC formulations experienced unique challenges that provided insight into the mechanistic behaviour of L-leu. Therefore, this study recommends further investigations into the interplay between L-leu and the physico-chemical properties of coformulated excipients in future amorphous powder design. This also revealed the need to enhance bulk characterisation tools to unpack the multifactorial impact of L-leu surface modification.

Dietary Trehalose as a Bioactive Nutrient

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing disaccharide comprising two covalently-linked glucose molecules. It possesses unique physiochemical properties, which account for multiple biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the past few decades, intensive research on trehalose has uncovered its functions, and extended its uses as a sweetener and stabilizer in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Further, increased dietary trehalose consumption has sparked research on how trehalose affects the gut microbiome. In addition to its role as a dietary sugar, trehalose has gained attention for its ability to modulate glucose homeostasis, and potentially as a therapeutic agent for diabetes. This review discusses the bioactive effects of dietary trehalose, highlighting its promise in future industrial and scientific contributions.

Metatranscriptomics Reveals Sequential Expression of Genes Involved in the Production of Melanogenesis Inhibitors by the Defined Microbial Species in Fermented Unpolished Black Rice

Fermented products require metabolic enzymes from the microbial community for desired final products. Using a metatranscriptomic approach, the role of microorganisms in fermented products on producing compounds with a melanogenesis inhibition activity has not yet been reported. Previously, unpolished black rice (UBR) fermented with the E11 starter containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Rhizopus oryzae, and Pediococcus pentosaceus (FUBR) showed potent melanogenesis inhibition activity. This study aimed to investigate the function of these defined microbial species in producing melanogenesis inhibitors in the FUBR using a metatranscriptomic approach. The melanogenesis inhibition activity increased in a fermentation time-dependent manner. Genes related to melanogenesis inhibitors synthesis such as carbohydrate metabolism, amino acids synthesis, fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids synthesis, and carbohydrate transporters were analyzed. Most genes from R. oryzae and P. pentosaceus were upregulated in the early stage of the fermentation process, while those of S. cerevisiae and S. fibuligera were upregulated in the late stage. FUBR production using different combinations of the four microbial species shows that all species were required to produce the highest activity. The FUBR containing at least R. oryzae and/or P. pentosaceus exhibited a certain level of activity. These findings were in agreement with the metatranscriptomic results. Overall, the results suggested that all four species sequentially and/or coordinately synthesized metabolites during the fermentation that led to a FUBR with maximum melanogenesis inhibition activity. This study not only sheds light on crucial functions of certain microbial community on producing the melanogenesis inhibitors, but also paves the way to initiate quality improvement of melanogenesis inhibition activity in the FUBR. IMPORTANCE Fermentation of food is a metabolic process through the action of enzymes from certain microorganisms. Although roles of the microbial community in the fermented food were investigated using metatranscriptomic approach in terms of flavors, but no study has been reported so far on the function of the microorganisms on producing compounds with a melanogenesis inhibition activity. Therefore, this study explained the roles of the defined microorganisms from the selected starter in the fermented unpolished black rice (FUBR) that can produce melanogenesis inhibitor(s) using metatranscriptomic analysis. Genes from different species were upregulated at different fermentation time. All four microbial species in the FUBR sequentially and/or coordinately synthesized metabolites during fermentation that led to a FUBR with maximal melanogenesis inhibition activity. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the roles of certain microbial community during fermentation and led to the knowledge-based improvement for the fermented rice with potent melanogenesis inhibition activity.

The interaction of trehalose and molten globule state soybean 11S globulin and its impact on foaming capacities

BACKGROUND

Soybean 11S globulin has good functional properties, which are widely used in the field of food. However, natural soybean 11S globulin (N-11S) has low flexibility and is easy to aggregate, impacting its foaming process. Studies have shown that soybean 11S globulin in molten globule state (MG-11S) has better molecular flexibility than N-11S, and trehalose has been shown to improve the properties of proteins. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction mechanism between trehalose and MG-11S, and its impact on rheological and foaming properties of MG-11S.

RESULTS

The molecular docking and intrinsic fluorescence results showed that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction force at lower than 0.5 mol L^-1 trehalose added. Meanwhile, rheology and foaming showed that the MG-11S-trehalose complexes had better viscoelasticity, foaming ability (66.67-86.67%) and foaming stability (75.00-89.29%) than N-11S (16.67% foaming ability and 40.00% foaming stability); however, when the trehalose was higher than 0.5 mol L^-1 , molecular crowding occurred and H-bonds were weakened, resulting in reduction of foaming capacities. Microstructure determination showed that trehalose attached to the surface of foam membrane; meanwhile, the foaming structure of the complex with 0.5 mol L^-1 trehalose had a thicker liquid film with decreased drainage rate, less agglomeration and disproportionation of foam, illustrating the best foaming ability and foaming stability.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that trehalose at different concentrations can interact with MG-11S through different mechanisms, and improve the foaming capacity of MS-11S. This provided a reference for the application of MS-11S in foaming food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Highly concentrated trehalose induces prohealing senescence-like state in fibroblasts via CDKN1A/p21

Trehalose is the nonreducing disaccharide of glucose, evolutionarily conserved in invertebrates. The living skin equivalent (LSE) is an organotypic coculture containing keratinocytes cultivated on fibroblast-populated dermal substitutes. We demonstrated that human primary fibroblasts treated with highly concentrated trehalose promote significantly extensive spread of the epidermal layer of LSE without any deleterious effects. The RNA-seq analysis of trehalose-treated 2D and 3D fibroblasts at early time points revealed the involvement of the CDKN1A pathway, the knockdown of which significantly suppressed the upregulation of DPT, ANGPT2, VEGFA, EREG, and FGF2. The trehalose-treated fibroblasts were positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Finally, transplantation of the dermal substitute with trehalose-treated fibroblasts accelerated wound closure and increased capillary formation significantly in the experimental mouse wounds in vivo, which was canceled by the CDKN1A knockdown. These data indicate that high-concentration trehalose can induce the senescence-like state in fibroblasts via CDKN1A/p21, which may be therapeutically useful for optimal wound repair.

Novel trehalose-based excipients for stabilizing nebulized anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody

COVID-19 is caused by the infection of the lungs by SARS-CoV-2. Monoclonal antibodies, such as sotrovimab, showed great efficiency in neutralizing the virus before its internalization by lung epithelial cells. However, parenteral routes are still the preferred route of administration, even for local infections, which requires injection of high doses of antibody to reach efficacious concentrations in the lungs. Lung administration of antibodies would be more relevant requiring lower doses, thus reducing the costs and the side effects. But aerosolization of therapeutic proteins is very challenging, as the different processes available are harsh and trigger protein aggregation and conformational changes. This decreases the efficiency of the treatment, and can increase its immunogenicity. To address those issues, we developed a series of new excipients composed of a trehalose core, a succinyl side chain and a hydrophobic carbon chain (from 8 to 16 carbons). Succinylation increased the solubility of the excipients, allowing their use at relevant concentrations for protein stabilization. In particular, the excipient with 16 carbons (C₁₆TreSuc) used at 5.6 mM was able to preserve colloidal stability and antigen-binding ability of sotrovimab during the nebulization process. It could also be used as a cryoprotectant, allowing storage of sotrovimab in a lyophilized form during weeks. Finally, we demonstrated that C₁₆TreSuc could be used as an excipient to stabilize antibodies for the treatment against COVID-19, by in vitro and in vivo assays. The presence of C₁₆TreSuc during nebulization preserved the neutralization capacity of sotrovimab against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro; an increase of its efficacy was even observed, compared to the non-nebulized control. The in vivo study also showed the wide distribution of sotrovimab in mice lungs, after nebulization with 5.6 mM of excipient. This work brings a solution to stabilize therapeutic proteins during storage and nebulization, making pulmonary immunotherapy possible in the treatment of COVID-19 and other lung diseases.

A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations

Three critical aspects that define high concentration antibody products (HCAPs) are as follows: 1) formulation composition, 2) dosage form, and 3) primary packaging configuration. HCAPs have become successful in the therapeutic sector due to their unique advantage of allowing subcutaneous self-administration. Technical challenges, such as physical and chemical instability, viscosity, delivery volume limitations, and product immunogenicity, can hinder successful development and commercialization of HCAPs. Such challenges can be overcome by robust formulation and process development strategies, as well as rational selection of excipients and packaging components. We compiled and analyzed data from US Food and Drug Administration-approved and marketed HCAPs that are ≥100 mg/mL to identify trends in formulation composition and quality target product profile. This review presents our findings and discusses novel formulation and processing technologies that enable the development of improved HCAPs at ≥200 mg/mL. The observed trends can be used as a guide for further advancements in the development of HCAPs as more complex antibody-based modalities enter biologics product development.

Aqueous Sugar-Based Amphiphile Systems: Recent Advances in Phase Behavior and Nanoarchitectonics

Currently, numerous fascinating molecular assemblies are used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Sugar-based amphiphiles are representative constituents of these molecular assemblies. Despite numerous studies on these generic compounds, many aspects remain unexplored even in aqueous systems. In this review, molecular assembly studies of sugar-based amphiphiles in aqueous systems are summarized. First, recent advances in molecular assembly studies, including the glassy state of lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases, modulated crystal phases, and coagels consisting of nanofibers of alkyl β-D-glycosides, are presented. Second, research on thermotropic LC phases under desiccated conditions of trehalose fatty acid monoesters to clarify the fundamental behaviors of the glassy state and their use as stabilizers of glass-forming surfactants for pharmaceutical applications are discussed. Several effective X-ray analytical approaches are included to identify or clarify these phenomena, unknown or unsolved for a long time. Third, a comprehensive analysis of vitamin E (tocopherol)-cyclodextrin in aqueous systems is presented. Along with these topics, the importance of investigating stabilizer-free functional components, considered minor components, is highlighted. These unveiled phenomena or concepts will contribute to the development of nanoarchitectonics covering the self-assembly and selforganization of soft molecules.

A Dynamic Membrane-Active Glycopeptide for Enhanced Protection of Human Red Blood Cells against Freeze-Stress

Intracellular delivery of freezing-tolerant trehalose is crucial for cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) and previous strategies based on membrane-disruptive activity usually generate severe hemolysis. Herein, a dynamic membrane-active glycopeptide is developed by grafting with 25% maltotriose and 50% p-benzyl alcohol for the first time to effectively facilitate entry of membrane-impermeable trehalose in human RBCs with low hemolysis. Results of the mechanism acting on cell membranes suggest that reversible adsorption of such benzyl alcohol-grafted glycopeptide on cell surfaces upon weak perturbation with phospholipids and dynamic transition toward membrane stabilization are essential for keeping cellular biofunctions. Furthermore, the functionalized glycopeptide is indicative of typical α-helical/β-sheet structure-driven regulations of ice crystals during freeze-thaw, thereby strongly promoting efficient cryopreservation. Such all-in-one glycopeptide enables achieving both high cell recovery post-thaw >85% and exceptional cryosurvival >95% in direct freezing protocols. The rationally designed benzyl alcohol-modified glycopeptide permits the development of a competent platform with high generality for protection of blood cells against freeze-stress.

Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates

Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.

Fermentation of Clementine Juice with Lactobacillus salivarius spp. salivarius CECT 4063: Effect of Trehalose Addition and High-Pressure Homogenization on Antioxidant Properties, Mucin Adhesion, and Shelf Life

Fermentation of fruit juices with lactic acid bacteria enhances their antioxidant properties to a different extent depending on the microbial strain and the growing media composition, which can be modified by adding certain ingredients or applying a homogenization step. This study analyzed the effect of trehalose addition (10%, w/w) and homogenization at 100 MPa before or after Lactobacillus salivarius spp. salivarius CECT 4063 inoculation on the antioxidant profile and the microbiological properties of commercial clementine juice during 96 h fermentation. Antioxidant properties and viable cell count of 24 h-fermented juices during refrigerated storage (30 days at 4 °C) were also evaluated. Fermentation over 24 h reduced the microbial population and antioxidant content of clementine juice. Homogenizing the juice before inoculation enhanced the microbial growth but favored antioxidant degradation. Adding trehalose (10%, w/w) to the juice formulation and/or homogenizing at the fermented juice at 100 MPa for 24 h had a negative impact on viable counts and did not improve the microbial adhesion to intestinal mucosa. However, both techniques prevented antioxidant oxidation and cell decay during the storage of fermented juice under refrigeration, which should not last more than 15 days.

Trehalose and its applications in the food industry

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by α, α-1,1-glycosidic bond. It is present in a wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and invertebrate animals. Trehalose has distinct physical and chemical properties that have been investigated for their biological importance in a range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. Emerging research on trehalose has identified untapped opportunities for its application in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. This review summarizes the chemical and biological properties of trehalose, its occurrence and metabolism in living organisms, its protective role in molecule stabilization, and natural and commercial production methods. Utilization of trehalose in the food industry, in particular how it stabilizes protein, fat, carbohydrate, and volatile compounds, is also discussed in depth. Challenges and opportunities of its application in specific applications (e.g., diagnostics, bioprocessing, ingredient technology) are described. We conclude with a discussion on the potential of leveraging the unique molecular properties of trehalose in molecular stabilization for improving the safety, quality, and sustainability of our food systems.

An open-label, 4-week, prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel targeted skin care line addressing five common skin conditions

BACKGROUND

Common skin conditions, such as irritated, dry, aging, and oily skin or dark eye circles with periorbital edema, usually do not require pharmaceutical therapy in form of dermatological drugs. They can, however, still affect the quality of life significantly. With the advent of newer cosmetics, a more targeted treatment of these dermatological conditions has become available to the public. There are few clinical studies investigating the efficacy and safety of cosmetics, leaving consumers exposed to potentially false claims of the cosmetic industry. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel skin care series addressing the aforementioned five common skin conditions.

METHODS

This open-label, single-center, 4-week, prospective clinical study evaluated the efficacy and safety of five novel skin care formulations, each targeting one of five common skin issues in 176 study subjects. The primary endpoint parameters for the change in irritated skin, dark and puffy eyes, dry skin, aging skin, and oily skin were assessed through validated questionnaires, scales, and biomedical devices.

RESULTS

After 4 weeks of topical application of each formulation of a new targeted skin care, a significant improvement in all primary endpoints was detected. No undesirable effects occurred during this study.

CONCLUSION

This study showed a significant improvement in five common dermatological conditions with a novel targeted skin care series. Moreover, this study leads the way for an overdue critical assessment and certification of cosmetic product claims.

A tailored bifunctional carbon catalyst for efficient glycosidic bond fracture and selective hemicellulose fractionation

This study proposed a mild chlorination-sulfonation approach to synthesize magnetic carbon acid bearing with catalytic SO₃H and adsorption Cl bifunctional sites on polydopamine coating. The catalysts exerted good textural structure and surface chemical properties (i.e., porosity, high specific surface area of >70 m²/g, high catalytic activity with 0.86-1.1 mmol/g of SO₃H sites and 0.8%-1.9% of Cl sites, and abundant hydrophilic functional groups), rendering a maximum cellobiose adsorption efficiency of ∼40% within 6 h. Moreover, the catalysts had strong fracture characteristics on different α-/β-glycosidic bonds with 85.4%-93.9% of disaccharide conversion, while selectively fractionating hemicellulose from wheat straw with 64.3% of xylose yield and 93.4% of cellulose retention. Due to the stable interaction between parent polydopamine support with Fe core and functional groups, the catalysts efficiently recovered by simple magnetic separation had good reusability with minimal losses in catalytic activity.

Integrated Whole-Cell Biocatalysis for Trehalose Production from Maltose Using Permeabilized Pseudomonas monteilii Cells and Bioremoval of Byproduct

Trehalose is a non-conventional sugar with potent applications in the food, healthcare and biopharma industries. In this study, trehalose was synthesized from maltose using whole-cell Pseudomonas monteilii TBRC 1196 producing trehalose synthase (TreS) as the biocatalyst. The reaction condition was optimized using 1% Triton X-100 permeabilized cells. According to our central composite design (CCD) experiment, the optimal process was achieved at 35°C and pH 8.0 for 24 h, resulting in the maximum trehalose yield of 51.60 g/g after 12 h using an initial cell loading of 94 g/l. Scale-up production in a lab-scale bioreactor led to the final trehalose concentration of 51.91 g/l with a yield of 51.60 g/g and productivity of 4.37 g/l/h together with 8.24 g/l glucose as a byproduct. A one-pot process integrating trehalose production and byproduct bioremoval showed 53.35% trehalose yield from 107.4 g/l after 15 h by permeabilized P. moteilii cells. The residual maltose and glucose were subsequently removed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TBRC 12153, resulting in trehalose recovery of 99.23% with 24.85 g/l ethanol obtained as a co-product. The present work provides an integrated alternative process for trehalose production from maltose syrup in bio-industry.

Inhalable Microparticle Platform Based on a Novel Shell-Forming Lipid Excipient and its Feasibility for Respirable Delivery of Biologics

Administration of biologics such as proteins, vaccines, and phages via the respiratory route is becoming increasingly popular. Inhalable powder formulations for the successful delivery of biologics must first ensure both powder dispersibility and physicochemical stability. A lipid-based inhalable microparticle platform combining the stability advantages offered by dry powder formulations and high dispersibility afforded by a rugose morphology was spray dried and tested. A new simplified spray drying method requiring no organic solvents or complicated feedstock preparation processes was introduced for the manufacture of the microparticles. Trehalose was selected to form the amorphous particle core, because of its well-known ability to stabilize biologics, and also because of its ability to serve as a surrogate for small molecule actives. Phospholipid distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), the lipid component in this formulation, was used as a shell former to improve powder dispersibility. Effectiveness of the lipid excipient in modifying trehalose particle morphology and enhancing powder dispersibility was evaluated at different lipid mass fractions (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%) and compared with that of several previously published shell-forming excipients at their effective mass fractions, i.e., 5% trileucine, 20% leucine, and 40% pullulan. A strong dependence of particle morphology on the lipid mass fraction was observed. Particles transitioned from typical smooth spherical trehalose particles without lipid to highly rugose microparticles at higher lipid mass fractions (> 5%). In vitro aerosol performance testing demonstrated a significant improvement of powder dispersibility even at lipid mass fractions as low as 5%. Powder formulations with excellent aerosol performance comparable to those modified with leucine and trileucine were achieved at higher lipid mass fractions (> 25%). A model biologic-containing formulation with 35% myoglobin, 35% glass stabilizer (trehalose), and 30% lipid shell former was shown to produce highly rugose particle structure as designed and excellent aerosol performance for efficient pulmonary delivery. A short-term stability at 40 °C proved that this protein-containing formulation had good thermal stability as designed. The results demonstrated great potential for the new lipid microparticle as a platform for the delivery of both small-molecule APIs and large-molecule biologics to the lung.

Synthesis and Application of Trehalose Materials

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, nonreducing disaccharide that is widely used in the biopharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its stabilizing and cryoprotective properties. Over the years, scientists have developed methodologies to synthesize linear polymers with trehalose units either in the polymer backbone or as pendant groups. These macromolecules provide unique properties and characteristics, which often outperform trehalose itself. Additionally, numerous reports have focused on the synthesis and formulation of materials based on trehalose, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and thermoset networks. Among many applications, these polymers and materials have been used as protein stabilizers, as gene delivery systems, and to prevent amyloid aggregate formation. In this Perspective, recent developments in the synthesis and application of trehalose-based linear polymers, hydrogels, and nanomaterials are discussed, with a focus on utilization in the biomedical field.

Design and biocatalytic applications of genetically fused multifunctional enzymes

Fusion proteins, understood as those created by joining two or more genes that originally encoded independent proteins, have numerous applications in biotechnology, from analytical methods to metabolic engineering. The use of fusion enzymes in biocatalysis may be even more interesting due to the physical connection of enzymes catalyzing successive reactions into covalently linked complexes. The proximity of the active sites of two enzymes in multi-enzyme complexes can make a significant contribution to the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. However, the physical proximity of the active sites does not guarantee this result. Other aspects, such as the nature and length of the linker used for the fusion or the order in which the enzymes are fused, must be considered and optimized to achieve the expected increase in catalytic efficiency. In this review, we will relate the new advances in the design, creation, and use of fused enzymes with those achieved in biocatalysis over the past 20 years. Thus, we will discuss some examples of genetically fused enzymes and their application in carbon‑carbon bond formation and oxidative reactions, generation of chiral amines, synthesis of carbohydrates, biodegradation of plant biomass and plastics, and in the preparation of other high-value products.

Trehalose decreases mRNA and protein expressions of c-Jun and JunB in human cervical cancer HeLa cells

Increasing evidence suggests that trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide, ameliorates disease phenotypes by activating autophagy in animal models of various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple in vitro studies suggest that activation of transcription factor EB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy genes, is a major contributor to trehalose-induced autophagy at later stages of exposure. However, underlying causes of trehalose-induced autophagy possibly occur at the early stage of the exposure period. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-term exposure of HeLa cells to trehalose on several signal transduction pathways to elucidate the initial events involved in its beneficial effects. Phospho-protein array analysis revealed that trehalose decreases levels of phosphorylated c-Jun, a component of the transcription factor activator protein-1, after 6 h. Trehalose also rapidly reduced mRNA expression levels of c-Jun and JunB, a member of the Jun family, within 1 h, resulting in a subsequent decrease in their protein levels. Future studies, exploring the interplay between decreased c-Jun and JunB protein levels and beneficial effects of trehalose may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of trehalose action.

Microvirga roseola sp. nov. and Microvirga lenta sp. nov., isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil

Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, designated SM9T and SM2T, were isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SM9T and SM2T had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains Microvirga indica BCRC 80972T and Microvirga soli NBRC 112417T with similarity values of 98.2 and 97.7 %, respectively, and Microvirga was among the predominant genera in the desert soil. The draft genomes of these two strains were 4.56 Mbp (SM9T) and 5.08 Mbp (SM2T) long with 65.1 mol% (SM9T) and 63.5 mol% (SM2T) G+C content. To adapt to the desert environment, these two strains possessed pathways for the synthesis of stress metabolite trehalose. The major fatty acids (>5 %) included C18 : 1 ω9c in SM2T, but C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c in SM9T, while the major menaquinone was ubiquinone 10 in both strains. The major polar lipids of SM9T and SM2T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipid. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization results further indicated that strains SM9T and SM2T were distinguished from phylogenetically related species and represented two novel species within the genus Microvirga , for which the names Microvirga roseola sp. nov. (type strain SM2T=KCTC 72792T=CGMCC 1.17776T) and Microvirga lenta sp. nov. (type strain SM9T=KCTC 82729T=CCTCC AB 2021131T) are proposed.

Rediscovery of 4-Trehalosamine as a Biologically Stable, Mass-Producible, and Chemically Modifiable Trehalose Analog

Nonreducing disaccharide trehalose is used as a stabilizer and humectant in various products and is a potential medicinal drug, showing curative effects on the animal models of various diseases. However, its use is limited as it is hydrolyzed by trehalase, a widely expressed enzyme in multiple organisms. Several trehalose analogs are prepared, including a microbial metabolite 4-trehalosamine, and their high biological stability is confirmed. For further analysis, 4-trehalosamine is selected as it shows high producibility. Compared with trehalose, 4-trehalosamine exhibits better or comparable protective activities and a high buffer capacity around the neutral pH. Another advantage of 4-trehalosamine is its chemical modifiability: simple reactions produce its various derivatives. Labeled probes and detergents are synthesized in one-pot reactions to exemplify the feasibility of their production, and their utility is confirmed for their respective applications. The labeled probes are used for mycobacterial staining. Although the derivative detergents can be effectively used in membrane protein research, long-chain detergents show 1000-3000-fold stronger autophagy-inducing activity in cultured cells than trehalose and are expected to become a drug lead and research reagent. These results indicate that 4-trehalosamine is a useful trehalose substitute for various purposes and a material to produce new useful derivative substances.