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Eusébio D, Neves AR, Costa D, Biswas S, Alves G, Cui Z, Sousa Â. Methods to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2575-2592. [PMID: 34214667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as innovative approaches that have great potential to overcome the limitations of current conventional vaccines. Plasmid DNA vaccines are often safer than other vaccines because they carry only antigen genetic information, are more stable and easier to produce, and can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the results of ongoing clinical trials are very promising, some limitations compromise the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Thus, this review describes different strategies that can be explored to improve the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines, including the optimization of the plasmid vector backbone, the use of different methods for vaccine delivery, the use of alternative administration routes and the inclusion of adjuvants. In combination, these improvements could lead to the successful clinical use of plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Eusébio
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Franck CO, Fanslau L, Bistrovic Popov A, Tyagi P, Fruk L. Biopolymer-based Carriers for DNA Vaccine Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13225-13243. [PMID: 32893932 PMCID: PMC8247987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, genetically engineered DNA has been tested as novel vaccination strategy against various diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, several parasites, and cancers. However, the clinical breakthrough of the technique is confined by the low transfection efficacy and immunogenicity of the employed vaccines. Therefore, carrier materials were designed to prevent the rapid degradation and systemic clearance of DNA in the body. In this context, biopolymers are a particularly promising DNA vaccine carrier platform due to their beneficial biochemical and physical characteristics, including biocompatibility, stability, and low toxicity. This article reviews the applications, fabrication, and modification of biopolymers as carrier medium for genetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph O. Franck
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhillipa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Luise Fanslau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhillipa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Andrea Bistrovic Popov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhillipa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Puneet Tyagi
- Dosage Form Design and DevelopmentBioPharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstra ZenecaGaithersburgMD20878USA
| | - Ljiljana Fruk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhillipa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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3
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Franck CO, Fanslau L, Bistrovic Popov A, Tyagi P, Fruk L. Biopolymer‐based Carriers for DNA Vaccine Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph O. Franck
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Phillipa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Luise Fanslau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Phillipa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Andrea Bistrovic Popov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Phillipa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Puneet Tyagi
- Dosage Form Design and Development BioPharmaceuticals Development R&D Astra Zeneca Gaithersburg MD 20878 USA
| | - Ljiljana Fruk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Phillipa Fawcett Drive Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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4
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Formulation and characterisation of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles capable of inducing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Lyophilisation Improves Bioactivity and Stability of Insulin-Loaded Polymeric-Oligonucleotide Nanoparticles for Diabetes Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:108. [PMID: 32215761 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral bioavailability of therapeutic proteins is limited by the gastrointestinal barriers. Encapsulation of labile proteins into nanoparticles is a promising strategy. In order to improve the stability of nanoparticles, lyophilisation has been used to remove water molecules from the suspension. Although various cryoprotections were employed in the preparation of lyophilised nanoparticles, the selection of cryoprotectant type and concentration in majority of the developed formulation was not justified. In this study, nanoparticles were fabricated by cationic chitosan and anionic Dz13Scr using complex coacervation. The effect of cryoprotectant types (mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose and trehalose) and their concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 10% w/v) on physiochemical properties of nanoparticles were measured. Cellular assays were performed to investigate the impact of selected cryoprotectant on cytotoxicity, glucose consumption, oral absorption mechanism and gastrointestinal permeability. The obtained results revealed that mannitol (7% w/v) could produce nanoparticles with small size (313.2 nm), slight positive charge and uniform size distribution. The addition of cryoprotectant could preserve the bioactivity of entrapped insulin and improve the stability of nanoparticles against mechanical stress during lyophilisation. The gastrointestinal absorption of nanoparticles is associated with both endocytic and paracellular pathways. With the use of 7% mannitol, lyophilised nanoparticles induced a significant glucose uptake in C2C12 cells. This work illustrated the importance of appropriate cryoprotectant in conservation of particle physiochemical properties, structural integrity and bioactivity. An incompatible cryoprotectant and inappropriate concentration could lead to cake collapse and formation of heterogeneous particle size populations.
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Wu X, Yang Y, Kling C, Seigler L, Gallardo-Romero NF, Martin BE, Smith TG, Olson VA. Inactivated Rabies Virus-Vectored Immunocontraceptive Vaccine in a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Induces High and Persistent Antibodies against Rabies, but Insufficient Antibodies against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone for Contraception. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E73. [PMID: 31349649 PMCID: PMC6789544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is preventable through vaccination, but the need to mount annual canine vaccination campaigns presents major challenges in rabies control and prevention. The development of a rabies vaccine that ensures lifelong immunity and animal population management in one dose could be extremely advantageous. A nonsurgical alternative to spay/neuter is a high priority for animal welfare, but irreversible infertility in one dose has not been achieved. Towards this goal, we developed a rabies virus-vectored immunocontraceptive vaccine ERA-2GnRH, which protected against rabies virus challenge and induced >80% infertility in mice after three doses in a live, liquid-vaccine formulation (Wu et al., 2014). To improve safety and use, we formulated an inactivated vaccine in a thermo-responsive chitosan hydrogel for one-dose delivery and studied the immune responses in mice. The hydrogel did not cause any injection site reactions, and the killed ERA-2GnRH vaccine induced high and persistent rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) in mice. The rVNA in the hydrogel group reached an average of 327.40 IU/mL, more than 200 times higher than the liquid vaccine alone. The Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antibodies were also present and lasted longer in the hydrogel group, but did not prevent fertility in mice, reflecting a possible threshold level of GnRH antibodies for contraception. In conclusion, the hydrogel facilitated a high and long-lasting immunity, and ERA-2GnRH is a promising dual vaccine candidate. Future studies will focus on rabies protection in target species and improving the anti-GnRH response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Yong Yang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- ARK Temporary Staffing, Lawrenceville, GA 30046, USA
| | - Chantal Kling
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Laurie Seigler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- ARK Temporary Staffing, Lawrenceville, GA 30046, USA
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Brock E Martin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Todd G Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Xing L, Zhou TJ, Fan YT, He YJ, Pang T, Cho KH, Lu JJ, Jiang HL, Cho CS. Efficient Mucosal Immunization by Mucoadhesive and pH-Sensitive Polymeric Vaccine Delivery System. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xing L, Fan YT, Zhou TJ, Gong JH, Cui LH, Cho KH, Choi YJ, Jiang HL, Cho CS. Chemical Modification of Chitosan for Efficient Vaccine Delivery. Molecules 2018; 23:E229. [PMID: 29370100 PMCID: PMC6017229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, which exhibits good biocompatibility, safety, microbial degradation and other excellent performances, has found application in all walks of life. In the field of medicine, usage of chitosan for the delivery of vaccine is favored by a wide range of researchers. However, due to its own natural limitations, its application has been constrained to the beginning of study. In order to improve the applicability for vaccine delivery, researchers have carried out various chemical modifications of chitosan. This review summarizes a variety of modification methods and applications of chitosan and its derivatives in the field of vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ya-Tong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jia-Hui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China.
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Well-defined star polymers for co-delivery of plasmid DNA and imiquimod to dendritic cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:378-389. [PMID: 27989922 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Co-delivery of antigen-encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) and immune-modulatory molecules has importance in advancing gene-based immunotherapy and vaccines. Here novel star polymer nanocarriers were synthesized for co-delivery of pDNA and imiquimod (IMQ), a poorly soluble small-molecule adjuvant, to dendritic cells. Computational modeling and experimental results revealed that the polymers formed either multimolecular or unimolecular core-shell-type micelles in water, depending on the nature of the outer hydrophilic shell. Micelles loaded with both IMQ and pDNA were able to release IMQ in response to intracellular pH of the endo-lysosome and transfect mouse dendritic cells (DC2.4 line) in vitro. Importantly, IMQ-loaded micelle/pDNA complexes displayed much enhanced transfection efficiency than IMQ-free complexes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of co-delivery of pDNA and IMQ to antigen-presenting cells by multifunctional polymer nanocarriers with potential use in gene-based vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yanhang Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Hasselmo
Hall, 312 Church Street S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Poecheim J, Heuking S, Brunner L, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Borchard G. Nanocarriers for DNA Vaccines: Co-Delivery of TLR-9 and NLR-2 Ligands Leads to Synergistic Enhancement of Proinflammatory Cytokine Release. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:2317-2334. [PMID: 28347123 PMCID: PMC5304807 DOI: 10.3390/nano5042317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immunogenicity of vaccines through either targeted antigen delivery or stimulation of immune receptors. Three cationic nanoparticle formulations were evaluated for their potential as carriers for a DNA vaccine, and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as immunostimulatory agent, to induce and increase immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA). The formulations included (1) trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles, (2) a squalene-in-water nanoemulsion, and (3) a mineral oil-in-water nanoemulsion. The adjuvant effect of the pDNA-nanocomplexes was evaluated by serum antibody analysis in immunized mice. All three carriers display a strong adjuvant effect, however, only TMC nanoparticles were capable to bias immune responses towards Th1. pDNA naturally contains immunostimulatory unmethylated CpG motifs that are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9). In mechanistic in vitro studies, activation of TLR-9 and the ability to enhance immunogenicity by simultaneously targeting TLR-9 and NOD-like receptor 2 (NLR-2) was determined by proinflammatory cytokine release in RAW264.7 macrophages. pDNA in combination with MDP was shown to significantly increase proinflammatory cytokine release in a synergistic manner, dependent on NLR-2 activation. In summary, novel pDNA-Ag85A loaded nanoparticle formulations, which induce antigen specific immune responses in mice were developed, taking advantage of the synergistic combinations of TLR and NLR agonists to increase the adjuvanticity of the carriers used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Poecheim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Simon Heuking
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Livia Brunner
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Cordeiro AS, Alonso MJ, de la Fuente M. Nanoengineering of vaccines using natural polysaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1279-93. [PMID: 26049133 PMCID: PMC7127432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are over 70 licensed vaccines, which prevent the pathogenesis of around 30 viruses and bacteria. Nevertheless, there are still important challenges in this area, which include the development of more active, non-invasive, and thermo-resistant vaccines. Important biotechnological advances have led to safer subunit antigens, such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. However, their limited immunogenicity has demanded potent adjuvants that can strengthen the immune response. Particulate nanocarriers hold a high potential as adjuvants in vaccination. Due to their pathogen-like size and structure, they can enhance immune responses by mimicking the natural infection process. Additionally, they can be tailored for non-invasive mucosal administration (needle-free vaccination), and control the delivery of the associated antigens to a specific location and for prolonged times, opening room for single-dose vaccination. Moreover, they allow co-association of immunostimulatory molecules to improve the overall adjuvant capacity. The natural and ubiquitous character of polysaccharides, together with their intrinsic immunomodulating properties, their biocompatibility, and biodegradability, justify their interest in the engineering of nanovaccines. In this review, we aim to provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the application of nanotechnology in vaccine delivery, with a focus on the most recent advances in the development and application of polysaccharide-based antigen nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Cordeiro
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Nano-oncologicals Lab, Translational Medical Oncology group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-oncologicals Lab, Translational Medical Oncology group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ungaro F, Conte C, Quaglia F, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. VLPs and particle strategies for cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1173-1193. [PMID: 24124878 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.836909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of tumor antigens to APCs is one of the key steps for eliciting a strong and durable immune response to tumors. Several cancer vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials, based on soluble peptides, but results have not been fully satisfactory. To improve immunogenicity particles provide a valid strategy to display and/or incorporate epitopes which can be efficiently targeted to APCs for effective induction of adaptive immunity. In the present review, we report some leading technologies for developing particulate vaccines employed in cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the key parameters for a rational design to elicit both humoral and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ungaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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Diesel B, Hoppstädter J, Hachenthal N, Zarbock R, Cavelius C, Wahl B, Thewes N, Jacobs K, Kraegeloh A, Kiemer AK. Activation of Rac1 GTPase by nanoparticulate structures in human macrophages. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:315-24. [PMID: 23333897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammatory activation of alveolar macrophages by ambient particles can be facilitated via Toll-like receptors (TLR). The action of TLR agonists and antagonists has been reported to depend on the formation of nanoparticulate structures. Aim of the present study was to identify the signaling pathways induced by nanoparticulate structures in human macrophages, which might be critical for inflammatory cell activation. METHODS Studies were performed in primary human alveolar macrophages or in differentiated THP-1 macrophages. Silica nanoparticles were prepared by Stöber synthesis and characterized by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Mycobacterial DNA was isolated from Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and nanoparticle formation was assessed by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Actin polymerization was measured by phalloidin-TRITC staining, and cell activation was determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis, L929 cytotoxicity assay (cytokine induction), and pull-down assays (Rho GTPases). RESULTS In contrast to immune stimulatory sequence ISS 1018, BCG DNA spontaneously formed nanoparticulate structures and induced actin polymerization as did synthetic silica nanoparticles. Co-incubation with silica nanoparticles amplified the responsiveness of macrophages toward the TLR9 ligand ISS 1018. The activation of Rac1 was induced by silica nanoparticles as well as BCG DNA and is suggested as the critical signaling event inducing both cytoskeleton changes as well as inflammatory cell activation. CONCLUSION Nanoparticles can induce signaling pathways, which amplify an inflammatory response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Diesel
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbruecken, Germany
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15
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Leleux J, Roy K. Micro and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccine immunotherapy: an immunological and materials perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:72-94. [PMID: 23225517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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