1
|
Manna S, Sarkar S, Sahu R, Dua TK, Paul P, Jana S, Nandi G. Characterization of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) stolon polysaccharide and evaluation of its potential as a tablet binder in the formulation of matrix tablet. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135901. [PMID: 39313047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
This investigation focuses on the extraction, characterization, and evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta) stolon polysaccharide (TSP) as a tablet binding agent, which is obtained from edible taro stolon. TSP was subjected to phytochemical screening and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, DTA, XRD, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, rheological behavior, and SEM. The tablets prepared with varying concentrations of TSP (2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, and 10 % w/w) and diclofenac sodium (DS) were evaluated and compared with the same concentrations of gum acacia and PVP K-30. The presence of carbohydrates was confirmed by Molisch's test. The FTIR spectra established the compatibility of the drug with excipients. The SEM images revealed asymmetric and elongated particles of TSP powder. The hydration kinetics study showed matrix hydration and water penetration velocity within the range of 0.602-0.753 g/g and 0.112-0.189 cm/g.h, respectively. The tablets showed drug release of >75 % at 45 min. The release-exponent value above 0.89 indicated a super case II drug transport combining matrix erosion and diffusion. Optimum tablet hardness and very low friability, even at 2.5 % binder concentration, suggested the potential application of the novel TSP as a tablet binder in the formulation of the tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejan Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700125, India
| | - Saurav Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Dua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Sougata Jana
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate of Health Services, Kolkata, India
| | - Gouranga Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Dist. - Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
González-González JS, Pérez-Espinoza S, Martínez-Martínez FJ, Pineda-Contreras A, Canseco-Martínez MÁ, Flores-Alamo M, García-Ortega H. Crystal structure and characterization of the sulfamethazine-piperidine salt. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2023; 79:71-76. [PMID: 36871288 PMCID: PMC9985947 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229622012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfamethazine [N1-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanilamide] is an antimicrobial drug that possesses functional groups capable of acting as hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, which make it a suitable supramolecular building block for the formation of cocrystals and salts. We report here the crystal structure and solid-state characterization of the 1:1 salt piperidinium sulfamethazinate (PPD+·SUL-, C5H12N+·C12H13N4O2S-) (I). The salt was obtained by the solvent-assisted grinding method and was characterized by IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)]. Salt I crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n and showed a 1:1 stoichiometry revealing proton transfer from SUL to PPD to form salt I. The PPD+ and SUL- ions are connected by N-H+...O and N-H+...N interactions. The self-assembly of SUL- anions displays the amine-sulfa C(8) motif. The supramolecular architecture of salt I revealed the formation of interconnected supramolecular sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Saulo González-González
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipán, km 1.7 s/n, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, 68540, Mexico
| | - Salvador Pérez-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipán, km 1.7 s/n, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, 68540, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Pineda-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, km 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán, Colima, 28400, Mexico
| | | | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor García-Ortega
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jurczak E, Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM, Zielińska-Pisklak M. Pharmaceutical Hydrates Analysis-Overview of Methods and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100959. [PMID: 33050621 PMCID: PMC7601571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses a set of instrumental and computational methods that are used to characterize hydrated forms of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). The focus has been put on highlighting advantages as well as on presenting some limitations of the selected analytical approaches. This has been performed in order to facilitate the choice of an appropriate method depending on the type of the structural feature that is to be analyzed, that is, degree of hydration, crystal structure and dynamics, and (de)hydration kinetics. The presented techniques include X-ray diffraction (single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)), spectroscopic (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), gravimetric (dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)), and computational (molecular mechanics (MM), Quantum Mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD)) methods. Further, the successful applications of the presented methods in the studies of hydrated APIs as well as studies on the excipients' influence on these processes have been described in many examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jurczak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Anna Helena Mazurek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-255-121
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hamed R, Mahmoud NN, Alnadi SH, Alkilani AZ, Hussein G. Diclofenac diethylamine nanosystems-loaded bigels for topical delivery: development, rheological characterization, and release studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1705-1715. [PMID: 32892653 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop novel topical drug delivery systems of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA). Toward this objective, DDEA was loaded into two nanosystems, the oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion (DDEA-NE) and the gold nanorods (GNR) that were conjugated to DDEA, forming DDEA-GNR. The DDEA-NE and DDEA-GNR were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, thermodynamic stability, DDEA loading efficiency, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. These nanosystems were then incorporated into the biphasic gel-based formulations (bigels) for topical delivery. The rheological characterization and release studies of the DDEA NE- and DDEA GNR-incorporated bigels were performed and compared to those of DDEA traditional bigel. DDEA-NE exhibited a droplet size 15.2 ± 1.5 nm and zeta potential -0.37 ± 0.06 mV. The particle size of GNR was approximately 66 nm × 17 nm with an aspect ratio of approximately 3.8. The bigels showed composition-dependent viscoelastic properties, which in turn play a vital role in determining the rate and mechanism of DDEA release from the bigels. Bigels showed a controlled-release pattern where 61.6, 91.7, and 50.0% of the drug was released from DDEA traditional bigel, DDEA NE-incorporated bigel, and DDEA GNR-incorporated bigel, respectively, after 24 h. The ex vivo permeation studies showed that the amount of DDEA permeated through excised skin was relatively low, between 2.7% and 18.2%. The results suggested that the incorporation of the nanosystems NE and GNR into bigels can potentially improve the topical delivery of DDEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nouf N Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sabreen Hassan Alnadi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ghaid Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salt Cocrystal of Diclofenac Sodium-L-Proline: Structural, Pseudopolymorphism, and Pharmaceutics Performance Study. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070690. [PMID: 32708314 PMCID: PMC7408265 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported on a zwitterionic cocrystal of diclofenac acid and L-proline. However, the solubility of this multicomponent crystal was still lower than that of diclofenac sodium salt. Therefore, this study aimed to observe whether a multicomponent crystal could be produced from diclofenac sodium hydrate with the same coformer, L-proline, which was expected to improve the pharmaceutics performance. Methods involved screening, solid phase characterization, structure determination, stability, and in vitro pharmaceutical performance tests. First, a phase diagram screen was carried out to identify the molar ratio of the multicomponent crystal formation. Next, the single crystals were prepared by slow evaporation under two conditions, which yielded two forms: one was a rod-shape and the second was a flat-square form. The characterization by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and diffractometry confirmed the formation of the new phases. Finally, structural determination using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis solved the new salt cocrystals as a stable diclofenac-sodium-proline-water (1:1:1:4) named NDPT (natrium diclofenac proline tetrahydrate), and unstable diclofenac-sodium-proline-water (1:1:1:1), named NDPM (natrium diclofenac proline monohydrate). The solubility and dissolution rate of these multicomponent crystals were superior to those of diclofenac sodium alone. The experimental results that this salt cocrystal is suitable for further development.
Collapse
|
6
|
MURAKAMI K, HORI K, MAEDA K, FUKUYAMA M, YOSHIDA Y. Adsorption and Distribution of Ions to a Bilayer Lipid Membrane. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji MURAKAMI
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Kisho HORI
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Kohji MAEDA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Mao FUKUYAMA
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Yumi YOSHIDA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Price DJ, Ilie AR, Kalantzi L, Kimpe K, Holm R, Nair A, Griffin B, Saal C, Kuentz M. Application of the solubility parameter concept to assist with oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:441-463. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Solubility parameters have been used for decades in various scientific fields including pharmaceutics. It is, however, still a field of active research both on a conceptual and experimental level. This work addresses the need to review solubility parameter applications in pharmaceutics of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Key findings
An overview of the different experimental and calculation methods to determine solubility parameters is provided, which covers from classical to modern approaches. In the pharmaceutical field, solubility parameters are primarily used to guide organic solvent selection, cocrystals and salt screening, lipid-based delivery, solid dispersions and nano- or microparticulate drug delivery systems. Solubility parameters have been applied for a quantitative assessment of mixtures, or they are simply used to rank excipients for a given drug.
Summary
In particular, partial solubility parameters hold great promise for aiding the development of poorly soluble drug delivery systems. This is particularly true in early-stage development, where compound availability and resources are limited. The experimental determination of solubility parameters has its merits despite being rather labour-intensive because further data can be used to continuously improve in silico predictions. Such improvements will ensure that solubility parameters will also in future guide scientists in finding suitable drug formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Price
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Roxana Ilie
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
| | - Kristof Kimpe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anita Nair
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Wang J, Cong J, Wei C, Li J, Liu H, Li S, Yang M. Biomimetic synthesis of proline-derivative templated mesoporous silica for increasing the brain distribution of diazepam and improving the pharmacodynamics of nimesulide. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1086-1098. [PMID: 28762846 PMCID: PMC8241142 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1359863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein a new kind of proline-derivative templated mesoporous silica with curved channels (CMS) was biomimetically synthesized and applied as carrier to improve the drug dissolution and bioavailability of hydrophobic diazepam (DZP) and nimesulide (NMS). Drugs can be incorporated into CMS with high efficiency; during this process, they successfully transformed to amorphous phase. As a result, the dissolution rate of DZP and NMS was significantly improved. Biodistribution study confirmed that CMS converted DZP distribution in mice with the tendency of lung targeting and brain targeting. At 45 min postadministration, the concentrations of DZP in plasma, lung and brain were 8.57-fold, 124.94-fold and 19.55-fold higher from 1:3 DZP/CMS sample than that of pure DZP sample, respectively. At 90 min postadministration, the content of DZP in brain was 62.31-fold higher for 1:3 DZP/CMS sample than that of pure DZP. Besides, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of 1:3 NMS/CMS were systematic evaluated using mouse ankle swelling test (MAST), mouse ear swelling test (MEST) and mouse writhing test (MWT). The results indicated that after incorporating into CMS, the therapeutic effects of NMS were obviously improved, and the inhibition rates of 1:3 NMS/CMS in all pharmacodynamics tests varied from 102.2% to 904.3%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heran Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialiang Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sanming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murakami K, Hori K, Maeda K, Fukuyama M, Yoshida Y. Distribution and Adsorption of Ionic Species into a Liposome Membrane and Their Dependence upon the Species and Concentration of a Coexisting Counterion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10678-10684. [PMID: 27687781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of ions into a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and their adsorption on the BLM are investigated by extracting a hydrophobic cation, rhodamine 6G (R6G+), into a liposome through the dialysis membrane method. R6G+ distribution mainly depends upon the concentration of the coexisting anion and its species (Cl-, Br-, BF4-, ClO4-, and picrate). On the other hand, R6G+ adsorption on the BLM surface follows the Langmuir adsorption model and is independent of the coexisting anion in the aqueous phase. We propose an extraction model of ionic species into the BLM, to explain the dependence of extraction of ionic species upon the coexisting anion. In this model, an ion is distributed with a coexisting counterion into the BLM and then forms an ion pair in the BLM. Here, the ion adsorption equilibrium on the BLM surface is independent of the species and concentration of the coexisting counterion under the same ionic strength. On the basis of this model, we estimate the distribution constant of R6G+ and anion (KD), the ion-pair formation constant in the BLM (Kip), and the R6G+ adsorption constant on the BLM surface (Kad). Even for an ultrathin membrane system, such as a BLM, R6G+ is distributed with a coexisting counterion and the distribution equilibrium of the ionic species at the water-BLM interface is analyzable similar to that at the water-organic solvent interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murakami
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kisho Hori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kohji Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Mao Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preformulation assists scientists in screening lead candidates based on their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. This data is useful for selection of new chemical entities (NCEs) for preclinical efficacy/toxicity studies which is a major section under investigational new drug application. A strong collaboration between discovery and formulation group is essential for selecting right NCEs in order to reduce attrition rate in the late stage development. AREAS COVERED This article describes the significance of preformulation research in drug discovery and development. Various crucial preformulation parameters with case studies have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization of NCEs is a decisive parameter during product development. Early prediction of these properties helps in selecting suitable physical form (salt, polymorph, etc.) of the candidate. Based on pharmacokinetic and efficacy/toxicity studies, suitable formulation for Phase I clinical studies can be developed. Overall these activities contribute in streamlining efficacy/toxicology evaluation, allowing pharmacologically effective and developable molecules to reach the clinic and eventually to the market. In this review, the magnitude of understanding preformulation properties of NCEs and their utility in product development has been elaborated with case studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fini A, Bassini G, Monastero A, Cavallari C. Diclofenac Salts, VIII. Effect of the Counterions on the Permeation through Porcine Membrane from Aqueous Saturated Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:413-29. [PMID: 24300300 PMCID: PMC3834916 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The following bases: monoethylamine (EtA), diethylamine (DEtA), triethylamine (TEtA), monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), pyrrolidine (Py), piperidine (Pp), morpholine (M), piperazine (Pz) and their N-2-hydroxyethyl (HE) analogs were employed to prepare 14 diclofenac salts. The salts were re-crystallized from water in order to obtain forms that are stable in the presence of water. Vertical Franz-type cells with a diffusional surface area of 9.62 cm2 were used to study the permeation of these diclofenac salts from their saturated solutions through an internal pig ear membrane. The receptor compartments of the cells contained 100 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4); a saturated solution (5 mL) of each salt was placed in the donor compartment, thermostated at 37 °C. Aliquots were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals over 8 h and then immediately analyzed by HPLC. Fluxes were determined by plotting the permeated amount, normalized for the membrane surface area versus time. Permeation coefficients were obtained dividing the flux values J by the concentration of the releasing phase-that is, water solubility of each salt. Experimental results show that fluxes could be measured when diclofenac salts with aliphatic amines are released from a saturated aqueous solution. Different chemical species (acid, anion, ion pairs) contribute to permeation of the anti-inflammatory agent even though ion-pairs could be hypothesized to operate to a greater extent. Permeation coefficients were found higher when the counterion contains a ring; while hydroxy groups alone do not appear to play an important role, the ring could sustain permeation, disrupting the organized domains of the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Fini
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Glenda Bassini
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Annamaria Monastero
- Department SMETEC, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Cristina Cavallari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar N, Shishu, Bansal G, Kumar S, Jana AK. Ditosylate salt of itraconazole and dissolution enhancement using cyclodextrins. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:863-74. [PMID: 22669594 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt formation has been a promising approach for improving the solubility of poorly soluble acidic and basic drugs. The aim of the present study was to prepare the salt form of itraconazole (ITZ), a hydrophobic drug to improve the solubility and hence dissolution performance. Itraconazolium ditolenesulfonate salt (ITZDITOS) was synthesized from ITZ using acid addition reaction with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Salt characterization was performed using (1)H NMR, mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The particle size and morphology was studied using dynamic light scattering technique and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The solubility of the salt in water and various pharmaceutical solvents was found multifold than ITZ. The dissolution study exhibited 5.5-fold greater percentage release value in 3 h of ITZDITOS (44.53%) as compared with ITZ (8.54%). Results of in vitro antifungal studies using broth microdilution technique indicate that ITZDITOS possessed similar antifungal profile as that of ITZ when tested against four fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the physical mixtures of ITZDITOS with two cyclodextrins, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were prepared in different molar ratios and were evaluated for in vitro release. It was observed that in only 30 min of dissolution study, about 74 and 81% of drug was released from 1:3 molar ratios of ITZDITOS with β-CD and ITZDITOS with HP-β-CD, respectively, which was distinctly higher than the drug released from ITZ commercial capsules (70%). The findings warrant further preclinical and clinical studies on ITZDITOS so that it can be established as an alternative to ITZ for developing oral formulations.
Collapse
|