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Yellepeddi VK, Zhudeva MY, Movahedi F, Vo A, Phan J, Kirsh RD, Rawlins DB, Talbot JN. Biopharmaceutical Characterization and Oral Efficacy of a New Rapid Acting Antidepressant Ro 25-6981. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2472-2478. [PMID: 29800545 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ro 25-6981 is a highly potent and selective blocker of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors that has been shown to possess both rapid and sustained antidepressant activity. In the present study, we report the biopharmaceutical characterization of Ro 25-6981 by evaluating gastrointestinal stability, transepithelial permeability, stability in human liver microsomes, and in silico metabolic prediction. Moreover, in vivo efficacy of Ro 25-6981 after oral administration was evaluated in animal models of depression. When mixed with 5 different simulated gastrointestinal fluids, no loss of parent compound was observed after 6 h, indicating compound stability in the gastrointestinal environment. At the tested concentrations, Ro 25-6981 was shown to have transepithelial permeability with apparent permeability (Papp) values comparable to highly permeable drugs. Ro 25-6981 was metabolized within 30 min in human liver microsomes, and the metabolic prediction data showed glucuronidation and sulfation as potential metabolic pathways. The in vivo efficacy data suggested that Ro 25-6981, when administered orally at 30 mg/kg, exhibits antidepressant-like activity following oral administration with efficacy comparable to traditional antidepressants that is both dose- and time-dependent. Overall, due to optimal gastrointestinal stability, oral permeability, and oral efficacy, Ro 25-6981 can be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata K Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.
| | - Maryia Y Zhudeva
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095
| | - Fereshteh Movahedi
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095
| | - Annh Vo
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095
| | - Julie Phan
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095
| | - Robert D Kirsh
- Comparative Medicine Unit, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095
| | - David B Rawlins
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095; Research Center on Substance Abuse and Depression, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada 89014
| | - Jeffery N Talbot
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah 84095; Research Center on Substance Abuse and Depression, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada 89014
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Remesic M, Lee YS, Hruby VJ. Cyclic Opioid Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:1288-303. [PMID: 27117332 PMCID: PMC5693220 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160427123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades the opioid receptors have been an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of pain. Since the first discovery of enkephalin, approximately a dozen endogenous opioid peptides have been known to produce opioid activity and analgesia, but their therapeutics have been limited mainly due to low blood brain barrier penetration and poor resistance to proteolytic degradation. One versatile approach to overcome these drawbacks is the cyclization of linear peptides to cyclic peptides with constrained topographical structure. Compared to their linear parents, cyclic analogs exhibit better metabolic stability, lower offtarget toxicity, and improved bioavailability. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies have uncovered promising compounds for the treatment of pain as well as further elucidate structural elements required for selective opioid receptor activity. The benefits that come with employing cyclization can be further enhanced through the generation of polycyclic derivatives. Opioid ligands generally have a short peptide chain and thus the realm of polycyclic peptides has yet to be explored. In this review, a brief history of designing ligands for the opioid receptors, including classic linear and cyclic ligands, is discussed along with recent approaches and successes of cyclic peptide ligands for the receptors. Various scaffolds and approaches to improve bioavailability are elaborated and concluded with a discourse towards polycyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University, P.O. Box 210041, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1143-63. [PMID: 25418271 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major hurdles in developing therapeutic agents is the difficulty in delivering drugs through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers (BBB). The goal here is to describe the general structures of the biological barriers and the strategies to enhance drug delivery across these barriers. Prodrug methods used to improve drug penetration via the transcellular pathway have been successfully developed, and some prodrugs have been used to treat patients. The use of transporters to improve absorption of some drugs (e.g., antiviral agents) has also been successful in treating patients. Other methods, including blocking the efflux pumps to improve transcellular delivery, and modulation of cell-cell adhesion in the intercellular junctions to improve paracellular delivery across biological barriers, are still in the investigational stage.
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Targeting of gastrointestinal tract for amended delivery of protein/peptide therapeutics: Strategies and industrial perspectives. J Control Release 2014; 196:168-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bak A, Leung D, Barrett SE, Forster S, Minnihan EC, Leithead AW, Cunningham J, Toussaint N, Crocker LS. Physicochemical and formulation developability assessment for therapeutic peptide delivery--a primer. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:144-55. [PMID: 25398427 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are an important class of endogenous ligands that regulate key biological cascades. As such, peptides represent a promising therapeutic class with the potential to alleviate many severe disease states. Despite their therapeutic potential, peptides frequently pose drug delivery challenges to scientists. This review introduces the physicochemical, biophysical, biopharmaceutical, and formulation developability aspects of peptides pertinent to the drug discovery-to-development interface. It introduces the relevance of these properties with respect to the delivery modalities available for peptide pharmaceuticals, with the parenteral route being the most prevalent route of administration. This review also presents characterization strategies for oral delivery of peptides with the aim of illuminating developability issues with the drug candidate. A brief overview of other routes of administration, including inhaled, transdermal, and intranasal routes, is provided as these routes are generally preferred by patients over injectables. Finally, this review presents formulation techniques to mitigate some of the developability obstacles associated with peptide delivery. The authors emphasize opportunities for the thoughtful application of pharmaceutical science to the development of peptide drugs and to the general advancement of this promising class of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bak
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA,
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Design of prodrugs to enhance colonic absorption by increasing lipophilicity and blocking ionization. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:207-19. [PMID: 24566521 PMCID: PMC3942693 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are chemistry-enabled drug delivery modifications of active molecules designed to enhance their pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and/or biopharmaceutical properties. Ideally, prodrugs are efficiently converted in vivo, through chemical or enzymatic transformations, to the active parent molecule. The goal of this work is to enhance the colonic absorption of a drug molecule with a short half-life via a prodrug approach to deliver sustained plasma exposure and enable once daily (QD) dosing. The compound has poor absorption in the colon and by the addition of a promoiety to block the ionization of the molecule as well as increase lipophilicity, the relative colonic absorption increased from 9% to 40% in the retrograde dog colonic model. A combination of acceptable solubility and stability in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) as well as permeability was used to select suitable prodrugs to optimize colonic absorption.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2012 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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