1
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Leon ASC, Waterman KC, Wang G, Wang L, Cai T, Zhang X. Accelerated stability modeling of recrystallization from amorphous solid Dispersions: A Griseofulvin/HPMC-AS case study. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124189. [PMID: 38701906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) represent an important approach for enhancing oral bioavailability for poorly water soluble compounds; however, assuring that these ASDs do not recrystallize to a significant extent during storage can be time-consuming. Therefore, various efforts have been undertaken to predict ASD crystallization levels with kinetic models. However, only limited success has been achieved due to limits on crystal content quantification methods and the complexity of crystallization kinetics. To increase the prediction accuracy, the accelerated stability assessment program (ASAP), employing isoconversion (time to hit a specification limit) and a modified Arrhenius approach, are employed here for predictive shelf-life modeling. In the current study, a model ASD was prepared by spray drying griseofulvin and HPMC-AS-LF. This ASD was stressed under a designed combinations of temperature, relative humidity and time with the conditions set to ensure stressing was carried out below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ASD. Crystal content quantification method by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) with sufficient sensitivity was developed and employed for stressed ASD. Crystallization modeling of the griseofulvin ASD using ASAPprime® demonstrated good agreement with long-term (40 °C/75 %RH) crystallinity levels and support the use of this type of accelerated stability studies for further improving ASD shelf-life prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanhua Wang
- Level 2, Block C3, Maple Science Park, Qixia District, Nanjing 210048 China
| | - Likun Wang
- Level 2, Block C3, Maple Science Park, Qixia District, Nanjing 210048 China.
| | - Ting Cai
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- 99 HengGuang Road, Nanjing Development Zone, Nanjing 210038 China
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2
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Lightowler M, Li S, Ou X, Cho J, Liu B, Li A, Hofer G, Xu J, Yang T, Zou X, Lu M, Xu H. Phase Identification and Discovery of an Elusive Polymorph of Drug-Polymer Inclusion Complex Using Automated 3D Electron Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317695. [PMID: 38380831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
3D electron diffraction (3D ED) has shown great potential in crystal structure determination in materials, small organic molecules, and macromolecules. In this work, an automated, low-dose and low-bias 3D ED protocol has been implemented to identify six phases from a multiple-phase melt-crystallisation product of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, griseofulvin (GSF). Batch data collection under low-dose conditions using a widely available commercial software was combined with automated data analysis to collect and process over 230 datasets in three days. Accurate unit cell parameters obtained from 3D ED data allowed direct phase identification of GSF Forms III, I and the known GSF inclusion complex (IC) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (GSF-PEG IC-I), as well as three minor phases, namely GSF Forms II, V and an elusive new phase, GSF-PEG IC-II. Their structures were then directly determined by 3D ED. Furthermore, we reveal how the stabilities of the two GSF-PEG IC polymorphs are closely related to their crystal structures. These results demonstrate the power of automated 3D ED for accurate phase identification and direct structure determination of complex, beam-sensitive crystallisation products, which is significant for drug development where solid form screening is crucial for the overall efficacy of the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Lightowler
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jungyoun Cho
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Binbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gerhard Hofer
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jiaoyan Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Taimin Yang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
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3
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Direct structure determination of vemurafenib polymorphism from compact spherulites using 3D electron diffraction. Commun Chem 2023; 6:18. [PMID: 36697943 PMCID: PMC9871043 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The spherulitic morphology is considered to be the most common morphology of crystalline materials and is particularly apparent in melt-crystallized products. Yet, historically, the polycrystalline nature of spherulites has hindered successful crystal structure determination. Here, we report the direct structure determination of a clinical drug, vemurafenib (VMN), in compact spherulite form using 3D electron diffraction (3D ED). VMN has four known polymorphs. We first solved the crystal structures of α-, β-, and γ-VMN from compact spherulites using 3D ED, and the resulting structures were highly consistent with those obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We then determined the crystal structure of δ-VMN-the least stable polymorph which cannot be cultivated as a single crystal-directly from the compact spherulite sample. We unexpectedly discovered a new polymorph during our studies, denoted as ε-VMN. Single crystals of ε-VMN are extremely thin and not suitable for study by X-ray diffraction. Again, we determined the structure of ε-VMN in a compact spherulite form. This successful structure elucidation of all five VMN polymorphs demonstrates the possibility of directly determining structures from melt-grown compact spherulite samples. Thereby, this discovery will improve the efficiency and broaden the scope of polymorphism research, especially within the field of melt crystallization.
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4
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Recent advances in drug polymorphs: Aspects of pharmaceutical properties and selective crystallization. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121320. [PMID: 34843866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug polymorphism, an established term used to describe the phenomenon that a drug can exist in different crystalline phases, has attracted great interests in pharmaceutical field in consideration of its important role in affecting the pharmaceutical performance of oral formulations. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the research on polymorphic drug systems including understandings on nucleation, crystal growth, dissolution, mechanical properties, polymorphic transformation, etc. Moreover, new strategies and mechanisms in the control of polymorphic forms are also highlighted in this review. Furthermore, challenges and trends in the development of polymorphic drugs are briefly discussed, aiming at developing effective and efficient pharmaceutical formulations containing the polymorphic drugs.
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5
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Park H, Kim JS, Hong S, Ha ES, Nie H, Zhou QT, Kim MS. Tableting process-induced solid-state polymorphic transition. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Liu Q, Li M, Liu C, Yin J, Zhu X, Chen D. Continuous Synthesis of Polymer-Coated Drug Nanoparticles by Heterogeneous Nucleation in a Hollow-Fiber Membrane Module. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jieli Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dengyue Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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7
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Gundlapalli S, Devarapalli R, Mudda RR, Chennuru R, Rupakula R. Novel solid forms of insomnia drug suvorexant with improved solubility and dissolution: accessing salts from a salt solvate route. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Suvorexant (SRX) is a dual orexin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gundlapalli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Devarapalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Ramesh Reddy Mudda
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Ramanaiah Chennuru
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravichandrababu Rupakula
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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8
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da Igreja P, Erve A, Thommes M. Melt milling as manufacturing method for solid crystalline suspensions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:245-253. [PMID: 33253891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of submicron particles (0.1-1 μm) has been identified by the pharmaceutical industry as a key technology to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, nanosuspensions derived from commonly applied wet milling suffer from long-term stability issues, making further downstream processing necessary. In previous works, the formulation as a long-term stable solid crystalline suspension (SCS) was introduced, for which the crystalline drug is ground in a (molten) hydrophilic carrier matrix. The model formulation of the antimycotic Griseofulvin and the sugar alcohol Xylitol was reused for comparative purposes. Due to process limitations regarding the degree of comminution, the present work demonstrates the application of fine grinding in the framework of SCS manufacturing. A custom-built mill with annular gap geometry successfully yielded particles in the targeted submicron range. A process optimization study lead to improved energy utilization during grinding, which reduced the necessary grinding time and, thereby, the thermal exposition of the drug. Investigation of solid-state properties of the SCS, via differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray powder diffraction, showed no alteration even for extended grinding times. In dissolution experiments, the melt-milled SCS outperformed its predecessors, although mostly agglomerates were found by SEM imaging in the solidified product. In conclusion, melt milling is a valuable tool to overcome low aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip da Igreja
- INVITE GmbH, Chempark Building W32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Erve
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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9
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Li X, Ou X, Wang B, Rong H, Wang B, Chang C, Shi B, Yu L, Lu M. Rich polymorphism in nicotinamide revealed by melt crystallization and crystal structure prediction. Commun Chem 2020; 3:152. [PMID: 36703331 PMCID: PMC9814109 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overprediction is a major limitation of current crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods. It is difficult to determine whether computer-predicted polymorphic structures are artefacts of the calculation model or are polymorphs that have not yet been found. Here, we reported the well-known vitamin nicotinamide (NIC) to be a highly polymorphic compound with nine solved single-crystal structures determined by performing melt crystallization. A CSP calculation successfully identifies all six Z' = 1 and 2 experimental structures, five of which defy 66 years of attempts at being explored using solution crystallization. Our study demonstrates that when combined with our strategy for cultivating single crystals from melt microdroplets, melt crystallization has turned out to be an efficient tool for exploring polymorphic landscapes to better understand polymorphic crystallization and to more effectively test the accuracy of theoretical predictions, especially in regions inaccessible by solution crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingquan Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowei Rong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi Inc.), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi Inc.), Shenzhen, China
| | - Baimei Shi
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi Inc.), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Yu
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ming Lu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Guo M, Liu Z, Cai T. Melt Crystallization of Indomethacin Polymorphs in the Presence of Poly(ethylene oxide): Selective Enrichment of the Polymer at the Crystal–Liquid Interface. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2064-2071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Continuous synthesis of drug nanocrystals by solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:118978. [PMID: 31870959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Size reduction of drug with poor water solubility to nanoscale is an effective way to help improve the efficacy of drug delivery to the human body. A solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization technique has been adopted to continuously produce griseofulvin drug nanoparticles under modest conditions with accurate controllability. In the solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization device, drug solution flowed through the bores of solid hollow fibers while the cooling liquid was circulated counter-currently in the shell side of the device to cool down the drug solution in the tube side. Due to intense heat exchange between the cooling liquid and the drug solution through the thin fiber walls, the temperature of drug solution decreased rapidly so that drug nanoparticles were precipitated out from the solution by sudden reduction of solubility. Through variation of the experimental conditions and parameters, the mean size of the produced nanoparticles was regulated and controlled. The nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly, the chemical structure and bonds of prepared nanoparticles was the same with as-received griseofulvin. Both raw material and NPs the polymorph(s) present form I, the melting point was 220 °C. Drug dissolution testing was also executed to verify that nanocrystals have a higher dissolution profile.
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12
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Ou X, Li X, Rong H, Yu L, Lu M. A general method for cultivating single crystals from melt microdroplets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9950-9953. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a general strategy for rapidly cultivating single crystals from melt microdroplets within tens of minutes at the microgram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xizhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Haowei Rong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation
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13
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Al-Obaidi H, Kowalczyk RM, Kalgudi R, Zariwala MG. Griseofulvin solvate solid dispersions with synergistic effect against fungal biofilms. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Solid-liquid phase equilibrium and thermodynamic analysis of griseofulvin in twelve mono-solvents. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Zhao S, Ma Y, Tang W. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamic simulation of solid-liquid phase equilibrium of griseofulvin in three binary solvent systems. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Sigfridsson K, Rydberg H, Strimfors M. Nano- and microcrystals of griseofulvin subcutaneously administered to rats resulted in improved bioavailability and sustained release. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1477-1486. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1628769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Sigfridsson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Rydberg
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Strimfors
- Bioscience, CVRM, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Huang D, Xie Z, Rao Q, Liamas E, Pan P, Guan S, Zhang ZJ, Lu M, Li Q. Hot melt extrusion of heat-sensitive and high melting point drug: Inhibit the recrystallization of the prepared amorphous drug during extrusion to improve the bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Custodio JM, Vaz WF, de Castro MR, Bernardes A, Naves RF, Moura AF, de Moraes MO, da Silva CC, Martins FT, Perez CN, Napolitano HB. Solvent-driven structural adaptation in a novel anticancer sulfonamide chalcone. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Mahieu A, Willart JF, Guerain M, Derollez P, Danéde F, Descamps M. Structure determination of phase II of the antifungal drug griseofulvin by powder X-ray diffraction. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:321-324. [PMID: 29504561 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two new crystalline polymorphs of the widely used antifungal drug griseofulvin (phases II and III), which originate from the crystallization of the melt, have been detected recently. The crystal structure of phase II of griseofulvin {systematic name: (2S,6'R)-7-chloro-2',4,6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H,4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione}, C17H17ClO6, has been solved by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The PXRD pattern of this new phase was recorded at room temperature using synchrotron radiation. The starting structural model was generated by a Monte Carlo simulated annealing method. The final structure was obtained through Rietveld refinement with soft restraints for interatomic bond lengths and angles, except for the aromatic ring, where a rigid-body constraint was applied. The symmetry is orthorhombic (space group P212121) and the asymmetric unit contains two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Mahieu
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean François Willart
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mathieu Guerain
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Patrick Derollez
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Florence Danéde
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marc Descamps
- Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations), UMR CNRS 8207 F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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20
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Van Duong T, Lüdeker D, Van Bockstal PJ, De Beer T, Van Humbeeck J, Van den Mooter G. Polymorphism of Indomethacin in Semicrystalline Dispersions: Formation, Transformation, and Segregation. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1037-1051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - David Lüdeker
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Humbeeck
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Arenberg, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 b2450, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49 b921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Su Y, Xu J, Shi Q, Yu L, Cai T. Polymorphism of griseofulvin: concomitant crystallization from the melt and a single crystal structure of a metastable polymorph with anomalously large thermal expansion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:358-361. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07744k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single crystal structure of the metastable polymorph of griseofulvin with anomalously large thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin
- Madison
- USA
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
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22
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Elisei E, Willart JF, Danède F, Siepmann J, Siepmann F, Descamps M. Crystalline Polymorphism Emerging From a Milling-Induced Amorphous Form: The Case of Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Shi Q, Zhang C, Su Y, Zhang J, Zhou D, Cai T. Acceleration of Crystal Growth of Amorphous Griseofulvin by Low-Concentration Poly(ethylene oxide): Aspects of Crystallization Kinetics and Molecular Mobility. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2262-2272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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24
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Elucidation of Compression-Induced Surface Crystallization in Amorphous Tablets Using Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Microscopy. Pharm Res 2016; 34:957-970. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Zhong Z, Guo C, Chen L, Xu J, Huang Y. Co-crystal formation between poly(ethylene glycol) and a small molecular drug griseofulvin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 50:6375-8. [PMID: 24803004 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most of the pharmaceutical co-crystals are formed between drug molecules and small molecular compounds. Here, we demonstrated that a small molecular drug griseofulvin and poly(ethylene glycol) can also form co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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26
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Schammé B, Couvrat N, Malpeli P, Delbreilh L, Dupray V, Dargent É, Coquerel G. Crystallization kinetics and molecular mobility of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient: A case study with Biclotymol. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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He X, Benniston AC, Saarenpää H, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Baisch U. Polymorph crystal packing effects on charge transfer emission in the solid state. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3525-3532. [PMID: 29511514 PMCID: PMC5814771 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride with N,N-(dimethylamino)aniline produced the donor-acceptor compound DMIM, which crystallised from a chloroform-diethyl ether mixture to afford two different coloured crystal polymorphs. Crystals for one polymorph are small and green, whereas the other crystals are orange and needle-like. X-ray crystal structures for both polymorphs were determined. The donor N,N-dimethylaniline and acceptor naphthalimide groups are twisted with respect to each other; the degree of twist is marginally different for the two structures. The orange crystal polymorph crystallises in the monoclinic space group C2/c and contains two slightly different molecular conformers in the unit cell (calculated density is 1.410 g cm-3). The green crystal polymorph crystallises in the triclinic space group P1 and contains only one type of molecule in the unit cell (calculated density is 1.401 g cm-3). The crystal packing motifs for the two polymorphs are subtly different, explaining the small variance in the observed densities. Very weak room temperature emission was observed for DMIM in a CHCl3 solution, but crystals deposited on a glass slide glowed when irradiated at 488 nm using a fluorescence microscope. Disparate solid-state emission spectra and lifetimes for the two polymorphic crystal forms are observed for the dyad. The emission is assigned to charge recombination fluorescence from a charge transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory , School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU , UK
| | - Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory , School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU , UK
| | - Hanna Saarenpää
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Helge Lemmetyinen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Nikolia V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland
| | - Ulrich Baisch
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory , School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE1 7RU , UK
- Department of Chemistry , University of Malta , Msida , MSD 2080 , Malta
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28
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Maughan MR, Carvajal MT, Bahr DF. Nanomechanical testing technique for millimeter-sized and smaller molecular crystals. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:324-30. [PMID: 25839412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large crystals are used as a control for the development of a mounting and nanoindentation testing technique for millimeter-sized and smaller molecular crystals. Indentation techniques causing either only elastic or elastic-plastic deformation produce similar results in assessing elastic modulus, however, the elastic indents are susceptible to surface angle and roughness effects necessitating larger sample sizes for similar confidence bounds. Elastic-plastic indentations give the most accurate results and could be used to determine the different elastic constants for anisotropic materials by indenting different crystal faces, but not by rotating the indenter about its axis and indenting the same face in a different location. The hardness of small and large crystals is similar, suggesting that defect content probed in this study is similar, and that small crystals can be compared directly to larger ones. The Young's modulus and hardness of the model test material, griseofulvin, are given for the first time to be 11.5GPa and 0.4GPa respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Maughan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M Teresa Carvajal
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David F Bahr
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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29
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Lopez FL, Shearman GC, Gaisford S, Williams GR. Amorphous formulations of indomethacin and griseofulvin prepared by electrospinning. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4327-38. [PMID: 25317777 DOI: 10.1021/mp500391y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Following an array of optimization experiments, two series of electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers were prepared. One set of fibers contained various loadings of indomethacin, known to form stable glasses, and the other griseofulvin (a poor glass former). Drug loadings of up to 33% w/w were achieved. Electron microscopy data showed the fibers largely to comprise smooth and uniform cylinders, with evidence for solvent droplets in some samples. In all cases, the drug was found to exist in the amorphous physical state in the fibers on the basis of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Modulated temperature DSC showed that the relationship between a formulation's glass transition temperature (Tg) and the drug loading follows the Gordon-Taylor equation, but not the Fox equation. The results of Gordon-Taylor analysis indicated that the drug/polymer interactions were stronger with indomethacin. The interactions between drug and polymer were explored in more detail using molecular modeling simulations and again found to be stronger with indomethacin; the presence of significant intermolecular forces was further confirmed using IR spectroscopy. The amorphous form of both drugs was found to be stable after storage of the fibers for 8 months in a desiccator (relative humidity <25%). Finally, the functional performance of the fibers was studied; in all cases, the drug-loaded fibers released their drug cargo very rapidly, offering accelerated dissolution over the pure drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Lopez
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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30
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Sacchetti M. Thermodynamics of Water–Solid Interactions in Crystalline and Amorphous Pharmaceutical Materials. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2772-2783. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Mäkilä E, Ferreira MPA, Kivelä H, Niemi SM, Correia A, Shahbazi MA, Kauppila J, Hirvonen J, Santos HA, Salonen J. Confinement effects on drugs in thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2196-205. [PMID: 24517629 DOI: 10.1021/la404257m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon (THCPSi) microparticles were loaded with indomethacin (IMC) and griseofulvin (GSV) using three different payloads between 6.2-19.5 and 6.2-11.4 wt %, respectively. The drug loading parameters were selected to avoid crystallization of the drug molecules on the external surface of the particles that would block the pore entrances. The successfulness of the loadings was verified with TG, DSC, and XRPD measurements. The effects of the confinement of IMC and GSV into the small mesopores of THCPSi were analyzed with helium pycnometry, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. The results showed the density of the THCPSi loaded drugs to be ca. 10% lower than the bulk crystalline forms, while a melt quenched amorphous drugs showed a density reduction of 3-7.5%. DSC and FTIR results confirmed that the drugs reside in an amorphous form within the THCPSi pores. Similar results were obtained with NMR, which also indicated that IMC may reside as both amorphous clusters and individual molecules within the pores. The (1)H transverse relaxation times (T2) of amorphous and THCPSi loaded drugs showed IMC relaxation times of 0.28 ms for both the cases, whereas for GSV the values were 0.32 and 0.39 ms, respectively, indicating similar limited mobility in both cases. The results indicated that strong drug-carrier interactions were not necessary for stabilizing the amorphous state of the adsorbed drug. Dissolution tests using biorelevant media, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF), showed that THCPSi-loaded IMC and GSV were rapidly released in FaSSIF with comparable rates to the amorphous forms, whereas in SGF the THCPSi reduced the pH dependency in the dissolution of IMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermei Mäkilä
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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32
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Brown C, DiNunzio J, Eglesia M, Forster S, Lamm M, Lowinger M, Marsac P, McKelvey C, Meyer R, Schenck L, Terife G, Troup G, Smith-Goettler B, Starbuck C. Hot-Melt Extrusion for Solid Dispersions: Composition and Design Considerations. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1598-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Yang X, Ong TC, Michaelis VK, Heng S, Huang J, Griffin RG, Myerson AS. Formation of Organic Molecular Nanocrystals under Rigid Confinement with Analysis by Solid State NMR. CrystEngComm 2014; 16:9345-9352. [PMID: 25258590 DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization in rigid confinement is a promising method to obtain organic molecular nanocrystals. However, the crystallization behavior and the related characterization methods are not well studied. Here we present a systematic study of the nucleation of organic molecular nanocrystals in rigid pores. Four different compounds were studied, ibuprofen, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, and indomethacin, which range from simple to complex molecules. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to analyse the structure of these compounds inside pores which are difficult to characterize by other analytical methods. We successfully demonstrated the production of nano-crystalline ibuprofen, fenofibrate and griseofulvin in porous silica particles with ~ 40 nm pores. These nanocrystals showed significant enhancement in dissolution rates. These results help advance the fundamental understanding of nucleation under rigid confinement and may lead to potential applications in developing new formulations in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T C Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - V K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A S Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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34
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Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Solvates of the antifungal drug griseofulvin: structural, thermochemical and conformational analysis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2013; 70:54-62. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520613026711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four solvates of an antifungal drug, griseofulvin (GF), were discovered. All the solvates were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solvents that form the solvates are acetonitrile, nitromethane and nitroethane (2:1 and 1:1). It was found that all the solvates lose the solvent molecules from the crystal lattice between 343 and 383 K, and that the melting point of the desolvated materials matched the melting point of the solvent-free GF (493 K). The conformation of the GF molecule in solvent-free form was found to be significantly different from the conformations found in the solvates. Solution stability studies revealed that the GF–acetonitrile solvate transforms to GF and that GF–nitroethane (1:1) solvate transforms to GF–nitroethane (2:1) solvate. On the other hand, GF–nitromethane and GF–nitroethane (2:1) solvates were found to be stable in solution. Our results highlight the importance of the co-crystallization technique in the pharmaceutical drug development; it not only expands the solid form diversity but also creates new avenues for unraveling novel solvates.
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35
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Muehlenfeld C, Kann B, Windbergs M, Thommes M. Solid Dispersions Prepared by Continuous Cogrinding in an Air Jet Mill. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4132-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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