1
|
Yan Z, Ma L, Carione P, Huang J, Hwang N, Kenny JR, Hop CECA. Introducing the Dynamic Well-Stirred Model for Predicting Hepatic Clearance and Extraction Ratio. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1094-1112. [PMID: 38220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The well-stirred model (WSM) incorporating the fraction of unbound drug (fu) to account for the effect of plasma binding on intrinsic clearance has been widely used for predicting hepatic clearance under the assumption that drug protein binding reaches equilibrium instantaneously. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the effect of protein binding on intrinsic clearance is better accounted for with the dynamic free fraction (fD), a measure of drug protein binding affinity, which leads to a putative dynamic well-stirred model (dWSM) without the instantaneous equilibrium assumption. Using recombinant CYP3A4 as the in vitro clearance system, we demonstrate that the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of both highly bound midazolam and highly free verapamil is fully corrected by their corresponding fD values, respectively. On the other hand, fu only corrects the binding effect of albumin on the intrinsic clearance of verapamil, and yields severe over-correction of the intrinsic clearance of midazolam. The results suggest that the traditional WSM is suitable for highly free drugs like verapamil but not necessarily for highly bound drugs such as midazolam due to the violation of the instantaneous equilibrium assumption or under-estimating the true free drug concentration. In comparison, the dWSM incorporating fD holds true as long as drug elimination follows steady-state kinetics, and hence, it is more broadly applicable to drugs with different protein binding characteristics. Here we demonstrate with 36 diverse drugs, that the dWSM significantly improves the accuracy of predicting human hepatic clearance and liver extraction ratio from in vitro microsomal clearance data, highlighting the importance of drug plasma protein binding kinetics in addressing the under-prediction of hepatic clearance by the WSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Pasquale Carione
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manevski N, Umehara K, Parrott N. Drug Design and Success of Prospective Mouse In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIVE) for Predictions of Plasma Clearance (CL p) from Hepatocyte Intrinsic Clearance (CL int). Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37235687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte intrinsic clearance (CLint) and methods of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) are often used to predict plasma clearance (CLp) in drug discovery. While the prediction success of this approach is dependent on the chemotype, specific molecular properties and drug design features that govern these outcomes are poorly understood. To address this challenge, we investigated the success of prospective mouse CLp IVIVE across 2142 chemically diverse compounds. Dilution scaling, which assumes that the free fraction in hepatocyte incubations (fu,inc) is governed by binding to the 10% of serum in the incubation medium, was used as our default CLp IVIVE approach. Results show that predictions of CLp are better for smaller (molecular weight (MW) < 500 Da), less polar (total polar surface area (TPSA) < 100 Å2, hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ≤1, hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ≤ 6), lipophilic (log D > 3), and neutral compounds, with low HBD count playing the key role. If compounds are classified according to their chemical space, predictions were good for compounds resembling central nervous system (CNS) drugs [average absolute fold error (AAFE) of 2.05, average fold error (AFE) of 0.90], moderate for classical druglike compounds (according to Lipinski, Veber, and Ghose guidelines; AAFE of 2.55; AFE of 0.68), and poor for nonclassical "beyond the rule of 5" compounds (AAFE of 3.31; AFE of 0.41). From the perspective of measured druglike properties, predictions of CLp were better for compounds with moderate-to-high hepatocyte CLint (>10 μL/min/106 cells), high passive cellular permeability (Papp > 100 nm/s), and moderate observed CLp (5-50 mL/min/kg). Influences of plasma protein binding (fu,p) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) apical efflux ratio (AP-ER) were less pronounced. If the extended clearance classification system (ECCS) is applied, predictions were good for class 2 (Papp > 50 nm/s; neutral or basic; AAFE of 2.35; AFE of 0.70) and acceptable for class 1A compounds (AAFE of 2.98; AFE of 0.70). Classes 1B, 3 A/B, and 4 showed poor outcomes (AAFE > 3.80; AFE < 0.60). Functional groups trending toward weaker CLp IVIVE were esters, carbamates, sulfonamides, carboxylic acids, ketones, primary and secondary amines, primary alcohols, oxetanes, and compounds liable to aldehyde oxidase metabolism, likely due to multifactorial reasons. Multivariate analysis showed that multiple properties are relevant, combining together to define the overall success of CLp IVIVE. Our results indicate that the current practice of prospective CLp IVIVE is suitable only for CNS-like compounds and well-behaved classical druglike space (e.g., high permeability or ECCS class 2) without challenging functional groups. Unfortunately, based on existing mouse data, prospective CLp IVIVE for complex and nonclassical chemotypes is poor and hardly better than random guessing. This is likely due to complexities such as extrahepatic metabolism and transporter-mediated disposition which are poorly captured by this methodology. With small-molecule drug discovery increasingly evolving toward nonclassical and complex chemotypes, existing CLp IVIVE methodology will require improvement. While empirical correction factors may bridge the gap in the near future, improved and new in vitro assays, data integration models, and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly needed to address this challenge and reduce the number of nonclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tess D, Chang GC, Keefer C, Carlo A, Jones R, Di L. In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Scaling Factors for Clearance of Human and Preclinical Species with Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes. AAPS J 2023; 25:40. [PMID: 37052732 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation ((IVIVE) and empirical scaling factors (SF) of human intrinsic clearance (CLint) were developed using one of the largest dataset of 455 compounds with data from human liver microsomes (HLM) and human hepatocytes (HHEP). For extended clearance classification system (ECCS) class 2/4 compounds, linear SFs (SFlin) are approximately 1, suggesting enzyme activities in HLM and HHEP are similar to those in vivo under physiological conditions. For ECCS class 1A/1B compounds, a unified set of SFs was developed for CLint. These SFs contain both SFlin and an exponential SF (SFβ) of fraction unbound in plasma (fu,p). The unified SFs for class 1A/1B eliminate the need to identify the transporters involved prior to clearance prediction. The underlying mechanisms of these SFs are not entirely clear at this point, but they serve practical purposes to reduce biases and increase prediction accuracy. Similar SFs have also been developed for preclinical species. For HLM-HHEP disconnect (HLM > HHEP) ECCS class 2/4 compounds that are mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450s/FMO, HLM significantly overpredicted in vivo CLint, while HHEP slightly underpredicted and geometric mean of HLM and HHEP slightly overpredicted in vivo CLint. This observation is different than in rats, where rat liver microsomal CLint correlates well with in vivo CLint for compounds demonstrating permeability-limited metabolism. The good CLint IVIVE developed using HLM and HHEP helps build confidence for prospective predictions of human clearance and supports the continued utilization of these assays to guide structure-activity relationships to improve metabolic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tess
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George C Chang
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu L, Liu Y, Zhou X, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Ji L, Hong C, Li C. Analyzing the metabolic fate of oral administration drugs: A review and state-of-the-art roadmap. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962718. [PMID: 36278150 PMCID: PMC9585159 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The key orally delivered drug metabolism processes are reviewed to aid the assessment of the current in vivo/vitro experimental systems applicability for evaluating drug metabolism and the interaction potential. Orally administration is the most commonly used state-of-the-art road for drug delivery due to its ease of administration, high patient compliance and cost-effectiveness. Roles of gut metabolic enzymes and microbiota in drug metabolism and absorption suggest that the gut is an important site for drug metabolism, while the liver has long been recognized as the principal organ responsible for drugs or other substances metabolism. In this contribution, we explore various experimental models from their development to the application for studying oral drugs metabolism of and summarized advantages and disadvantages. Undoubtedly, understanding the possible metabolic mechanism of drugs in vivo and evaluating the procedure with relevant models is of great significance for screening potential clinical drugs. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of orally delivered drugs, sophisticated experimental models with higher predictive capacity for the metabolism of oral drugs used in current preclinical studies will be needed. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive roadmap for researchers in related fields.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dawson D, Ingle BL, Phillips KA, Nichols JW, Wambaugh JF, Tornero-Velez R. Designing QSARs for Parameters of High-Throughput Toxicokinetic Models Using Open-Source Descriptors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6505-6517. [PMID: 33856768 PMCID: PMC8548983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic metabolic clearance rate (Clint) and the fraction of the chemical unbound in plasma (fup) serve as important parameters for high-throughput toxicokinetic (TK) models, but experimental data are limited for many chemicals. Open-source quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for both parameters were developed to offer reliable in silico predictions for a diverse set of chemicals regulated under the U.S. law, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. As a case study to demonstrate their utility, model predictions served as inputs to the TK component of a risk-based prioritization approach based on bioactivity/exposure ratios (BERs), in which a BER < 1 indicates that exposures are predicted to exceed a biological activity threshold. When applied to a subset of the Tox21 screening library (6484 chemicals), we found that the proportion of chemicals with BER <1 was similar using either in silico (1133/6484; 17.5%) or in vitro (148/848; 17.5%) parameters. Further, when considering only the chemicals in the Tox21 set with in vitro data, there was a high concordance of chemicals classified with either BER <1 or >1 using either in silico or in vitro parameters (767/848, 90.4%). Thus, the presented QSARs may be suitable for prioritizing the risk posed by many chemicals for which measured in vitro TK data are lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dawson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Brandall L. Ingle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Katherine A. Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - John W. Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Rogelio Tornero-Velez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Corresponding Author Address correspondence to Rogelio Tornero-Velez at 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code E205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Poulin P, Haddad S. A New Guidance for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in the Early Drug Discovery and Development from the in Vitro-to-in Vivo Extrapolation Method and an Approach for Exploring Whether an Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Phenomenon Could be Present Under in Vivo Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2841-2858. [PMID: 33857483 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods for predicting the hepatic clearance (CL) of drugs based on microsomal or hepatocyte data have certainly advanced; however, there is still place for improving the extrapolations from in vitro assays containing no plasma proteins. Accordingly, there is a discussion on whether the free drug hypothesis or an albumin (ALB)-mediated hepatic uptake phenomenon is the best scaling method. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to guide the prediction of CL and to diagnose which scaling method between the free drug hypothesis and ALB-mediated uptake could be more accurate; this, irrespective of the mechanism(s) governing CL if the drugs can get to the hepatocyte membrane. The analysis of several datasets demonstrated that almost all values of CL in vivo fall within the two calculated values of CL use as boundaries from: 1) the free drug hypothesis, and 2) ALB-mediated uptake. The average value from these two CL boundaries predicted the CL in vivo with an incredible accuracy. Validating these boundaries in preclinical species prior going to human as well as considering the fractional binding in plasma increased the accuracy. Overall, this study is another step towards guiding the CL prediction in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Québec, Canada; School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sami Haddad
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Successful and Unsuccessful Prediction of Human Hepatic Clearance for Lead Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3546-3559. [PMID: 33765384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new chemical entities is costly, time-consuming, and has a low success rate. Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic properties is critical to progress compounds with favorable drug-like characteristics in lead optimization. Of particular importance is the prediction of hepatic clearance, which determines drug exposure and contributes to projection of dose, half-life, and bioavailability. The most commonly employed methodology to predict hepatic clearance is termed in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) that involves measuring drug metabolism in vitro, scaling-up this in vitro intrinsic clearance to a prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by reconciling the enzymatic content between the incubation and an average human liver, and applying a model of hepatic disposition to account for limitations of protein binding and blood flow to predict in vivo clearance. This manuscript reviews common in vitro techniques used to predict hepatic clearance as well as current challenges and recent theoretical advancements in IVIVE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bender A, Cortes-Ciriano I. Artificial intelligence in drug discovery: what is realistic, what are illusions? Part 2: a discussion of chemical and biological data. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1040-1052. [PMID: 33508423 PMCID: PMC8132984 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
'Artificial Intelligence' (AI) has recently had a profound impact on areas such as image and speech recognition, and this progress has already translated into practical applications. However, in the drug discovery field, such advances remains scarce, and one of the reasons is intrinsic to the data used. In this review, we discuss aspects of, and differences in, data from different domains, namely the image, speech, chemical, and biological domains, the amounts of data available, and how relevant they are to drug discovery. Improvements in the future are needed with respect to our understanding of biological systems, and the subsequent generation of practically relevant data in sufficient quantities, to truly advance the field of AI in drug discovery, to enable the discovery of novel chemistry, with novel modes of action, which shows desirable efficacy and safety in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK; Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Isidro Cortes-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Novel Experimental and Theoretical Method for Estimating Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Based on the Albumin Binding Fraction in Plasma and Human PK Prediction Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2262-2273. [PMID: 33476657 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, protein-facilitated uptake has been suggested to be an important factor in the precise prediction of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of drugs. In our previous study, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach considering the mechanism of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake was developed for predicting human PK profiles. It was assumed that drugs affected by albumin-mediated hepatic uptake would bind only to albumin, which means that there would be over-estimation of the contribution of protein-facilitated uptake for a drug that could bind to multiple proteins. In this study, we developed a method that can evaluate the albumin binding fraction in plasma considering the affinity for other proteins. Based on the albumin binding fraction, the contribution of albumin-mediated hepatic uptake was theoretically estimated, and then the human PK profiles were predicted by our proposed PBPK approach incorporating this mechanism. As a result, the predicted human PK profiles agreed well with the observed ones, and the absolute average fold error of PK parameters was almost within a 1.5-fold error on average. These findings show the importance of considering protein-facilitated uptake and also suggest that our proposed PBPK approach can be useful in scientific discussions with regulatory authorities.
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparative Assessment of Extrapolation Methods Based on the Conventional Free Drug Hypothesis and Plasma Protein-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Theory for the Hepatic Clearance Predictions of Two Drugs Extensively Bound to Both the Albumin And Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1385-1391. [PMID: 33217427 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bteich and coworkers recently demonstrated in a companion manuscript (J Pharm Sci 109: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003) that a protein-mediated hepatic uptake have occurred in an isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model for two drugs (Perampanel; PER and Fluoxetine; FLU) that bind extensively to the albumin (ALB) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). However, to our knowledge, there is no quantitative model available to predict the impact of a plasma protein-mediated hepatic uptake on the extent of hepatic clearance (CLh) for a drug binding extensively to these two proteins. Therefore, the main objective was to predict the corresponding CLh, which is an extension of the companion manuscript. The method consisted of extrapolating the intrinsic clearance from the unbound fraction measured in the perfusate or the unbound fraction extrapolated to the surface of the hepatocyte membrane by adapting an existing model of protein-mediated hepatic uptake (i.e., the fup-adjusted model) to include a binding ratio between the ALB and AGP. This new approach showed a relevant improvement compared to the free drug hypothesis particularly for FLU that showed the highest degree of ALB-mediated uptake. Overall, this study is a first step towards the development of predictive methods of CLh by considering the binding to ALB and AGP.
Collapse
|
11
|
Impact of Extensive Plasma Protein Binding on the In Situ Hepatic Uptake and Clearance of Perampanel and Fluoxetine in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3190-3205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
12
|
Mayumi K, Akazawa T, Kanazu T, Ohnishi S, Hasegawa H. Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics After Oral Administration by Optimized Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Approach and Permeation Assay Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1605-1614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Herland A, Maoz BM, Das D, Somayaji MR, Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Cronce M, Huffstater T, Jeanty SSF, Ingram M, Chalkiadaki A, Benson Chou D, Marquez S, Delahanty A, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Milton Y, Sontheimer-Phelps A, Swenor B, Levy O, Parker KK, Przekwas A, Ingber DE. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetic responses to drugs via fluidically coupled vascularized organ chips. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:421-436. [PMID: 31988459 PMCID: PMC8011576 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD modelling does not provide quantitative PK parameters. Here, we show that physiological PK modelling of first-pass drug absorption, metabolism and excretion in humans-using computationally scaled data from multiple fluidically linked two-channel organ chips-predicts PK parameters for orally administered nicotine (using gut, liver and kidney chips) and for intravenously injected cisplatin (using coupled bone marrow, liver and kidney chips). The chips are linked through sequential robotic liquid transfers of a common blood substitute by their endothelium-lined channels (as reported by Novak et al. in an associated Article) and share an arteriovenous fluid-mixing reservoir. We also show that predictions of cisplatin PDs match previously reported patient data. The quantitative in-vitro-to-in-vivo translation of PK and PD parameters and the prediction of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity through fluidically coupled organ chips may improve the design of drug-administration regimens for phase-I clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cronce
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sauveur S F Jeanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miles Ingram
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Benson Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Marquez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Delahanty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal Graduate Program, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yuka Milton
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ben Swenor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamimura H, Uehara S, Suemizu H. A novel Css-MRTpo approach to simulate oral plasma concentration-time profiles of the partial glucokinase activator PF-04937319 and its disproportionate N-demethylated metabolite in humans using chimeric mice with humanized livers. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:761-768. [PMID: 31721621 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1693082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A Css-MRTpo superposition method was devised to predict (retrospectively) oral plasma concentration-time profiles of PF-04937319 and its MIST-related metabolite, M1, in humans using chimeric mice with humanized liver.Original PK data were taken from a published report in which PF-04937319 and M1 were given to chimeric mice orally and/or intravenously. Human CL and Vss were predicted by single-species allometry and MRTiv,pred were calculated as Vss,pred/CL,pred. MRTpo,human were assumed to be MRTiv,pred plus MAT or mean metabolite formation time (MFT). Human Css was calculated by dividing the corrected oral dose by Vss,pred.Chronological sampling time and measured plasma concentrations were corrected by MRTpo,human and Css,human, respectively, and transformed to the corresponding values in humans.The obtained concentration-time profile of PF-04937319 was superimposed well with the observed data after single and repeated oral administration to humans. The transformed plasma concentration of M1 was somewhat lower than the observed value, but a slow increase of the simulated metabolite reflected gradual increase of observed M1 on Day 1. Transformed M1 gave an almost-flat concentration-time profile on Day 14, which was consistent with the curve observed in humans. Application of this novel method to other MIST-related compounds is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kamimura
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1313-1327. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lucas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics by Improving Calculation Processes of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2718-2727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Davidsen AB, Mardal M, Linnet K. In Vitro Metabolism and Hepatic Intrinsic Clearance of the Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist JWH-122 and Its Four ω-Halogenated Analogues. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:63. [PMID: 31093790 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) emerging on the illicit drug market has increased over the last decade. Halogenation of existing illicit drugs is a particular trend, with the purpose of both circumventing the law and altering the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic profiles of the compounds. This study investigates the in vitro impact of JWH-122 ω-halogenation (fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo) on the metabolism, apparent intrinsic hepatic clearance and analytical targets for detecting drug consumption. Metabolite profiling was conducted with pooled human liver microsomes, suspended rat hepatocytes and pooled human hepatocytes. The in vitro half-life was also determined in pooled human hepatocytes. All samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. All compounds, except for JWH-122, showed high formation rates of phase I metabolites, predominantly ω-COOH and methylnaphthyl hydroxylation metabolites. Phase II metabolites were ω-O-glucuronides, methylnaphthyl O-glucuronides and ω-glutathione conjugates. The relative ion intensity of the glutathione conjugates increased with the ω-halogen size, with I-JWH-122 having the highest intensity. Stability studies gave a low half-life and a high intrinsic hepatic clearance for JWH-122 (1305 mL/min/kg) and MAM-2201 (1408 mL/min/kg). Cl-, Br- and I-JWH-122 showed increasing half-life with increasing ω-halogen size, with intrinsic clearance values of 235-502 mL/min/kg. The recommended analytical targets for consumption of JWH-122 or ω-halogenated JWH-122 analogues are the ω-COOH metabolites for unspecific profiling and the methylnaphthyl hydroxylated metabolites to distinguish the compounds. Furthermore, ω-halogenation with larger halogens appears to increase the intrinsic hepatic stability, thereby prolonging exposure and possibly the duration of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bork Davidsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi GW, Lee YB, Cho HY. Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040168. [PMID: 30959827 PMCID: PMC6523982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapolation of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from in vitro or in vivo animal to human is one of the main tasks in the drug development process. Translational approaches provide evidence for go or no-go decision-making during drug discovery and the development process, and the prediction of human PKs prior to the first-in-human clinical trials. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling are the choice of method for projection to human situations. Although these methods are useful tools for the estimation of PK parameters, it is a challenge to apply these methods since underlying biochemical, mathematical, physiological, and background knowledge of PKs are required. In addition, it is difficult to select an appropriate methodology depending on the data available. Therefore, this review covers the principles of PK parameters pertaining to the clearance, volume of distribution, elimination half-life, absorption rate constant, and prediction method from the original idea to recently developed models in order to introduce optimal models for the prediction of PK parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Krause S, Goss KU. In Vitro–in Vivo Extrapolation of Hepatic Metabolism for Different Scenarios - a Toolbox. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1195-1202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krause
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bowman CM, Benet LZ. An examination of protein binding and protein-facilitated uptake relating to in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:502-514. [PMID: 30098391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As explained by the free drug theory, the unbound fraction of drug has long been thought to drive the efficacy of a molecule. Thus, the fraction unbound term, or fu, appears in equations for fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, and is used when attempting in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). In recent years though, it has been noted that IVIVE does not always yield accurate predictions, and that some highly protein bound ligands have more efficient uptake than can be explained by their unbound fractions. This review explores the evolution of fu terms included when implementing IVIVE, the concept of protein-facilitated uptake, and the mechanisms that have been proposed to account for facilitated uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Poulin P, Haddad S. Extrapolation of the Hepatic Clearance of Drugs in the Absence of Albumin In Vitro to That in the Presence of Albumin In Vivo : Comparative Assessement of 2 Extrapolation Models Based on the Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Theory and Limitations and Mechanistic Insights. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1791-1797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
22
|
Da-Silva F, Boulenc X, Vermet H, Compigne P, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Klieber S, Poulin P. Improving Prediction of Metabolic Clearance Using Quantitative Extrapolation of Results Obtained From Human Hepatic Micropatterned Cocultures Model and by Considering the Impact of Albumin Binding. J Pharm Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524447 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare, with the same data set, the predictive performance of 3 in vitro assays of hepatic clearance (CL), namely, micropatterned cocultures (also referring to HepatoPac®) and suspension as well as monolayer hepatocytes to define which assay is the most accurate. Furthermore, existing in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methods were challenged to verify which method is the most predictive (i.e., direct scaling method without binding correction, conventional method based either on the unbound fraction in plasma (fup) according to the free-drug hypothesis, or based on an fup value adjusted for the albumin [ALB]-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon). Accordingly, the role of ALB binding was specifically challenged, and consequently, the ALB production was monitored in parallel to the metabolic stability. The ALB concentration data were used to compare the in vitro assays and to adjust the value of fup of each drug to mimic the ALB-facilitated hepatic uptake phenomenon. The results confirmed that the direct and conventional IVIVE methods generally overpredicted and underpredicted the CL in vivo in humans, respectively. However, the underprediction of the conventional IVIVE method based on fup was significantly reduced from data generated with the HepatoPac® system compared with the 2 other in vitro assays, which is possibly because that system is producing ALB at a rate much closer to the in vivo condition in liver. Hence, these observations suggest that the presence of more ALB molecules per hepatocyte in that HepatoPac® system may have facilitated the hepatic uptake of several bound drugs because their intrinsic CL was increased instead of being decreased by the ALB binding effect. Accordingly, the IVIVE method based on the fup value adjusted for the ALB-facilitated uptake phenomenon gave the lowest prediction bias from the statistical analyses. This study indicated that the HepatoPac® system combined with the adjusted value of fup was the most reliable IVIVE method and revealed the importance of quantifying the in vitro-to-in vivo variation of ALB concentration to improve the CL predictions, which would help any future physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Da-Silva
- Sanofi R&D, Montpellier, France; Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Université et CHU de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Patrick Poulin Inc., Québec City, Canada; Associate professor, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Desorption kinetics of organic chemicals from albumin. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1065-1074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Wood FL, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Clearance Prediction Methodology Needs Fundamental Improvement: Trends Common to Rat and Human Hepatocytes/Microsomes and Implications for Experimental Methodology. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1178-1188. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
25
|
Rougée LRA, Mohutsky MA, Bedwell DW, Ruterbories KJ, Hall SD. The Impact of the Hepatocyte-to-Plasma pH Gradient on the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance and Drug-Drug Interactions for CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1008-1018. [PMID: 28679672 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surrogate assays for drug metabolism and inhibition are traditionally performed in buffer systems at pH 7.4, despite evidence that hepatocyte intracellular pH is 7.0. This pH gradient can result in a pKa-dependent change in intracellular/extracellular concentrations for ionizable drugs that could affect predictions of clearance and P450 inhibition. The effect of microsomal incubation pH on in vitro enzyme kinetic parameters for CYP2C9 (diclofenac, (S)-warfarin) and CYP3A4 (midazolam, dextromethorphan, testosterone) substrates, enzyme specific reversible inhibitors (amiodarone, desethylamiodarone, clozapine, nicardipine, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, itraconazole) and a mechanism-based inhibitor (amiodarone) was investigated. Intrinsic clearance through CYP2C9 significantly increased (25% and 50% for diclofenac and (S)-warfarin respectively) at intracellular pH 7.0 compared with traditional pH 7.4. The CYP3A4 substrate dextromethorphan intrinsic clearance was decreased by 320% at pH 7.0, while midazolam and testosterone remained unchanged. Reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 was less potent at pH 7.0 compared with 7.4, while CYP3A4 inhibition potency was variably affected. Maximum enzyme inactivation rate of amiodarone toward CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 decreased at pH 7.0, while the irreversible inhibition constant remained unchanged for CYP2C9, but decreased for CYP3A4 at pH 7.0. Predictions of clearance and drug-drug interactions made through physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were improved with the inclusion of predicted intracellular concentrations based at pH 7.0 and in vitro parameters determined at pH 7.0. No general conclusion on the impact of pH could be made and therefore a recommendation to change buffer pH to 7.0 cannot be made at this time. It is recommended that the appropriate hepatocyte intracellular pH 7.0 be used for in vitro determinations when in vivo predictions are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc R A Rougée
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Stephen D Hall
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kratochwil NA, Meille C, Fowler S, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Molitor B, Simon S, Walter I, McGinnis C, Walther J, Leonard B, Triyatni M, Javanbakht H, Funk C, Schuler F, Lavé T, Parrott NJ. Metabolic Profiling of Human Long-Term Liver Models and Hepatic Clearance Predictions from In Vitro Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:534-550. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
27
|
Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes as a Tool to Study Drug Disposition and Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:443-459. [PMID: 26869411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are metabolically competent and have proper localization of basolateral and canalicular transporters with functional bile networks. Therefore, this cellular model is a unique tool that can be used to estimate biliary excretion of compounds. SCH have been used widely to assess hepatobiliary disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and metabolites. Mechanistic modeling based on SCH data enables estimation of metabolic and transporter-mediated clearances, which can be used to construct physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, SCH also have been used to study cytotoxicity and perturbation of biological processes by drugs and hepatically generated metabolites. Human SCH can provide mechanistic insights underlying clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In addition, data generated in SCH can be integrated into systems pharmacology models to predict potential DILI in humans. In this review, applications of SCH in studying hepatobiliary drug disposition and bile acid-mediated DILI are discussed. An example is presented to show how data generated in the SCH model were used to establish a quantitative relationship between intracellular bile acids and cytotoxicity, and how this information was incorporated into a systems pharmacology model for DILI prediction.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yamagata T, Zanelli U, Gallemann D, Perrin D, Dolgos H, Petersson C. Comparison of methods for the prediction of human clearance from hepatocyte intrinsic clearance for a set of reference compounds and an external evaluation set. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:741-751. [PMID: 27560606 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1222639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. We compared direct scaling, regression model equation and the so-called "Poulin et al." methods to scale clearance (CL) from in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) measured in human hepatocytes using two sets of compounds. One reference set comprised of 20 compounds with known elimination pathways and one external evaluation set based on 17 compounds development in Merck (MS). 2. A 90% prospective confidence interval was calculated using the reference set. This interval was found relevant for the regression equation method. The three outliers identified were justified on the basis of their elimination mechanism. 3. The direct scaling method showed a systematic underestimation of clearance in both the reference and evaluation sets. The "Poulin et al." and the regression equation methods showed no obvious bias in either the reference or evaluation sets. 4. The regression model equation was slightly superior to the "Poulin et al." method in the reference set and showed a better absolute average fold error (AAFE) of value 1.3 compared to 1.6. A larger difference was observed in the evaluation set were the regression method and "Poulin et al." resulted in an AAFE of 1.7 and 2.6, respectively (removing the three compounds with known issues mentioned above). A similar pattern was observed for the correlation coefficient. Based on these data we suggest the regression equation method combined with a prospective confidence interval as the first choice for the extrapolation of human in vivo hepatic metabolic clearance from in vitro systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamagata
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Ugo Zanelli
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dieter Gallemann
- a Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Grafing , Germany and
| | - Dominique Perrin
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- b Global Early Development/Quantitative Pharmacology and Drug Disposition (QPD), Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Poulin P, Burczynski FJ, Haddad S. The Role of Extracellular Binding Proteins in the Cellular Uptake of Drugs: Impact on Quantitative In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolations of Toxicity and Efficacy in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Research. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:497-508. [PMID: 26173749 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A critical component in the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models for estimating target organ dosimetry in pharmacology and toxicology studies is the understanding of the uptake kinetics and accumulation of drugs and chemicals at the cellular level. Therefore, predicting free drug concentrations in intracellular fluid will contribute to our understanding of concentrations at the site of action in cells in PBPK/PD research. Some investigators believe that uptake of drugs in cells is solely driven by the unbound fraction; conversely, others argue that the protein-bound fraction contributes a significant portion of the total amount delivered to cells. Accordingly, the current literature suggests the existence of a so-called albumin-mediated uptake mechanism(s) for the protein-bound fraction (i.e., extracellular protein-facilitated uptake mechanisms) at least in hepatocytes and cardiac myocytes; however, such mechanism(s) and cells from other organs deserve further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this present study was to discuss further the implication of potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) on drug distribution in cells under in vivo conditions. The interplay between the protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s) and the effects of a pH gradient, metabolism, transport, and permeation limitation potentially occurring in cells was also discussed, as this should violate the basic assumption on similar free drug concentration in cells and plasma. This was made because the published equations used to calculate drug concentrations in cells in a PBPK/PD model did not consider potential protein-facilitated uptake mechanism(s). Consequently, we corrected some published equations for calculating the free drug concentrations in cells compared with plasma in PBPK/PD modeling studies, and we proposed a refined strategy for potentially performing more accurate quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVEs) of toxicity (efficacy) at the cellular level from data generated in cell assays. Overall, this present study may help to optimize the human dose prediction in preclinical and clinical studies, while prescribing drugs with narrow therapeutic windows that are highly bound to extracellular proteins and/or highly ionized at the physiological pH. This may facilitate building a more accurate safety (efficacy) profile for such drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Poulin
- Consultant, Québec city, Québec, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Frank J Burczynski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Poulin P, Haddad S. Albumin and Uptake of Drugs in Cells: Additional Validation Exercises of a Recently Published Equation that Quantifies the Albumin-Facilitated Uptake Mechanism(s) in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling Research. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4448-4458. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
31
|
Wilk-Zasadna I, Bernasconi C, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Biotransformation in vitro: An essential consideration in the quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Toxicology 2014; 332:8-19. [PMID: 25456264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early consideration of the multiplicity of factors that govern the biological fate of foreign compounds in living systems is a necessary prerequisite for the quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Substantial technological advances in in vitro methodologies have facilitated the study of in vitro metabolism and the further use of such data for in vivo prediction. However, extrapolation to in vivo with a comfortable degree of confidence, requires continuous progress in the field to address challenges such as e.g., in vitro evaluation of chemical-chemical interactions, accounting for individual variability but also analytical challenges for ensuring sensitive measurement technologies. This paper discusses the current status of in vitro metabolism studies for QIVIVE extrapolation, serving today's hazard and risk assessment needs. A short overview of the methodologies for in vitro metabolism studies is given. Furthermore, recommendations for priority research and other activities are provided to ensure further widespread uptake of in vitro metabolism methods in 21st century toxicology. The need for more streamlined and explicitly described integrated approaches to reflect the physiology and the related dynamic and kinetic processes of the human body is highlighted i.e., using in vitro data in combination with in silico approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wilk-Zasadna
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Camilla Bernasconi
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sandra Coecke
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vellonen KS, Malinen M, Mannermaa E, Subrizi A, Toropainen E, Lou YR, Kidron H, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. A critical assessment of in vitro tissue models for ADME and drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:94-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
33
|
PBTK modelling platforms and parameter estimation tools to enable animal-free risk assessment: recommendations from a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM ADME workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 68:119-39. [PMID: 24287156 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Information on toxicokinetics is critical for animal-free human risk assessment. Human external exposure must be translated into human tissue doses and compared with in vitro actual cell exposure associated to effects (in vitro-in vivo comparison). Data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in humans (ADME) could be generated using in vitro and QSAR tools. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) computer modelling could serve to integrate disparate in vitro and in silico findings. However, there are only few freely-available PBTK platforms currently available. And although some ADME parameters can be reasonably estimated in vitro or in silico, important gaps exist. Examples include unknown or limited applicability domains and lack of (high-throughput) tools to measure penetration of barriers, partitioning between blood and tissues and metabolic clearance. This paper is based on a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM expert meeting. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the availability of PBTK platforms as well as the in vitro and in silico methods to parameterise basic (Tier 1) PBTK models. Five high-priority issues are presented that provide the prerequisites for wider use of non-animal based PBTK modelling for animal-free chemical risk assessment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoon M, Efremenko A, Blaauboer BJ, Clewell HJ. Evaluation of simple in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approaches for environmental compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:164-70. [PMID: 24216301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of an effort to support in silico/in vitro based risk assessment, we evaluated the accuracy associated with conducting simple in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for environmental compounds using available in vitro human metabolism data. The IVIVE approach was applied to a number of compounds with a wide range of properties spanning the diversity of characteristics of environmental compounds, and where possible the resulting estimates of the in vivo steady-state blood concentration were compared with estimates derived on the basis of human in vivo kinetic data. There appears to be a systematic bias in the estimation of intrinsic clearance (Clint) from in vitro versus in vivo data, with in vitro based estimates underestimating in vivo clearance for small values of Clint but with the opposite relationship at large values of Clint. Nevertheless, the resulting estimates of Css were in good agreement. The chief drawback of the simple approach used in this study, which performs the IVIVE prediction for the parent compound only, is that it is not applicable for toxicity associated with a metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yoon
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, NC, USA.
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, University of Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Di L, Feng B, Goosen TC, Lai Y, Steyn SJ, Varma MV, Obach RS. A perspective on the prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and disposition in drug research and development. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1975-93. [PMID: 24065860 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics of new drugs, as well as other disposition attributes, has become a routine practice in drug research and development. Prior to the 1990s, drug disposition science was used in a mostly descriptive manner in the drug development phase. With the advent of in vitro methods and availability of human-derived reagents for in vitro studies, drug-disposition scientists became engaged in the compound design phase of drug discovery to optimize and predict human disposition properties prior to nomination of candidate compounds into the drug development phase. This has reaped benefits in that the attrition rate of new drug candidates in drug development for reasons of unacceptable pharmacokinetics has greatly decreased. Attributes that are predicted include clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, absorption, and drug-drug interactions. In this article, we offer our experience-based perspectives on the tools and methods of predicting human drug disposition using in vitro and animal data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poulin P, Haddad S. Hepatocyte Composition-Based Model as a Mechanistic Tool for Predicting the Cell Suspension: Aqueous Phase Partition Coefficient of Drugs in In Vitro Metabolic Studies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2806-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
37
|
Poulin P. Prediction of Total Hepatic Clearance by Combining Metabolism, Transport, and Permeability Data in the In Vitro–In Vivo Extrapolation Methods: Emphasis on an Apparent Fraction Unbound in Liver for Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2085-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|