1
|
Tsiros P, Minadakis V, Li D, Sarimveis H. Parameter grouping and Co-estimation in Physiologically-Based kinetic models using genetic algorithms. Toxicol Sci 2024:kfae051. [PMID: 38637946 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models are widely used in pharmacology and toxicology for predicting the internal disposition of substances upon exposure, voluntarily or not. Due to their complexity, a large number of model parameters need to be estimated, either through in silico tools, in vitro experiments or by fitting the model to in vivo data. In the latter case, fitting complex structural models on in vivo data can result in overparameterisation and produce unrealistic parameter estimates. To address these issues, we propose a novel parameter grouping approach, which reduces the parametric space by co-estimating groups of parameters across compartments. Grouping of parameters is performed using genetic algorithms and is fully automated, based on a novel goodness-of-fit metric. To illustrate the practical application of the proposed methodology, two case studies were conducted. The first case study demonstrates the development of a new PBK model, while the second focuses on model refinement. In the first case study, a PBK model was developed to elucidate the biodistribution of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in rats following intravenous injection. A variety of parameter estimation schemes were employed. Comparative analysis based on goodness-of-fit metrics demonstrated that the proposed methodology yields models that outperform standard estimation approaches, while utilising a reduced number of parameters. In the second case study, an existing PBK model for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in rats was extended to incorporate additional tissues, providing a more a comprehensive portrayal of PFOA biodistribution. Both models were validated through independent in vivo studies to ensure their reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Tsiros
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou str, Zografou, Attiki, 15772, Greece
| | - Vasileios Minadakis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou str, Zografou, Attiki, 15772, Greece
| | - Dingsheng Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Str, Reno, Nevada, 89557-0274, USA
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9, Iroon Polytechniou str, Zografou, Attiki, 15772, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golosovskaia E, Örn S, Ahrens L, Chelcea I, Andersson PL. Studying mixture effects on uptake and tissue distribution of PFAS in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:168738. [PMID: 38030006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed in the aquatic environment. They include persistent, mobile, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and it is therefore critical to increase our understanding on their adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME). The current study focused on uptake of seven emerging PFAS in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their potential maternal transfer. In addition, we aimed at increasing our understanding on mixture effects on ADME by developing a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model capable of handling co-exposure scenarios of any number of chemicals. All studied chemicals were taken up in the fish to varying degrees, whereas only perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were quantified in all analysed tissues. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) was measured at concerningly high concentrations in the brain (Cmax over 15 μg/g) but also in the liver and ovaries. All studied PFAS were maternally transferred to the eggs, with FOSA and 6:2 perfluorooctane sulfonate (6,2 FTSA) showing significant (p < 0.02) signs of elimination from the embryos during the first 6 days of development, while perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), PFNA, and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were not eliminated in embryos during this time-frame. The mixture PBK model resulted in >85 % of predictions within a 10-fold error and 60 % of predictions within a 3-fold error. At studied levels of PFAS exposure, competitive binding was not a critical factor for PFAS kinetics. Gill surface pH influenced uptake for some carboxylates but not the sulfonates. The developed PBK model provides an important tool in understanding kinetics under complex mixture scenarios and this use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) is critical in future risk assessment of chemicals and early warning systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioana Chelcea
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chelcea I, Vogs C, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Sapounidou M, Örn S, Andersson PL. Physiology-informed toxicokinetic model for the zebrafish embryo test developed for bisphenols. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140399. [PMID: 37839743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) is a widely used model organism, employed in various research fields including toxicology to assess e.g., developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption. Variation in effects between chemicals are difficult to compare using nominal dose as toxicokinetic properties may vary. Toxicokinetic (TK) modeling is a means to estimate internal exposure concentration or dose at target and to enable extrapolation between experimental conditions and species, thereby improving hazard assessment of potential pollutants. In this study we advance currently existing TK models for ZFE with physiological ZFE parameters and novel experimental bisphenol data, a class of chemicals with suspected endocrine activity. We developed a five-compartment model consisting of water, plastic, chorion, yolk sack and embryo in which surface area and volume changes as well as the processes of biotransformation and blood circulation influence mass fluxes. For model training and validation, we measured internal concentrations in ZFE exposed individually to BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and Z (BPZ). Bayesian inference was applied for parameter calibration based on the training data set of BPZ. The calibrated TK model predicted internal ZFE concentrations of the majority of external test data within a 5-fold error and half of the data within a 2-fold error for bisphenols A, AF, F, and tetrabromo bisphenol A (TBBPA). We used the developed model to rank the hazard of seven bisphenols based on predicted internal concentrations and measured in vitro estrogenicity. This ranking indicated a higher hazard for BPAF, BPZ, bisphenol B and C (BPB, BPC) than for BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chelcea
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Sapounidou
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moenning JL, Ohlhoff B, Yamamoto M, Jährmann A, Jahnke A, Lüth A, Pieper R, Numata J. Toxicokinetic modelling of the transfer of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls from feed into edible tissues of pigs. Sci Total Environ 2023:164539. [PMID: 37268128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that accumulate in the tissues of exposed animals and humans. Contaminated feed can lead to ndl-PCB contaminated foods of animal origin; such foods are the main route of human exposure. Therefore, predicting ndl-PCB transfer from feed into animal products is important for human health risk assessment. Here, we developed a physiologically based toxicokinetic model describing the transfer of PCBs-28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 from contaminated feed into the liver and fat of fattening pigs. The model is based on a feeding study with fattening pigs (PIC hybrids) that were temporarily fed contaminated feed containing known concentrations of ndl-PCBs. The animals were slaughtered at different ages, and ndl-PCB concentrations in muscle fat and liver were determined. The model accounts for animal growth and excretion via the liver. According to their elimination speed and half-lives, they can be categorized into fast (PCB-28), intermediate (PCBs 52 and 101) and slow (PCBs 138, 153 and 180). Using a simulation with realistic growth and feeding patterns, the following transfer rates were found: 10 % (for fast), 35-39 % (intermediate) and 71-77 % (slow eliminated congeners). Using the models, the highest level of 3.8 μg/kg dry matter (DM) was calculated for any sum of ndl-PCBs in pig feed to ensure that the current maximum levels in pig meat and liver (40 ng/g fat) will not be exceeded. The model is included as part of the Supplementary Material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Louis Moenning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Ohlhoff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariko Yamamoto
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Jährmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Jahnke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Lüth
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lehmann A, Geburek I, These A, Hessel-Pras S, Hengstler JG, Albrecht W, Mielke H, Müller-Graf C, Yang X, Kloft C, Hethey C. PBTK modeling of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to predict liver toxicity in mouse and rat. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1319-1333. [PMID: 36906727 PMCID: PMC10110657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Retrorsine is a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) found in herbal supplements and medicines, food and livestock feed. Dose-response studies enabling the derivation of a point of departure including a benchmark dose for risk assessment of retrorsine in humans and animals are not available. Addressing this need, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model of retrorsine was developed for mouse and rat. Comprehensive characterization of retrorsine toxicokinetics revealed: both the fraction absorbed from the intestine (78%) and the fraction unbound in plasma (60%) are high, hepatic membrane permeation is dominated by active uptake and not by passive diffusion, liver metabolic clearance is 4-fold higher in rat compared to mouse and renal excretion contributes to 20% of the total clearance. The PBTK model was calibrated with kinetic data from available mouse and rat studies using maximum likelihood estimation. PBTK model evaluation showed convincing goodness-of-fit for hepatic retrorsine and retrorsine-derived DNA adducts. Furthermore, the developed model allowed to translate in vitro liver toxicity data of retrorsine to in vivo dose-response data. Resulting benchmark dose confidence intervals (mg/kg bodyweight) are 24.1-88.5 in mice and 79.9-104 in rats for acute liver toxicity after oral retrorsine intake. As the PBTK model was built to enable extrapolation to different species and other PA congeners, this integrative framework constitutes a flexible tool to address gaps in the risk assessment of PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lehmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Geburek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Mielke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Müller-Graf
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hethey
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chelcea I, Örn S, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Vogs C, Andersson PL. Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling of Bisphenols in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Accounting for Variations in Metabolic Rates, Brain Distribution, and Liver Accumulation. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:10216-10228. [PMID: 35797464 PMCID: PMC9301920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical, which has raised human health and environmental concerns due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. BPA analogues are less well-studied despite their wide use in consumer products. These analogues have been detected in water and aquatic organisms around the world, with some analogues showing toxic effects in various species including fish. Here, we present novel organ-specific time-course distribution data of bisphenol Z (BPZ) in female zebrafish (Danio rerio), including concentrations in the ovaries, liver, and brain, a rarely sampled organ with high toxicological relevance. Furthermore, fish-specific in vitro biotransformation rates were determined for 11 selected bisphenols. A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was adapted for four of these bisphenols, which was able to predict levels in the gonads, liver, and brain as well as the whole body within a 2-5-fold error with respect to experimental data, covering several important target organs of toxicity. In particular, predicted liver concentrations improved compared to currently available PBTK models. Predicted data indicate that studied bisphenols mainly distribute to the carcass and gonads and less to the brain. Our model provides a tool to increase our understanding on the distribution and kinetics of a group of emerging pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chelcea
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Department
of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thompson CV, Firman JW, Goldsmith MR, Grulke CM, Tan YM, Paini A, Penson PE, Sayre RR, Webb S, Madden JC. A Systematic Review of Published Physiologically-based Kinetic Models and an Assessment of their Chemical Space Coverage. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:197-208. [PMID: 34836462 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211060264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across multiple sectors, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, there is a need to predict the potential effects of xenobiotics. These effects are determined by the intrinsic ability of the substance, or its derivatives, to interact with the biological system, and its concentration-time profile at the target site. Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models can predict organ-level concentration-time profiles, however, the models are time and resource intensive to generate de novo. Read-across is an approach used to reduce or replace animal testing, wherein information from a data-rich chemical is used to make predictions for a data-poor chemical. The recent increase in published PBK models presents the opportunity to use a read-across approach for PBK modelling, that is, to use PBK model information from one chemical to inform the development or evaluation of a PBK model for a similar chemical. Essential to this process, is identifying the chemicals for which a PBK model already exists. Herein, the results of a systematic review of existing PBK models, compliant with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) format, are presented. Model information, including species, sex, life-stage, route of administration, software platform used and the availability of model equations, was captured for 7541 PBK models. Chemical information (identifiers and physico-chemical properties) has also been recorded for 1150 unique chemicals associated with these models. This PBK model data set has been made readily accessible, as a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, providing a valuable resource for those developing, using or evaluating PBK models in industry, academia and the regulatory sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney V Thompson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael R Goldsmith
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Grulke
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Paini
- 99013European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Risa R Sayre
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steven Webb
- Syngenta, Product Safety, Early Stage Research, 101825Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hethey C, Hartung N, Wangorsch G, Weisser K, Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2977-3000. [PMID: 34390355 PMCID: PMC8380244 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient quantitative understanding of aluminium (Al) toxicokinetics (TK) in man is still lacking, although highly desirable for risk assessment of Al exposure. Baseline exposure and the risk of contamination severely limit the feasibility of TK studies administering the naturally occurring isotope 27Al, both in animals and man. These limitations are absent in studies with 26Al as a tracer, but tissue data are limited to animal studies. A TK model capable of inter-species translation to make valid predictions of Al levels in humans-especially in toxicological relevant tissues like bone and brain-is urgently needed. Here, we present: (i) a curated dataset which comprises all eligible studies with single doses of 26Al tracer administered as citrate or chloride salts orally and/or intravenously to rats and humans, including ultra-long-term kinetic profiles for plasma, blood, liver, spleen, muscle, bone, brain, kidney, and urine up to 150 weeks; and (ii) the development of a physiology-based (PB) model for Al TK after intravenous and oral administration of aqueous Al citrate and Al chloride solutions in rats and humans. Based on the comprehensive curated 26Al dataset, we estimated substance-dependent parameters within a non-linear mixed-effect modelling context. The model fitted the heterogeneous 26Al data very well and was successfully validated against datasets in rats and humans. The presented PBTK model for Al, based on the most extensive and diverse dataset of Al exposure to date, constitutes a major advancement in the field, thereby paving the way towards a more quantitative risk assessment in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hethey
- Junior Research Group Toxicokinetic Modelling, Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Hartung
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gaby Wangorsch
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Karin Weisser
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Physiology-based pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic (PBPK/TK) models allow us to simulate the concentration of xenobiotica in the plasma and different tissues of an organism. PBPK/TK models are therefore routinely used in many fields of life sciences to simulate the physiological concentration of exogenous compounds in plasma and tissues. The application of PBTK models in ecotoxicology, however, is currently hampered by the limited availability of models for focal species. Here, we present a best practice workflow that describes how to build PBTK models for novel species. To this end, we extrapolated eight previously established rabbit models for several drugs to six additional mammalian species (human, beagle, rat, monkey, mouse, and minipig). We used established PBTK models for these species to account for the species-specific physiology. The parameter sensitivity in the resulting 56 PBTK models was systematically assessed to rank the relevance of the parameters on overall model performance. Interestingly, more than 80% of the 609 considered model parameters showed a negligible sensitivity throughout all models. Only approximately 5% of all parameters had a high sensitivity in at least one of the PBTK models. This approach allowed us to rank the relevance of the various parameters on overall model performance. We used this information to formulate a best practice guideline for the efficient development of PBTK models for novel animal species. We believe that the workflow proposed in this study will significantly support the development of PBTK models for new animal species in the future.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vidal A, Babut M, Garric J, Beaudouin R. Temperature effect on perfluorooctane sulfonate toxicokinetics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Exploration via a physiologically based toxicokinetic model. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 225:105545. [PMID: 32569995 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are poikilotherms, which means that their internal temperature varies with that of water. Water temperature thus controls many of their lifecycle processes and physiological functions, which could influence the mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of many substances, including perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs). However, the processes governing the fate of PFAAs are still poorly understood in fish. Here we developed a physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to study changes in physiological functions and PFAA ADME at different temperatures. The model was calibrated using experimental data from dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate at 7 °C and 19 °C. Predictions of PFOS concentrations were globally satisfactory at both temperatures, when accounting for the influence of temperature on growth, ventilation rate, cardiac output, clearances, and absorption rates. Accounting for the influence of temperature on tissue-plasma partition coefficients significantly improved predicted in-organ PFOS concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Vidal
- INRAE, RIVERLY, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marc Babut
- INRAE, RIVERLY, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jeanne Garric
- INRAE, RIVERLY, 5 Avenue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit (METO), INERIS, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu T, Cao W, Di Q, Zhao M, Xu Q. Evaluation of toxicokinetics of nonylphenol in the adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using a physiologically based toxicokinetic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:42-50. [PMID: 30954491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was firstly developed in female rats to quantitatively evaluate toxicokinetics of nonylphenol (NP). Changes in NP serum concentrations over time of single oral NP administration experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats and literature data were collected to establish and calibrate the PBTK model in the SimBiology framework. The calibrated model predicted the serum and tissue NP concentrations of repeat oral NP administration for model evaluation. NP concentrations in serum and tissues (liver, kidneys, adipose, brain, uterus and ovaries) were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The model output of the time course data (values are within the standard deviation defined for each data point) indicated proximity of predictions to reality. The coefficients of determination r2 were all greater than 0.9, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) were within 0.177-2.027, which means the model predicted and observed serum NP concentrations were in excellent agreement. The results indicated that the model could contribute to a simplification of the future exposure risk assessments of NP in a more realistic scenario and provided a better understanding of the disposition process of NP in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiannan Di
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paini A, Leonard J, Joossens E, Bessems J, Desalegn A, Dorne J, Gosling J, Heringa M, Klaric M, Kliment T, Kramer N, Loizou G, Louisse J, Lumen A, Madden J, Patterson E, Proença S, Punt A, Setzer R, Suciu N, Troutman J, Yoon M, Worth A, Tan Y. Next generation physiologically based kinetic (NG-PBK) models in support of regulatory decision making. Comput Toxicol 2019; 9:61-72. [PMID: 31008414 PMCID: PMC6472623 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fields of toxicology and chemical risk assessment seek to reduce, and eventually replace, the use of animals for the prediction of toxicity in humans. In this context, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling based on in vitro and in silico kinetic data has the potential to a play significant role in reducing animal testing, by providing a methodology capable of incorporating in vitro human data to facilitate the development of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of hazard information. In the present article, we discuss the challenges in: 1) applying PBK modelling to support regulatory decision making under the toxicology and risk-assessment paradigm shift towards animal replacement; 2) constructing PBK models without in vivo animal kinetic data, while relying solely on in vitro or in silico methods for model parameterization; and 3) assessing the validity and credibility of PBK models built largely using non-animal data. The strengths, uncertainties, and limitations of PBK models developed using in vitro or in silico data are discussed in an effort to establish a higher degree of confidence in the application of such models in a regulatory context. The article summarises the outcome of an expert workshop hosted by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) - European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), on "Physiologically-Based Kinetic modelling in risk assessment - reaching a whole new level in regulatory decision-making" held in Ispra, Italy, in November 2016, along with results from an international survey conducted in 2017 and recently reported activities occurring within the PBK modelling field. The discussions presented herein highlight the potential applications of next generation (NG)-PBK modelling, based on new data streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.A. Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - E. Joossens
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.G.M. Bessems
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - A. Desalegn
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - J.L. Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma PR, Italy
| | - J.P. Gosling
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M.B. Heringa
- RIVM - The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - T. Kliment
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - N.I. Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Loizou
- Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
| | - J. Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - J.C. Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - E.A. Patterson
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - S. Proença
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Punt
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R.W. Setzer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - N. Suciu
- DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - J. Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M. Yoon
- ScitoVation, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 110566, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- ToxStrategies, Research Triangle Park Office, 1249 Kildaire Farm Road 134, Cary, NC 27511, USA
| | - A. Worth
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Y.M. Tan
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jean J, Kar S, Leszczynski J. QSAR modeling of adipose/blood partition coefficients of Alcohols, PCBs, PBDEs, PCDDs and PAHs: A data gap filling approach. Environ Int 2018; 121:1193-1203. [PMID: 30376998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model has immense role to play in the risk assessment process due to specified mathematical representation of the absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) of chemicals in diverse environmental compartment. Determination of adipose/blood partition coefficient [logP(adipose/blood)] is regarded as one of the crucial constraints of PBTK models. In respect to the challenge for identifying the chemical-definite parameters for these models, especially within short time frame and with limited resources, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are beneficial for providing the chemical-specific parameters of PBTK models. In the present study, we have developed robust, statistically highly significant (R2 = 0.92, QLOO2 = 0.90, RPred2 = 0.92) and mechanistically interpretable three descriptors QSAR models for 67 environmental chemicals [Alcohols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)] employing the experimental values of adipose/blood partition coefficient for human. The partitioning of chemicals into adipose tissue and blood offers information related to distribution and toxicological effects of these molecules in to the mammal system. The developed models are helpful to understand the mechanistic basis of toxicokinetic processes into the mammal system followed by risk assessment and risk management process. The applicability domain (AD) of the developed model was checked and followed by its employment to predict adipose/blood partition coefficient of 513 environmental contaminants consist of PCBs, PBDEs, PCDDs and PAHs from USA Environmental protection agency (US EPA) site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jephthe Jean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Davis JL, Wambaugh JF. Evaluation and calibration of high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:549-565. [PMID: 29032447 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9548-7.evaluation] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) provides critical information for integrating chemical toxicity and exposure assessments in order to determine potential chemical risk (i.e., the margin between toxic doses and plausible exposures). For thousands of chemicals that are present in our environment, in vivo TK data are lacking. The publicly available R package "httk" (version 1.8, named for "high throughput TK") draws from a database of in vitro data and physico-chemical properties in order to run physiologically-based TK (PBTK) models for 553 compounds. The PBTK model parameters include tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kp) which the httk software predicts using the model of Schmitt (Toxicol In Vitro 22 (2):457-467, 2008). In this paper we evaluated and modified httk predictions, and quantified confidence using in vivo literature data. We used 964 rat Kp measured by in vivo experiments for 143 compounds. Initially, predicted Kp were significantly larger than measured Kp for many lipophilic compounds (log10 octanol:water partition coefficient > 3). Hence the approach for predicting Kp was revised to account for possible deficiencies in the in vitro protein binding assay, and the method for predicting membrane affinity was revised. These changes yielded improvements ranging from a factor of 10 to nearly a factor of 10,000 for 83 Kp across 23 compounds with only 3 Kp worsening by more than a factor of 10. The vast majority (92%) of Kp were predicted within a factor of 10 of the measured value (overall root mean squared error of 0.59 on log10-transformed scale). After applying the adjustments, regressions were performed to calibrate and evaluate the predictions for 12 tissues. Predictions for some tissues (e.g., spleen, bone, gut, lung) were observed to be better than predictions for other tissues (e.g., skin, brain, fat), indicating that confidence in the application of in silico tools to predict chemical partitioning varies depending upon the tissues involved. Our calibrated model was then evaluated using a second data set of human in vivo measurements of volume of distribution (Vss) for 498 compounds reviewed by Obach et al. (Drug Metab Dispos 36(7):1385-1405, 2008). We found that calibration of the model improved performance: a regression of the measured values as a function of the predictions has a slope of 1.03, intercept of - 0.04, and R2 of 0.43. Through careful evaluation of predictive methods for chemical partitioning into tissues, we have improved and calibrated these methods and quantified confidence for TK predictions in humans and rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jimena L Davis
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Davis JL, Wambaugh JF. Evaluation and calibration of high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:549-565. [PMID: 29032447 PMCID: PMC6186149 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) provides critical information for integrating chemical toxicity and exposure assessments in order to determine potential chemical risk (i.e., the margin between toxic doses and plausible exposures). For thousands of chemicals that are present in our environment, in vivo TK data are lacking. The publicly available R package "httk" (version 1.8, named for "high throughput TK") draws from a database of in vitro data and physico-chemical properties in order to run physiologically-based TK (PBTK) models for 553 compounds. The PBTK model parameters include tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kp) which the httk software predicts using the model of Schmitt (Toxicol In Vitro 22 (2):457-467, 2008). In this paper we evaluated and modified httk predictions, and quantified confidence using in vivo literature data. We used 964 rat Kp measured by in vivo experiments for 143 compounds. Initially, predicted Kp were significantly larger than measured Kp for many lipophilic compounds (log10 octanol:water partition coefficient > 3). Hence the approach for predicting Kp was revised to account for possible deficiencies in the in vitro protein binding assay, and the method for predicting membrane affinity was revised. These changes yielded improvements ranging from a factor of 10 to nearly a factor of 10,000 for 83 Kp across 23 compounds with only 3 Kp worsening by more than a factor of 10. The vast majority (92%) of Kp were predicted within a factor of 10 of the measured value (overall root mean squared error of 0.59 on log10-transformed scale). After applying the adjustments, regressions were performed to calibrate and evaluate the predictions for 12 tissues. Predictions for some tissues (e.g., spleen, bone, gut, lung) were observed to be better than predictions for other tissues (e.g., skin, brain, fat), indicating that confidence in the application of in silico tools to predict chemical partitioning varies depending upon the tissues involved. Our calibrated model was then evaluated using a second data set of human in vivo measurements of volume of distribution (Vss) for 498 compounds reviewed by Obach et al. (Drug Metab Dispos 36(7):1385-1405, 2008). We found that calibration of the model improved performance: a regression of the measured values as a function of the predictions has a slope of 1.03, intercept of - 0.04, and R2 of 0.43. Through careful evaluation of predictive methods for chemical partitioning into tissues, we have improved and calibrated these methods and quantified confidence for TK predictions in humans and rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jimena L Davis
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grech A, Brochot C, Dorne JL, Quignot N, Bois FY, Beaudouin R. Toxicokinetic models and related tools in environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Sci Total Environ 2017; 578:1-15. [PMID: 27842969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemicals for the protection of ecosystems integrity is a key regulatory and scientific research field which is undergoing constant development in modelling approaches and harmonisation with human risk assessment. This review focuses on state-of-the-art toxicokinetic tools and models that have been applied to terrestrial and aquatic species relevant to environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Both empirical and mechanistic toxicokinetic models are discussed using the results of extensive literature searches together with tools and software for their calibration and an overview of applications in environmental risk assessment. These include simple tools such as one-compartment models, multi-compartment models to physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models, mostly available for aquatic species such as fish species and a number of chemical classes including plant protection products, metals, persistent organic pollutants, nanoparticles. Data gaps and further research needs are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Grech
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Quignot
- LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Y Bois
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sarigiannis DA, Karakitsios SP, Handakas E, Simou K, Solomou E, Gotti A. Integrated exposure and risk characterization of bisphenol-A in Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:134-47. [PMID: 27769850 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims at a comprehensive risk characterization of bisphenol A (BPA) supported by an integrated exposure modelling framework that comprises far field and near field exposure modelling coupled to a dynamic lifetime PBTK model. Exposure analysis was done on European data of BPA food residues and human biomonitoring (HBM). The latter were further assimilated through an advanced exposure reconstruction modelling framework to estimate the corresponding external and internal systemic dose of BPA and its metabolites. Special attention was paid on the assessment of exposure to BPA during critical developmental stages such as gestation by modelling the mother-fetus toxicokinetic interaction. Our findings showed that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/d proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure of premature neonates hosted in intensive care units was reckoned close to the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose. Use of the ToxCast21 Biological Pathway Altering Dose (BPAD) as an alternative internal exposure reference value, resulted in increased margins of safety compared to the conventional exposure/risk characterization scheme.
Collapse
|
18
|
Brinkmann M, Preuss TG, Hollert H. Advancing In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolations of Mechanism-Specific Toxicity Data Through Toxicokinetic Modeling. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2016; 157:293-317. [PMID: 27619489 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
International legislation, such as the European REACH regulation (registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals), mandates the assessment of potential risks of an ever-growing number of chemicals to the environment and human health. Although this legislation is considered one of the most important investments in consumer safety ever, the downside is that the current testing strategies within REACH rely on extensive animal testing. To address the ethical conflicts arising from these increased testing requirements, decision-makers, such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), are committed to Russel and Burch's 3R principle (i.e., reduction, replacement, refinement) by demanding that animal experiments should be substituted with appropriate alternatives whenever possible. A potential solution of this dilemma might be the application of in vitro bioassays to estimate toxic effects using cells or cellular components instead of whole organisms. Although such assays are particularly useful to assess potential mechanisms of toxic action, scientists require appropriate methods to extrapolate results from the in vitro level to the situation in vivo. Toxicokinetic models are a straightforward means of bridging this gap. The present chapter describes different available options for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of mechanism-specific effects focused on fish species and also reviews the implications of confounding factors during the conduction of in vitro bioassays and their influence on the optimal choice of different dose metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | | | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brinkmann M, Freese M, Pohlmann JD, Kammann U, Preuss TG, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Beiermeister A, Hanel R, Hollert H. A physiologically based toxicokinetic ( PBTK) model for moderately hydrophobic organic chemicals in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Sci Total Environ 2015. [PMID: 26218567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a facultatively catadromous fish species with a complex life cycle. Its current population status is alarming: recruitment has decreased drastically since the 1980s and its stock is still considered to be outside safe biological limits. Although there is no consensus on the reasons for this situation, it is currently thought to have resulted from a combination of different stressors, including anthropogenic contaminants. To deepen our understanding of the processes leading to the accumulation of lipophilic organic contaminants in yellow eels (i.e. the feeding, continental growth stage), we developed a physiologically based toxicokinetic model using our own data and values from the literature. Such models can predict the uptake and distribution of water-borne organic chemicals in the whole fish and in different tissues at any time during exposure. The predictive power of the model was tested against experimental data for six chemicals with n-octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log Kow) values ranging from 2.13-4.29. Model performance was excellent, with a root mean squared error of 0.28 log units. This model has the potential to help identify suitable habitats for restocking under eel management plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas G Preuss
- Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | | | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Olie JDN, Bessems JG, Clewell HJ, Meulenbelt J, Hunault CC. Evaluation of semi-generic PBTK modeling for emergency risk assessment after acute inhalation exposure to volatile hazardous chemicals. Chemosphere 2015; 132:47-55. [PMID: 25794648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Models (PBTK) may facilitate emergency risk assessment after chemical incidents with inhalation exposure, but they are rarely used due to their relative complexity and skill requirements. We aimed to tackle this problem by evaluating a semi-generic PBTK model built in MS Excel for nine chemicals that are widely-used and often released in a chemical incident. MATERIAL & METHODS The semi-generic PBTK model was used to predict blood concentration-time curves using inhalation exposure scenarios from human volunteer studies, case reports and hypothetical exposures at Emergency Response Planning Guideline, Level 3 (ERPG-3) levels.(2) Predictions using this model were compared with measured blood concentrations from volunteer studies or case reports, as well as blood concentrations predicted by chemical-specific models. The performances of the semi-generic model were evaluated on biological rationale, accuracy, and ease of use and range of application. RESULTS Our results indicate that the semi-generic model can be easily used to predict blood levels for eight out of nine parent chemicals (dichloromethane, benzene, xylene, styrene, toluene, isopropanol trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene). However, for methanol, 2-propanol and dichloromethane the semi-generic model could not cope with the endogenous production of methanol and of acetone (being a metabolite of 2-propanol) nor could it simulate the formation of HbCO, which is one of the toxic end-points of dichloromethane. The model is easy and intuitive to use by people who are not so familiar with toxicokinetic models. CONCLUSION A semi-generic PBTK modeling approach can be used as a 'quick-and-dirty' method to get a crude estimate of the exposure dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Daniël N Olie
- National Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos G Bessems
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jan Meulenbelt
- National Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudine C Hunault
- National Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brinkmann M, Eichbaum K, Kammann U, Hudjetz S, Cofalla C, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Schüttrumpf H, Preuss T, Hollert H. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic models help identifying the key factors affecting contaminant uptake during flood events. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 152:38-46. [PMID: 24727214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of global climate change, we will be likely facing an increasing frequency and intensity of flood events. Thus, the ecotoxicological relevance of sediment re-suspension is of growing concern. It is vital to understand contaminant uptake from suspended sediments and relate it to effects in aquatic biota. Here we report on a computational study that utilizes a physiologically based toxicokinetic model to predict uptake, metabolism and excretion of sediment-borne pyrene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To this end, data from two experimental studies were compared with the model predictions: (a) batch re-suspension experiments with constant concentration of suspended particulate matter at two different temperatures (12 and 24°C), and (b) simulated flood events in an annular flume. The model predicted both the final concentrations and the kinetics of 1-hydroxypyrene secretion into the gall bladder of exposed rainbow trout well. We were able to show that exhaustive exercise during exposure in simulated flood events can lead to increased levels of biliary metabolites and identified cardiac output and effective respiratory volume as the two most important factors for contaminant uptake. The results of our study clearly demonstrate the relevance and the necessity to investigate uptake of contaminants from suspended sediments under realistic exposure scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research,ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research,ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hudjetz
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research,ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Catrina Cofalla
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Holger Schüttrumpf
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Preuss
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research,ABBt- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research,ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bessems JG, Loizou G, Krishnan K, Clewell HJ 3rd, Bernasconi C, Bois F, Coecke S, Collnot EM, Diembeck W, Farcal LR, Geraets L, Gundert-Remy U, Kramer N, Küsters G, Leite SB, Pelkonen OR, Schröder K, Testai E, Wilk-Zasadna I, Zaldívar-Comenges JM. PBTK modelling platforms and parameter estimation tools to enable animal-free risk assessment: recommendations from a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM ADME workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:119-39. [PMID: 24287156 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Information on toxicokinetics is critical for animal-free human risk assessment. Human external exposure must be translated into human tissue doses and compared with in vitro actual cell exposure associated to effects (in vitro-in vivo comparison). Data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in humans (ADME) could be generated using in vitro and QSAR tools. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) computer modelling could serve to integrate disparate in vitro and in silico findings. However, there are only few freely-available PBTK platforms currently available. And although some ADME parameters can be reasonably estimated in vitro or in silico, important gaps exist. Examples include unknown or limited applicability domains and lack of (high-throughput) tools to measure penetration of barriers, partitioning between blood and tissues and metabolic clearance. This paper is based on a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM expert meeting. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the availability of PBTK platforms as well as the in vitro and in silico methods to parameterise basic (Tier 1) PBTK models. Five high-priority issues are presented that provide the prerequisites for wider use of non-animal based PBTK modelling for animal-free chemical risk assessment.
Collapse
|