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Shutevska K, Bajatovska AM, Anastasova L, Zhivikj Z, Zafirova Gjorgievska M, Spasikj S, Petreska Ivanovska T, Makreski P, Geskovski N. Rapid quantification models for assessing melamine adulteration in sport nutrition supplements via benchtop and portable NIRS instruments. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124370. [PMID: 38744225 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Sport nutrition supplements (SNS) are vulnerable to adulteration with melamine, artificially augmenting their protein content as determined by conventional assay methodologies. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques are suitable for the detection of adulteration because they allow rapid analysis, require minimal sample preparation, and can perform numerous analyses in a short time. The aim of this study was to develop rapid quantification models for the determination of melamine adulteration in a variety of SNS matrices using NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) in combination with multivariate data processing. Moreover, a comparison of benchtop and portable NIR instruments was carried out. Employing a stepwise approach involving OPLS-DA and PLS analysis, matrix discrimination and prediction ability were investigated. The benchtop instrument effectively discriminated among matrices (R2Y = 0.964, Q2 = 0.933), while the portable device, although showing a slightly altered pattern, maintained favorable discrimination capability (R2Y = 0.966, Q2 = 0.931). The quantitative PLS models for each SNS matrix exhibited comparable statistical indicators for both instruments with reasonable errors for melamine content estimation and prediction (RMSEE: 0.3-2.4 %, RMSEP: 0.98-2.99 %). Higher estimation and prediction errors were observed for protein-containing samples in both acquisition modes, probably due to the tendency of protein agglomeration and adhesion to different surfaces, which affects the homogeneity of the powder. Despite data loss due to the narrower spectral range and lower resolution of the portable instrument, all models were found to be suitable for predicting melamine content in sport nutrition supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shutevska
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Ana Marija Bajatovska
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Liljana Anastasova
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Zoran Zhivikj
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Marija Zafirova Gjorgievska
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Sanja Spasikj
- Center for Public Health - Kumanovo, 11 Oktomvri bb, 1300, Kumanovo, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Tanja Petreska Ivanovska
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Petre Makreski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Geskovski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy, Majka Tereza 47, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
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Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071402. [PMID: 30974741 PMCID: PMC6479474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melamine (IUPAC: 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine) attracts high attention in analytical vibrational spectroscopy due to its misuse as a food adulterant. Vibrational spectroscopy [infrared (IR) and Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy] is a major quality control tool in the detection and quantification of melamine content. The physical background for the measured spectra is not interpreted in analytical spectroscopy using chemometrics. In contrast, quantum mechanical calculations are capable of providing deep and independent insights therein. So far, the NIR region of crystalline melamine has not been studied by quantum mechanical calculations, while the investigations of its IR spectra have remained limited. In the present work, we employed fully anharmonic calculation of the NIR spectrum of melamine based on finite models, and also performed IR spectral simulation by using an infinite crystal model—periodic in three dimensions. This yielded detailed and unambiguous NIR band assignments and revised the previously known IR band assignments. We found that the out-of-plane fundamental transitions, which are essential in the IR region, are markedly more sensitive to out-of-plane inter-molecular interactions of melamine than NIR transitions. Proper description of the chemical surrounding of the molecule of melamine is more important than the anharmonicity of its vibrations. In contrast, the NIR bands mostly arise from in-plane vibrations, and remain surprisingly insensitive to the chemical environment. These findings explain previous observations that were reported in IR and NIR analytical studies of melamine.
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Sensors break out of the lab. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/fsat.3103_12.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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