1
|
Carra JB, Wessel KBB, Pereira GN, Oliveira MC, Pattini PMT, Masquetti BL, Amador IR, Bruschi ML, Casagrande R, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Nakazato G, Vignoli JA, Camilios-Neto D, Baracat MM. Bioadhesive Polymeric Films Containing Rhamnolipids, An Innovative Antimicrobial Topical Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:177. [PMID: 39085675 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne affects most of the world's population, causing an impact on the self-esteem of adolescents and young adults. One of the causes is the presence of the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes which are part of the natural microbiota of the skin. Topical treatments consist of anti-inflammatory and antibiotics, which could select resistant strains. Alternatives to the antibiotic are biocomposites that have antimicrobial activity like biosurfactants which are produced by bacteria. An innovative way of applying these compounds is bioadhesive polymeric films that adhere to the skin and release the active principle topically. Rhamnolipids have great potential to be used in the treatment of acne because they present antimicrobial activity against C. acnes in low and safe concentrations (MIC of 15.62 µg/mL, CBM of 31.25 µg/mL and CC50 of 181.93 µg/mL). Four films with different rhamnolipids concentrations (0.0; 0.1; 0.2; and 0.3%, w/w) were obtained as to visual appearance, mass variation, thickness, density, solubility, pH, water vapor transmission, mechanical properties (folding endurance, bioadhesion strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus), scanning electron microscopy and infrared. The results show that these formulations had a homogeneous appearance; elastic mechanical properties; pH similar to human skin and bioadhesive. The polymeric films containing rhamnolipids were effective against C. acnes, in the in vitro test, at the three concentrations tested, the film with the highest concentration (0.3%, w/w) being the most promising for presenting the highest antimicrobial activity. Thus, the polymeric film containing rhamnolipids has the potential to be used in the treatment of acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica B Carra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Kamila B B Wessel
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Giovana N Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pietra M T Pattini
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bianca L Masquetti
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ismael R Amador
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Bruschi
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Georgetti
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Josiane A Vignoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Doumit Camilios-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcela M Baracat
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Timotijević MD, Ilić T, Savić S, Pantelić I. Simultaneous Physico-Mechanical and In Vivo Assessment towards Factual Skin Performance Profile of Topical Polymeric Film-Forming Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020223. [PMID: 35213956 PMCID: PMC8877452 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical film-forming systems (FFS) change drastically after solvent displacement, therefore indicating their skin metamorphosis/transformation as a property of special regulatory and research interest. This paper deals with the lack of suitable characterization techniques, suggesting a set of methods able to provide a comprehensive notion of FFS skin performance. After screening the physico-chemical, mechanical and sensory properties of FFS and resulting films, an elaborate three-phase in vivo study was performed, covering skin irritation, friction and substantivity. Upon removal of 24-hour occlusion, no significant change in erythema index was observed, while the film-former type (cellulose ether, acrylate and/or vinyl polymer) affected transepidermal water loss (TEWL); hydrophobic methacrylate copolymer-based samples decreased TEWL by 40–50%, suggesting a semi-occlusive effect. Although both the tribological parameters related to the friction coefficient and the friction curve’s plateau provided valuable data, their analysis indicated the importance of the moment the plateau is reached as the onset of the secondary formulation, while the tertiary state is still best described by the completion of the film’s drying time. The final part of the in vivo study proved the high in-use substantivity of all samples but confirmed the optimal 4:1 ratio of hydrophobic cationic and hydrophilic polymers, as indicated during early physico-mechanical screening.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gaur SS, Edgehouse KJ, Klemm A, Wei P, Gurkan B, Pentzer EB. Capsules with polyurea shells and ionic liquid cores for
CO
2
capture. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samanvaya S. Gaur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | | | - Aidan Klemm
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Peiran Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asano I, Sato T. Partition of Block Copolymers in Phase-Separating Polymer Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6268-6277. [PMID: 33982562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the AB diblock copolymer in a phase-separating solution composed of immiscible A and B homopolymers in a common solvent has been investigated theoretically. We have utilized the mixing Gibbs energy density for the interfacial phase based on mean-field lattice theory to this four-component system. Distributions of the AB diblock copolymer in the A and B homopolymer-rich bulk phases and the interfacial region between the separating bulk phases are calculated as a function of the B-block content, degrees of polymerization of the copolymer and A and B homopolymers, as well as interaction parameters among the A and B monomer units and the solvent. The copolymer prefers to distribute more in the interfacial region rather than separating bulk phases at a higher copolymer degree of polymerization and a higher interaction parameter between A and B monomer units. The theory is also compared with Asano et al.'s experimental results [ Langmuir 2015, 31, 7488-7495] for polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer added to the phase-separating solution of polystyrene and poly(ethylene glycol) homopolymers dissolved in chloroform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Asano
- Chemicals Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 9-1 Oe-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya 455-8502, Japan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mwiiri FK, Daniels R. Influence of PVA Molecular Weight and Concentration on Electrospinnability of Birch Bark Extract-Loaded Nanofibrous Scaffolds Intended for Enhanced Wound Healing. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204799. [PMID: 33086645 PMCID: PMC7587550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes from the outer bark of birch (TE) are known for various pharmacological effects including enhanced wound healing. Apart from an already authorized oleogel, electrospun nanofiber mats containing these triterpenes in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix appear to be an advantageous application form. The effects of PVA molecular weight and concentration on the fiber morphology have been investigated. Three different molecular weights of PVA ranging from 67 to 186 kDa were used. The concentration of PVA was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. Polymer solutions were blended with colloidal dispersions of birch bark extract at a weight ratio of 60:40 (wt.%). The estimated viscosity of polymer solutions was directly linked to their concentration and molecular weight. In addition, both pure and blended solutions showed viscoelastic properties with a dominant viscous response in the bulk. Fiber morphology was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both polymer concentration and molecular weight were found to be significant factors affecting the diameter of the fibers. Fiber diameter increased with a higher molecular weight and polymer concentration as more uniform fibers were obtained using PVA of higher molecular weight (146-186 kDa). In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies indicated a faster drug release of betulin from electrospun scaffolds with lower PVA molecular weight. Our research suggests that the fabricated TE-loaded PVA electrospun dressings represent potential delivery systems of TE for wound care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-297-2462; Fax: +49-7071-295-531
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mwiiri FK, Brandner JM, Daniels R. Electrospun Bioactive Wound Dressing Containing Colloidal Dispersions of Birch Bark Dry Extract. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080770. [PMID: 32823875 PMCID: PMC7463733 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel birch bark dry extract (TE)-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber mats intended for wound therapy were developed through an electrospinning process. Colloidal dispersions containing TE as the active substance were prepared by the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique using hydrogenated phospholipids as stabilizer. Subsequently, the colloidal dispersions were blended with aqueous PVA solutions in the ratio of 60:40 (wt.%) and electrospun to form the nanofiber mats. Fiber morphology examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that fibers were uniform and achieved diameters in the size range of 300–1586 nm. Confocal Raman spectral imaging gave good evidence that triterpenes were encapsulated within the electrospun mats. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies indicated that the electrospun nanofibers showed a sustained release of betulin, the main component of birch bark dry extract, making the examined dressings highly applicable for several wound care applications. Ex vivo wound healing studies proved that electrospun fiber mats containing TE accelerated wound healing significantly more than TE oleogel, which was comparable to an authorized product that consists of TE and sunflower oil and has proved to enhance wound healing. Therefore, our results conclude that the developed TE-PVA-based dressings show promising potential for wound therapy, an area where effective remedy is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kamau Mwiiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-297-2462; Fax: +49-7071-295-531
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Modi D, Sharma H, Campbell G. Accelerate development of topical cream drug product using a common platform base formulation. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:767-778. [PMID: 32176856 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1741617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify stable topical platform cream formulations (placebo creams without active drug substance) using the quality attributes of cream consistency, droplet size distribution (<1 μm), and separation or instability index of <0.1 to accelerate the development of topical cream drug product. The formulations were developed with six emulsifier systems that were screened in three different solvent systems across a range of emulsifier ratios. Each formulation was characterized by microscopy, separation index, and consistency. The results showed that there are three emulsifier combination (PEG 40 stearate:GMS, S21:S2, and PEG 40 stearate:Span 60) that works well with the solvent systems. Platform cream formulations F4, F15, F33, F40, F52, F69, F77, F87, and F106 were found to meet the three criteria for a long-term stable platform cream formulation. Formulation development for topical administered drug product can be very time consuming, expensive, and resourceful in identifying a chemically and physically stable product. In early development, where it can take 1-2 years to develop a first time in human (FTIH) formulation for a new chemical entity. The use of the platform base cream formulations will expedite the early development timeline for new chemical entity by 3-6 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Modi
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Drug Product Design & Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- BioPharm Product Sciences, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Gossett Campbell
- Drug Product Design & Development, Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Djekic L, Martinović M, Ćirić A, Fraj J. Composite chitosan hydrogels as advanced wound dressings with sustained ibuprofen release and suitable application characteristics. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:332-339. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1701495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Djekic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Martinović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ćirić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jadranka Fraj
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmidberger M, Daniels R, Lunter DJ. Method to determine the impact of substantivity on ex vivo skin-permeation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:1-7. [PMID: 30048744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Topical formulations are the most common therapeutic agents in the treatment of skin diseases. They contain one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) which need to penetrate or permeate the skin in order to exert their effect. However, after application a part of the formulation is removed from the skin due to contact with the environment. Therefore, a part of the active is then not available for penetration and thus, a loss in therapeutic effect will result. To achieve the desired therapeutic outcome a sufficient fraction of the formulation must remain on the skin. The extent to which the loss of preparation affects penetration and permeation is less investigated. This work presents a method to examine the influence of mechanical stress and formulation loss on skin permeation. A movable punch with a defined weight simulated contact between clothing or skin and the applied formulation. Weight of the tool, number of contacts and speed settings were variable and were investigated. Ex vivo permeation experiments were performed in Franz diffusion cells using porcine skin. Three preparations with nonivamide as active ingredient were chosen as model formulations: A semisolid cream, an oil-in-oil emulsion and a film-forming formulation. The last two show sustained permeation profiles. The method uses skin-to-formulation and clothing-to-formulation contact to simulate the removal of the formulations from the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmidberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Lunter DJ. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy as an alternative to differential scanning calorimetry to detect the impact of emulsifiers and formulations on stratum corneum lipid conformation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:1-8. [PMID: 29775655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of emulsifiers and formulations on stratum corneum (SC) lipid conformation and evaluate confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) as an alternative method to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in this research context. To this end, four different formulations were used: three conventional creams that contained ionic and/or non-ionic emulsifiers and one surfactants-free emulsion stabilized by a polymeric emulsifier. Additionally, all emulsifiers were tested in aqueous solutions/dispersions in the respective concentrations as present in the formulations. In this study, emulsifiers and formulations were applied onto excised porcine skin during incubation in Franz diffusion cells. Subsequently, SC was isolated, dried and subjected to CRM and DSC measurement to analyse lipid structural changes after treatment. In CRM measurement, 1080 cm-1/(1130 cm-1 + 1070 cm-1) peak ratio, which represents the C-C skeleton vibration and trans-gauche conformation order of lipids, was investigated. Various emulsifiers and formulations showed different impact on SC lipid conformation. Specifically, cetearyl alcohol and sodium cetearyl sulfate mixture dispersion showed the strongest ability among all studied emulsifiers, followed by glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethylene-20-glycerol monostearate as well as their mixture. Polysorbate 60, cetyl stearyl alcohol and their mixture did not affect SC lipid structure. The results of CRM and DSC correlated very well, indicating CRM, as an alternative to DSC, can be a reliable method to investigate SC lipid conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- University of Tuebingen, Pharmaceutical Technology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li BS, Cary JH, Maibach HI. Stratum corneum substantivity: drug development implications. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:537-549. [PMID: 29752541 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 15 factors that influence the ability of chemicals to penetrate the skin. Substantivity is yet another factor and allows penetrants to remain on and in skin for many days. As many skin pathologies involve stratum corneum and require multiple dosing of topicals, understanding substantivity mechanisms may provide insight for topical dosing strategies. Substantivity is also of importance in the development of other consumer products that necessitate adherence to skin, including sunscreens, insect repellents, and cosmetics. Furthermore, while stratum corneum adherence may delay percutaneous penetration, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity, excessive substantivity may play a role in the toxic accumulation of harmful penetrants. Continued research in this area may offer insight into dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky S Li
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - John Havens Cary
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 433 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Lunter DJ. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy as an alternative method to investigate the extraction of lipids from stratum corneum by emulsifiers and formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:61-71. [PMID: 29428793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of emulsifiers and formulations on intercellular lipids of porcine stratum corneum (SC) and evaluate confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) as an alternative method in this research context. To this end, four different formulations were used: three conventional creams that contained ionic and/or non-ionic emulsifiers and one surfactants-free emulsion stabilized by a polymeric emulsifier. Additionally, all emulsifiers were tested in aqueous solution/dispersion in the respective concentrations as present in the formulations. CRM and HPTLC were used to analyse changes in SC lipid content after treatment. Furthermore, lipid extraction was visualized by fluorescence staining and SC thickness was measured by CRM and light microscopy. Various emulsifiers and emulsifier mixtures showed different impact on SC lipid content and SC thickness, while none of the tested formulations had any effect on SC lipids. Emulsifiers and their mixtures that reduced the lipids content also reduced SC thickness, indicating lipid extraction is the reason for SC thinning. Results from CRM and conventional methods showed a strong positive correlation for both lipid content and SC thickness measurements. With easy sample preparation and fast analytical readout, CRM has the potential to be a standardized analytical method for skin lipids investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- University of Tuebingen, Pharmaceutical Technology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodier B, de Leon A, Hemmingsen C, Pentzer E. Controlling Oil-in-Oil Pickering-Type Emulsions Using 2D Materials as Surfactant. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1201-1206. [PMID: 35650795 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emulsions are important in numerous fields, including cosmetics, coatings, and biomedical applications. A subset of these structures, oil-in-oil emulsions, are especially intriguing for water sensitive reactions such as polymerizations and catalysis. Widespread use and application of oil-in-oil emulsions is currently limited by the lack of facile and simple methods for preparing suitable surfactants. Herein, we report the ready preparation of oil-in-oil emulsions using 2D nanomaterials as surfactants at the interface of polar and nonpolar organic solvents. Both the edges and basal plane of graphene oxide nanosheets were functionalized with primary alkyl amines and we demonstrated that the length of the alkyl chain dictates the continuous phase of the oil-in-oil emulsions (i.e., nonpolar-in-polar or polar-in-nonpolar). The prepared emulsions are stable at least 5 weeks and we demonstrate they can be used to compartmentalize reagents such that reaction occurs only upon physical agitation. The simplicity and scalability of these oil-in-oil emulsions render them ideal for applications impossible with traditional oil-in-water emulsions, and provide a new interfacial area to explore and exploit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Rodier
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Al de Leon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christina Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grießinger JA, Bonengel S, Partenhauser A, Ijaz M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated polymers: evaluation of their potential as dermoadhesive excipients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:204-212. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1231809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Bonengel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Partenhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrmann S, Daniels R, Lunter D. Methods for the determination of the substantivity of topical formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:487-491. [PMID: 26754018 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1135346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin diseases are usually treated using topical formulations. Frequently, multiple applications per day are necessary, as up to 90% of the formulation (and thus of the active) are withdrawn from the skin by contact with the environment. During the development of topical formulations ex vivo permeation and penetration experiments are deployed to characterize the formulations. Still, these tests do not take into account the removal of formulations during the application period. To date, only few methods exist to probe the substantivity of dermal formulations. The aim of this investigation was to develop methods that simulate skin-to-skin or clothing-to-skin contact and enable the determination of the amount of formulation that is removed from the skin due to the contact. Three different types of formulations were used to validate the systems: a conventional semisolid cream, an oil-in-oil-emulsion, and a film forming formulation. The results showed that the substantivity decreased in the order: film forming formulation > semisolid cream > oil-in-oil-emulsion. A similar trend could be determined with both methods although the total amounts of withdrawn formulation differed. The developed methods can add to the knowledge about the formulation and can be used to develop formulations that exhibit higher substantivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Herrmann
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Dominique Lunter
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Partenhauser A, Zupančič O, Rohrer J, Bonengel S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated silicone oils as adhesive skin protectants for improved barrier function. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:257-65. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Partenhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Institute of Pharmacy; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck Austria
| | - O. Zupančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Institute of Pharmacy; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck Austria
| | - J. Rohrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Institute of Pharmacy; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck Austria
| | - S. Bonengel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Institute of Pharmacy; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck Austria
| | - A. Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Institute of Pharmacy; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Partenhauser A, Netsomboon K, Leonaviciute G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Evaluation of thiolated silicone oil as advanced mucoadhesive antifoaming agent. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2711-2719. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1054051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Partenhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kesinee Netsomboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gintare Leonaviciute
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thiolated silicone oil: synthesis, gelling and mucoadhesive properties. Acta Biomater 2015; 16:169-177. [PMID: 25660565 PMCID: PMC4362771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of novel thiolated silicone oils and their evaluation with regard to gelling and mucoadhesive properties. A thiol coupling of 220 ± 14 and 127 ± 33 μmol/g polymer for 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)- and cysteine-coupled silicone oil was determined, respectively. The dynamic viscosity of MPA–silicone raised significantly (p < 0.000001) after oxidation with iodine to a maximum of 523-fold within 1 h. During tensile studies, MPA–silicone showed both the highest results for total work of adhesion (TWA) and maximum detachment force (MDF) with a 3.8- and 3.4-fold increase, respectively, compared to the control. As far as the residence time on small intestinal mucosa is concerned, both silicone conjugates were detectable in almost the same quantities for up to 8 h with 56.9 ± 3.3 and 47.8 ± 8.9% of the initially applied conjugated silicone oil. Thiolated silicone oils can be regarded superior in comparison to commonly used silicone oils due to a prolonged retention time in the small intestine as site of action. Gelling and mucoadhesive features are advantageous for antiflatulent as well as mucoprotective biomaterials. Thus, these novel thiomers seem promising for an upgrade of currently available products for the treatment of dyspepsia, reflux oesophagitis and even inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.
Collapse
|