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Tower CW, Lay-Fortenbery A, Su Y, Munson EJ. Predicting the Stability of Formulations Containing Lyophilized Human Serum Albumin and Sucrose/Trehalose Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3163-3172. [PMID: 38781678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Stabilization of proteins by disaccharides in lyophilized formulations depends on the interactions between the protein and the disaccharide (system homogeneity) and the sufficiently low mobility of the system. Human serum albumin (HSA) was lyophilized with disaccharides (sucrose and/or trehalose) in different relative concentrations. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy 1H T1 and 1H T1ρ relaxation times were measured to determine the homogeneity of the lyophilized systems on 20-50 and 1-3 nm domains, respectively, with 1H T1 relaxation times also being used to determine the β-relaxation rate. HSA/sucrose systems had longer 1H T1 relaxation times and were slightly more stable than HSA/trehalose systems in almost all cases shown. HSA/sucrose/trehalose systems have 1H T1 relaxation times between the HSA/sucrose and HSA/trehalose systems and did not result in a more stable system compared with binary systems. Inhomogeneity was evident in a sample containing relative concentrations of 10% HSA and 90% trehalose, suggesting trehalose crystallization during lyophilization. Under these stability conditions and with these ssNMR acquisition parameters, a 1H T1 relaxation time below 1.5 s correlated with an unstable sample, regardless of the disaccharide(s) used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole W Tower
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Lay-Fortenbery A, Tower CW, Ezeajughi E, Calahan J, Duru C, Matejtschuk P, Munson EJ. Predicting the Stability of Lyophilized Human Serum Albumin Formulations Containing Sucrose and Trehalose Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Effect of Storage Temperature on 1H T 1 Relaxation Times. AAPS J 2024; 26:40. [PMID: 38570383 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In a lyophilized protein/disaccharide system, the ability of the disaccharide to form a homogeneous mixture with the protein and to slow the protein mobility dictates the stabilization potential of the formulation. Human serum albumin was lyophilized with sucrose or trehalose in histidine, phosphate, or citrate buffer. 1H T1 relaxation times were measured by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and were used to assess the homogeneity and mobility of the samples after zero, six, and twelve months at different temperatures. The mobility of the samples decreased after 6 and 12 months storage at elevated temperatures, consistent with structural relaxation of the amorphous disaccharide matrix. Formulations with sucrose had lower mobility and greater stability than formulations with trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lay-Fortenbery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Cole W Tower
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Julie Calahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA.
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Thakral S, Sonje J, Munjal B, Suryanarayanan R. Stabilizers and their interaction with formulation components in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:1-19. [PMID: 33741437 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying in relation to stress conditions commonly encountered during these processes. The traditional as well as refined mechanisms by which excipients may stabilize proteins are presented. These stabilizers encompass a wide variety of compounds including sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, surfactants, buffers and polymers. The rational selection of excipients for use in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations is presented. Lyophilized protein formulations are generally multicomponent systems, providing numerous possibilities of excipient-excipient and protein-excipient interactions. The interplay of different formulation components on the protein stability and excipient functionality in the frozen and freeze-dried systems are reviewed, with discussion of representative examples of such interactions.
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Chang RYK, Chow MY, Khanal D, Chen D, Chan HK. Dry powder pharmaceutical biologics for inhalation therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:64-79. [PMID: 33705876 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic biologics such as genes, peptides, proteins, virus and cells provide clinical benefits and are becoming increasingly important tools in respiratory medicine. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic biologics enables the potential for safe and effective treatment option for respiratory diseases due to high bioavailability while minimizing absorption into the systemic circulation, reducing off-target toxicity to other organs. Development of inhalable powder formulation requires stabilization of complex biological materials, and each type of biologics may present unique challenges and require different formulation strategy combined with manufacture process to ensure biological and physical stabilities during production and over shelf-life. This review examines key formulation strategies for stabilizing proteins, nucleic acids, virus (bacteriophages) and bacterial cells in inhalable powders. It also covers characterization methods used to assess physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of the powders, biological activity and structural integrity of the biologics, and chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the review includes manufacture technologies which are based on lyophilization and spray-drying as they have been applied to manufacture Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein powders. In perspective, formulation and manufacture of inhalable powders for biologic are highly challenging but attainable. The key requirements are the stability of both the biologics and the powder, along with the powder dispersibility. The formulation to be developed depends on the manufacture process as it will subject the biologics to different stresses (temperature, mechanical and chemical) which could lead to degradation by different pathways. Stabilizing excipients coupled with the suitable choice of process can alleviate the stability issues of inhaled powders of biologics.
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Hesgrove C, Boothby TC. The biology of tardigrade disordered proteins in extreme stress tolerance. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:178. [PMID: 33148259 PMCID: PMC7640644 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Disordered proteins have long been known to help mediate tolerance to different abiotic stresses including freezing, osmotic stress, high temperatures, and desiccation in a diverse set of organisms. Recently, three novel families of intrinsically disordered proteins were identified in tardigrades, microscopic animals capable of surviving a battery of environmental extremes. These three families include the Cytoplasmic-, Secreted-, and Mitochondrial- Abundant Heat Soluble (CAHS, SAHS, and MAHS) proteins, which are collectively termed Tardigrade Disordered Proteins (TDPs). At the level of sequence conservation TDPs are unique to tardigrades, and beyond their high degree of disorder the CAHS, SAHS, and MAHS families do not resemble one another. All three families are either highly expressed constitutively, or significantly enriched in response to desiccation. In vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro experiments indicate functional roles for members of each TDP family in mitigating cellular perturbations induced by various abiotic stresses. What is currently lacking is a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the fundamental mechanisms by which TDPs function, and the properties of TDPs that allow them to function via those mechanisms. A quantitative and systematic approach is needed to identify precisely what cellular damage TDPs work to prevent, what sequence features are important for these functions, and how those sequence features contribute to the underlying mechanisms of protection. Such an approach will inform us not only about these fascinating proteins, but will also provide insights into how the sequence of a disordered protein can dictate its functional, structural, and dynamic properties. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Hesgrove
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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Evaluation of Predictors of Protein Relative Stability Obtained by Solid-State Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Monitored by FTIR. Pharm Res 2020; 37:168. [PMID: 32794130 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange over a range of temperatures suggests a protein structural/mobility transition in the solid state below the system glass transition temperature (Tg). The purpose of this study was to determine whether solid-state protein stability correlates with the difference between storage temperature and apparent Td where an abrupt change in mobility occurs, or alternatively, the extent of H/D exchange at a single temperature correlates directly to protein stability in lyophilized solids. METHODS Solid-state H/D exchange was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy to study the extent of exchange and the apparent transition temperature in both pure recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) and rHSA formulated with sucrose or trehalose. H/D exchange of freeze-dried formulations at 11% RH and temperatures from 30 to 80°C was monitored. Protein stability against aggregation at 40°C/11% RH for 6 months was assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). RESULTS Both sucrose and trehalose showed equivalent protection of protein secondary structure by FTIR. The rHSA:sucrose formulation showed superior long-term stability at 40°C by SEC over the trehalose formulation, but the apparent Td determined from H/D exchange was much higher in the trehalose formulation. Instead, the extent of H/D exchange (X∞) was lower in the sucrose formulation at the temperature of the stability studies (40°C) than found for the trehalose formulation, which was consistent with better stability in the sucrose formulation. CONCLUSIONS While apparent Td did not correlate with protein stability for rHSA, the extent of H/D exchange, X∞, did.
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Influence of low-molecular-weight aggregates on aggregate growth kinetics and physical properties of solid-state proteins during storage. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 146:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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More than a Confinement: “Soft” and “Hard” Enzyme Entrapment Modulates Biological Catalyst Function. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis makes chemical and biochemical reactions kinetically accessible. From a technological point of view, organic, inorganic, and biochemical catalysis is relevant for several applications, from industrial synthesis to biomedical, material, and food sciences. A heterogeneous catalyst, i.e., a catalyst confined in a different phase with respect to the reagents’ phase, requires either its physical confinement in an immobilization matrix or its physical adsorption on a surface. In this review, we will focus on the immobilization of biological catalysts, i.e., enzymes, by comparing hard and soft immobilization matrices and their effect on the modulation of the catalysts’ function. Indeed, unlike smaller molecules, the catalytic activity of protein catalysts depends on their structure, conformation, local environment, and dynamics, properties that can be strongly affected by the immobilization matrices, which, therefore, not only provide physical confinement, but also modulate catalysis.
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Giuffrida S, Cordone L, Cottone G. Bioprotection Can Be Tuned with a Proper Protein/Saccharide Ratio: The Case of Solid Amorphous Matrices. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8642-8653. [PMID: 30149699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saccharides, and in particular trehalose, are well known for their high efficiency in protecting biostructures against adverse environmental conditions. The protein dynamics is known to be highly inhibited in a low-water trehalose host medium, the inhibition being markedly dependent on the amount of residual water. Besides hydration, the protein/sugar ratio is expected to affect the properties of saccharide amorphous matrices. In this work, we report an infrared spectroscopy study in dry amorphous matrices of various sugars (the disaccharides trehalose, maltose, sucrose, and lactose, and the trisaccharide raffinose) containing myoglobin, at different protein/sugar ratios. We analyze the stretching band of the bound CO molecule and the water association band. Such bands have already been successfully exploited for the simultaneous study of thermal evolution of a matrix and embedded protein. The results show a high dependence of protein and matrix signals on the protein/sugar ratio, the system behavior evolving from situations where (i) the protein slaves the matrix to (ii) protein ↔ matrix coupling/uncoupling, then to (iii) the matrix slaving the protein, with increasing sugar concentration. This supports a mutual protein ↔ matrix structural and dynamic influence in low hydrated systems, indicating that the protein/solvent master and slave paradigm does not strictly hold, but the mutual relationship depends on the relative concentrations. Furthermore, for each sugar, an optimal protein/sugar concentration ratio can be identified, which maximizes the protein preservation; under such a condition, the water content is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica , Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze 17-18 , I-90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cordone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica , Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze 17-18 , I-90128 Palermo , Italy
| | - Grazia Cottone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica , Università di Palermo , Viale delle Scienze 17-18 , I-90128 Palermo , Italy
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Ortolan F, Steel CJ. Protein Characteristics that Affect the Quality of Vital Wheat Gluten to be Used in Baking: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:369-381. [PMID: 33371555 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of vital wheat gluten in the baking industry and wheat flour mills aims to improve the rheological characteristics of flour considered unsuitable to obtain products such as sliced bread, French bread, high-fiber breads, and other products that require strong flours. To improve characteristics such as flour strength, dough mixing tolerance, and bread volume, vital wheat gluten is added to flour at levels that can vary from 2% to 10% (flour basis), with 5% being a commonly used dosage. However, the vital wheat gluten commercialized in the market has few quality specifications, especially related to the characteristics of the proteins that constitute it and are responsible for the formation of the viscoelastic gluten network. Information on protein quality is important, because variations are observed in the technological quality of vital wheat gluten obtained from different sources, which could be associated to damage caused to proteins during the obtainment process. Several tests, either physical-chemical analyses, or rheological tests, are carried out to establish gluten quality; however, they are sometimes time-consuming and costly. Although these tests give good answers to specify gluten quality, flour mills, and the baking industries require fast and simple tests to evaluate the uses and/or dosage of vital gluten addition to wheat flour. This review covers the concepts, uses, obtainment processes, and quality analysis of vital wheat gluten, as well as simple tests to help identify details about protein quality of commercial vital wheat gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ortolan
- Univ. Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862, Cidade Univ. Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Inst. Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha - Campus Alegrete, RS 377 Km 27, Passo Novo, CEP 97555-000, Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Joy Steel
- Univ. Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862, Cidade Univ. Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zografi G, Newman A. Interrelationships Between Structure and the Properties of Amorphous Solids of Pharmaceutical Interest. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:5-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Protein Internal Dynamics Associated With Pre-System Glass Transition Temperature Endothermic Events: Investigation of Insulin and Human Growth Hormone by Solid State Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3290-3295. [PMID: 27640753 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilized proteins are generally stored below their glass transition temperature (Tg) to maintain long-term stability. Some proteins in the (pure) solid state showed a distinct endotherm at a temperature well below the glass transition, designated as a pre-Tg endotherm. The pre-Tg endothermic event has been linked with a transition in protein internal mobility. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal dynamics of 2 proteins, insulin and human growth hormone (hGH), both of which exhibit the pre-Tg endothermic event with onsets at 50°C-60°C. Solid state hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of both proteins was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy over a temperature range from 30°C to 80°C. A distinct sigmoidal transition in the extent of H/D exchange had a midpoint of 56.1 ± 1.2°C for insulin and 61.7 ± 0.9°C for hGH, suggesting a transition to greater mobility in the protein molecules at these temperatures. The data support the hypothesis that the pre-Tg event is related to a transition in internal protein mobility associated with the protein dynamical temperature. Exceeding the protein dynamical temperature is expected to activate protein internal motion and therefore may have stability consequences.
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Li AB, Kluge JA, Guziewicz NA, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. Silk-based stabilization of biomacromolecules. J Control Release 2015; 219:416-430. [PMID: 26403801 PMCID: PMC4656123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin is a high molecular weight amphiphilic protein that self-assembles into robust biomaterials with remarkable properties including stabilization of biologicals and tunable release kinetics correlated to processing conditions. Cells, antibiotics,monoclonal antibodies and peptides, among other biologics, have been encapsulated in silk using various processing approaches and material formats. The mechanistic basis for the entrapment and stabilization features, along with insights into the modulation of release of the entrained compounds from silks will be reviewed with a focus on stabilization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian B Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kluge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Nicholas A Guziewicz
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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14
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Stabilization of proteins in solid form. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:14-24. [PMID: 25982818 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of aggregated or otherwise degraded protein delivered from depots or other biopharmaceutical products is an increasing concern, and the ability to deliver stable, active protein is of central importance. We review characterization approaches for solid protein dosage forms with respect to metrics that are intended to be predictive of protein stability against aggregation and other degradation processes. Each of these approaches is ultimately motivated by hypothetical connections between protein stability and the material property being measured. We critically evaluate correlations between these properties and stability outcomes, and use these evaluations to revise the currently standing hypotheses. Based on this we provide simple physical principles that are necessary (and possibly sufficient) for generating solid delivery vehicles with stable protein loads. Essentially, proteins should be strongly coupled (typically through H-bonds) to the bulk regions of a phase-homogeneous matrix with suppressed β relaxation. We also provide a framework for reliable characterization of solid protein forms with respect to stability.
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Qian KK, Grobelny PJ, Tyagi M, Cicerone MT. Using the fluorescence red edge effect to assess the long-term stability of lyophilized protein formulations. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1141-9. [PMID: 25786057 DOI: 10.1021/mp500641f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond relaxation processes in sugar matrices are causally linked through diffusional processes to protein stability in lyophilized formulations. Long-term protein degradation rates track mean-squared displacement (⟨u(2)⟩) of hydrogen atoms in sugar glasses, a parameter describing dynamics on a time scale of picoseconds to nanoseconds. However, measurements of ⟨u(2)⟩ are usually performed by neutron scattering, which is not conducive to rapid formulation screening in early development. Here, we present a benchtop technique to derive a ⟨u(2)⟩ surrogate based on the fluorescence red edge effect. Glycerol, lyophilized trehalose, and lyophilized sucrose were used as model systems. Samples containing 10(-6) mole fraction of rhodamine 6G, a fluorophore, were excited at either 532 nm (main peak) or 566 nm (red edge), and the ⟨u(2)⟩ surrogate was determined based the corresponding Stokes shifts. Results showed reasonable agreement between ⟨u(2)⟩ from neutron scattering and the surrogate from fluorescence, although deviations were observed at very low temperatures. We discuss the sources of the deviations and suggest technique improvements to ameliorate these. We expect that this method will be a valuable tool to evaluate lyophilized sugar matrices with respect to their ability to protect proteins from diffusion-limited degradation processes during long-term storage. Additionally, the method may have broader applications in amorphous pharmaceutical solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K Qian
- †National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Pawel J Grobelny
- ‡University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- †National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Marcus T Cicerone
- †National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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