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Mahadik R, Kiptoo P, Tolbert T, Siahaan TJ. Immune Modulation by Antigenic Peptides and Antigenic Peptide Conjugates for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804. [PMID: 36381196 PMCID: PMC9648198 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i5.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system defends our body by fighting infection from pathogens utilizing both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response is generated rapidly as the first line of defense. It is followed by the adaptive immune response that selectively targets infected cells. The adaptive immune response is generated more slowly, but selectively, by targeting a wide range of foreign particles (i.e., viruses or bacteria) or molecules that enter the body, known as antigens. Autoimmune diseases are the results of immune system glitches, where the body's adaptive system recognizes self-antigens as foreign. Thus, the host immune system attacks the self-tissues or organs with a high level of inflammation and causes debilitation in patients. Many current treatments for autoimmune diseases (i.e., multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)) have been effective but lead to adverse side effects due to general immune system suppression, which makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. To counter these negative effects, many different avenues of antigen specific treatments are being developed to selectively target the autoreactive immune cells for a specific self-antigen or set of self-antigens while not compromising the general immune system. These approaches include soluble antigenic peptides, bifunctional peptide inhibitors (BPI) including IDAC and Fc-BPI, polymer conjugates, and peptide-drug conjugates. Here, various antigen-specific methods of potential treatments, their efficacy, and limitations will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | | | - Tom Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047
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Benne N, Ter Braake D, Stoppelenburg AJ, Broere F. Nanoparticles for Inducing Antigen-Specific T Cell Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864403. [PMID: 35392079 PMCID: PMC8981588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect many people worldwide. Current treatment modalities focus on the reduction of disease symptoms using anti-inflammatory drugs which can lead to side effects due to systemic immune suppression. Restoration of immune tolerance by down-regulating auto-reactive cells in an antigen-specific manner is currently the “holy grail” for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A promising strategy is the use of nanoparticles that can deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells which in turn can enhance antigen-specific regulatory T cells. In this review, we highlight some promising cell targets (e.g. liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and splenic marginal zone macrophages) for exploiting natural immune tolerance processes, and several strategies by which antigen-carrying nanoparticles can target these cells. We also discuss how nanoparticles carrying immunomodulators may be able to activate tolerance in other antigen-presenting cell types. Finally, we discuss some important aspects that must be taken into account when translating data from animal studies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Benne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Ter Braake
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan Stoppelenburg
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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3
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Pinto BF, Ribeiro LNB, da Silva GBRF, Freitas CS, Kraemer L, Oliveira FMS, Clímaco MC, Mourão FAG, Santos GSPD, Béla SR, Gurgel ILDS, Leite FDL, de Oliveira AG, Vilela MRSDP, Oliveira-Lima OC, Soriani FM, Fujiwara RT, Birbrair A, Russo RC, Carvalho-Tavares J. Inhalation of dimethyl fumarate-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles attenuate clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and pulmonary inflammatory dysfunction in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:81-101. [PMID: 34904644 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The FDA-approved Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) as an oral drug for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) treatment based on its immunomodulatory activities. However, it also caused severe adverse effects mainly related to the gastrointestinal system. OBJECTIVE Investigated the potential effects of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing DMF, administered by inhalation on the clinical signs, central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response, and lung function changes in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS EAE was induced using MOG35-55 peptide in female C57BL/6J mice and the mice were treated via inhalation with DMF-encapsulated SLN (CTRL/SLN/DMF and EAE/SLN/DMF), empty SLN (CTRL/SLN and EAE/SLN), or saline solution (CTRL/saline and EAE/saline), every 72 h during 21 days. RESULTS After 21 days post-induction, EAE mice treated with DMF-loaded SLN, when compared with EAE/saline and EAE/SLN, showed decreased clinical score and weight loss, reduction in brain and spinal cord injury and inflammation, also related to the increased influx of Foxp3+ cells into the spinal cord and lung tissues. Moreover, our data revealed that EAE mice showed signs of respiratory disease, marked by increased vascular permeability, leukocyte influx, production of TNF-α and IL-17, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, with pulmonary mechanical dysfunction associated with loss of respiratory volumes and elasticity, which DMF-encapsulated reverted in SLN nebulization. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that inhalation of DMF-encapsulated SLN is an effective therapeutic protocol that reduces not only the CNS inflammatory process and disability progression, characteristic of EAE disease, but also protects mice from lung inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Fernandes Pinto
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena Natasha Brito Ribeiro
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisela Bevilacqua Rolfsen Ferreira da Silva
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- State of São Paulo University (UNESP), Drugs and Medicines Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Simões Freitas
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kraemer
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marianna Carvalho Clímaco
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio Afonso Gonçalves Mourão
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Center for Technology and Research in Magneto-Resonance (CTPMAG), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Samantha Ribeiro Béla
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabella Luísa da Silva Gurgel
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Lima Leite
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira
- State of São Paulo University (UNESP), Drugs and Medicines Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maura Regina Silva da Páscoa Vilela
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Onésia Cristina Oliveira-Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Frederico Marianetti Soriani
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Emerson AE, Slaby EM, Hiremath SC, Weaver JD. Biomaterial-based approaches to engineering immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7014-7032. [PMID: 33179649 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterial-based therapeutics to induce immune tolerance holds great promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergy, and graft rejection in transplantation. Historical approaches to treat these immunological challenges have primarily relied on systemic delivery of broadly-acting immunosuppressive agents that confer undesirable, off-target effects. The evolution and expansion of biomaterial platforms has proven to be a powerful tool in engineering immunotherapeutics and enabled a great diversity of novel and targeted approaches in engineering immune tolerance, with the potential to eliminate side effects associated with systemic, non-specific immunosuppressive approaches. In this review, we summarize the technological advances within three broad biomaterials-based strategies to engineering immune tolerance: nonspecific tolerogenic agent delivery, antigen-specific tolerogenic therapy, and the emergent area of tolerogenic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Emerson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Apley KD, Griffin JD, Johnson SN, Berkland CJ, DeKosky BJ. Tetrameric Fluorescent Antigen Arrays for Single-Step Identification of Antigen-Specific B Cells. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/61827. [PMID: 33165322 PMCID: PMC10604357 DOI: 10.3791/61827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent antigen production is a critical step in the identification of antigen-specific B cells. Here, we detailed the preparation, purification, and the use of four-arm, fluorescent PEG-antigen conjugates to selectively identify antigen-specific B cells through avid engagement with cognate B cell receptors. Using modular click chemistry and commercially available fluorophore kit chemistries, we demonstrated the versatility of preparing customized fluorescent PEG-conjugates by creating distinct arrays for proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) and insulin, which are important autoantigens in murine models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Assays were developed for each fluorescent conjugate in its respective disease model using flow cytometry. Antigen arrays were compared to monovalent autoantigen to quantify the benefit of multimerization onto PEG backbones. Finally, we illustrated the utility of this platform by isolating and assessing anti-insulin B cell responses after antigen stimulation ex vivo. Labeling insulin-specific B cells enabled the amplified detection of changes to co-stimulation (CD86) that were otherwise dampened in aggregate B cell analysis. Together, this report enables the production and use of fluorescent antigen arrays as a robust tool for probing B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas
| | | | | | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas;
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Johnson SN, Griffin JD, Hulbert C, DeKosky BJ, Thomas JW, Berkland CJ. Multimeric Insulin Desensitizes Insulin-Specific B Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6319-6330. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - J. Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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7
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Griffin JD, Song JY, Sestak JO, DeKosky BJ, Berkland CJ. Linking autoantigen properties to mechanisms of immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:105-116. [PMID: 32325104 PMCID: PMC7572523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) present compelling potential for introducing precision to the treatment of autoimmune diseases where nonspecific, global immunosuppression is currently the only treatment option. Central to ASIT design is the delivery of autoantigen, which parallels allergy desensitization approaches. Clinical success in tolerizing allergen-specific responses spans longer than a century, but autoimmune ASITs have yet to see an FDA-approved breakthrough. Allergens and autoantigens differ substantially in physicochemical properties, and these discrepancies influence the nature of their interactions with the immune system. Approved allergen-specific immunotherapies are typically administered as water soluble, neutrally charged protein fractions from 10 to 70 kDa. Conversely, autoantigens are native proteins that exhibit wide-ranging sizes, solubilities, and charges that render them susceptible to immunogenicity. To translate the success of allergen hyposensitization to ASIT, delivery strategies may be necessary to effectively format autoantigens, guide biodistribution, and engage appropriate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Y Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Orion BioScience, Inc, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America.
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Leon MA, Firdessa-Fite R, Ruffalo JK, Pickens CJ, Sestak JO, Creusot RJ, Berkland C. Soluble Antigen Arrays Displaying Mimotopes Direct the Response of Diabetogenic T Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1436-1448. [PMID: 31260253 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder which develops when insulin-producing, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an aberrant immune response. Current therapies for T1D either treat symptoms or cause global immunosuppression, which leave patients at risk of developing long-term complications or vulnerable to foreign pathogens. Antigen-specific immunotherapies have emerged as a selective approach for autoimmune diseases by inducing tolerance while mitigating global immunosuppression. We previously reported SAgAs with multiple copies of a multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) as an efficacious therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. While the immune response of MS is distinct from that of T1D, the mechanism of SAgAs was hypothesized to be similar and via induction of immune tolerance to diabetes antigens. We synthesized SAgAs composed of HA polymer backbone conjugated with multiple copies of the T1D autoantigen mimotope p79 using aminooxy chemistry (SAgAp79) or using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (cSAgAp79) chemistry. SAgAs constructed using the hydrolyzable aminooxy linkage, thus capable of releasing p79, exhibited physicochemical properties similar to the triazole linkage. Both SAgAp79 versions showed high specificity and efficacy in stimulating epitope-specific T cells. SAgAs can be taken up by most immune cell populations but do not induce their maturation, and conventional dendritic cells are responsible for the brunt of antigen presentation within splenocytes. cSAgAp79 was more stimulatory than SAgAp79 both in vitro and in vivo, an effect that was ascribed to the peptide modification rather than the type of linkage. In summary, we provide here the first proof-of-principle that SAgA therapy could also be applicable to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Justin K. Ruffalo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chad J. Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Joshua O. Sestak
- Orion BioScience Inc., 986099 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Remi J. Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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10
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Leon MA, Wemlinger SM, Larson NR, Ruffalo JK, Sestak JO, Middaugh CR, Cambier JC, Berkland C. Soluble Antigen Arrays for Selective Desensitization of Insulin-Reactive B Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1563-1572. [PMID: 30681867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are believed to be highly dependent on loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens. Currently, no treatments have been successful clinically in inducing autoantigen-specific tolerance, including efforts to utilize antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) to selectively correct the aberrant autoimmunity. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) represent a novel autoantigen delivery system composed of a linear polymer, hyaluronic acid (HA), displaying multiple copies of conjugated autoantigen. We have previously reported that soluble antigen arrays displaying proteolipid peptide (SAgAPLP) induced tolerance to this specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Utilizing SAgA technology, we have developed a new ASIT as a possible type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapeutic by conjugating human insulin to HA, known as soluble antigen array insulin (SAgAIns). Three types were synthesized, low valency lvSAgAIns (2 insulins per HA), medium valency mvSAgAIns (4 insulins per HA), and, high valency hvSAgAIns (9 insulins per HA), to determine if valency differentially modulates the ex vivo activity of insulin-binding B cells (IBCs). Extensive biophysical characterization was performed for the SAgA molecules. SAgAIns molecules were successfully used to affect the biologic activity of IBCs by inducing desensitization of the B cell antigen receptors (BCR). SAgAIns bound specifically to insulin-reactive B cells without blocking epitopes recognized by antibodies against the Fc regions of membrane immunoglobulin or CD79 transducer components of the BCR. Preincubation of IBCs (125Tg) with SAgAIns, but not HA alone, rendered the IBCs refractory to restimulation. SAgAIns induced a decrease in BCR expression and IP3R-mediated intracellular calcium release. Surprisingly, SAgAIns binding to BCR on the surface of IBCs induced the observed effects at both high and low SAgAIns valency. Future studies aim to test the effects of SAgAIns on disease progression in the VH125.NOD mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Scott M Wemlinger
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Justin K Ruffalo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Orion BioScience , 986099 Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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11
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Gammon JM, Jewell CM. Engineering Immune Tolerance with Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801419. [PMID: 30605264 PMCID: PMC6384133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, rejection of transplanted organs and grafts, chronic inflammatory diseases, and immune-mediated rejection of biologic drugs impact a large number of people across the globe. New understanding of immune function is revealing exciting opportunities to help tackle these challenges by harnessing-or correcting-the specificity of immune function. However, realizing this potential requires precision control over the interaction between regulatory immune cues, antigens attacked during inflammation, and the tissues where these processes occur. Engineered materials-such as polymeric and lipid particles, scaffolds, and inorganic materials-offer powerful features that can help to selectively regulate immune function during disease without compromising healthy immune functions. This review highlights some of the exciting developments to leverage biomaterials as carriers, depots, scaffolds-and even as agents with intrinsic immunomodulatory features-to promote immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive RM 5110, College Park, MD 20742, USA ; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore VA Medical center, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Leon M, Northrup L, Christopher MA, Griffin JD, Martinez-Becerra F, Berkland C. Soluble antigen arrays disarm antigen-specific B cells to promote lasting immune tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 93:76-88. [PMID: 30007842 PMCID: PMC6117839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes that escape central immune tolerance may be silenced via an endogenous peripheral tolerance mechanism known as anergy. Antigen-specific therapies capable of inducing anergy may restore patients with autoimmune diseases to a healthy phenotype while avoiding deleterious side effects associated with global immunosuppression. Inducing anergy in B cells may be a particularly potent intervention, as B cells can contribute to autoimmune diseases through multiple mechanisms and offer the potential for direct antigen-specific targeting through the B cell receptor (BCR). Our previous results suggested autoreactive B cells may be silenced by multivalent 'soluble antigen arrays' (SAgAs), which are polymer conjugates displaying multiple copies of autoantigen with or without a secondary peptide that blocks intracellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Here, key therapeutic molecular properties of SAgAs were identified and linked to the immunological mechanism through comprehensive cellular and in vivo analyses. We determined non-hydrolyzable 'cSAgAs' displaying multivalent 'click'-conjugated antigen more potently suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) compared to hydrolyzable SAgAs capable of releasing conjugated antigen. cSAgAs restored a healthy phenotype in disease-specific antigen presenting cells (APCs) by inducing an anergic response in B cells and a subset of B cells called autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs) that act as potent APCs in autoimmune disease. Accompanied by a cytokine response skewed towards a Th2/regulatory phenotype, this generated an environment of autoantigenic tolerance. By identifying key therapeutic molecular properties and an immunological mechanism that drives SAgA efficacy, this work guides the design of antigen-specific immunotherapies capable of inducing anergy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Click Chemistry
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Hydrolysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Array Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Martin Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura Northrup
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Matthew A Christopher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - J Daniel Griffin
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Francisco Martinez-Becerra
- Immunology Core Laboratory of the Kansas Vaccine Institute, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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13
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Kuehl C, Thati S, Sullivan B, Sestak J, Thompson M, Siahaan T, Berkland C. Pulmonary Administration of Soluble Antigen Arrays Is Superior to Antigen in Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharm Sci 2017. [PMID: 28625726 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy has been used to hyposensitize patients to allergens and offers an enticing approach for attenuating autoimmune diseases. Applying antigen-specific immunotherapy to mucosal surfaces such as the lungs may engage unique immune response pathways to improve efficacy. Pulmonary delivery of soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) was explored in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis model. SAgAs were designed to impede immune response to autoantigen epitopes and are composed of a hyaluronan backbone with peptides PLP139-151 (proteolipid protein) and LABL, a disease-causing proteolipid peptide epitope and an intracellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 ligand, respectively. Pulmonary instillation of SAgAs decreased disease score, improved weight gain, and decreased incidence of disease in EAE mice compared to pulmonary delivery of hyaluronic acid polymer, LABL, or PLP. Interestingly, treating with PLP alone also showed some improvement. Splenocytes from SAgA-treated animals showed increased interferon-gamma levels, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 were elevated in SAgA-treated animals compared to PLP treatments. IL-10, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels showed no significant difference, yet trends across all cytokines suggested SAgAs induced a very different immune response compared to treatment with PLP alone. This work suggests that codelivery of peptide components is essential when treating EAE via pulmonary instillation, and the immune response may have shifted toward immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kuehl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sharadvi Thati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Bradley Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Joshua Sestak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Lawrence Memorial Hospital, Lawrence, Kansas 66044
| | - Teruna Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Hartwell BL, Pickens CJ, Leon M, Berkland C. Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Exhibit High Avidity Binding and Modulation of B Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling to Drive Efficacy against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1893-1907. [PMID: 28474886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A pressing need exists for antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) that induce selective tolerance in autoimmune disease while avoiding deleterious global immunosuppression. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays (SAgAPLP:LABL), consisting of a hyaluronic acid (HA) linear polymer backbone cografted with multiple copies of autoantigen (PLP) and cell adhesion inhibitor (LABL) peptides, are designed to induce tolerance to a specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Previous studies established that hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, employing a degradable linker to codeliver PLP and LABL, was therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo and exhibited antigen-specific binding with B cells, targeted the B cell receptor (BCR), and dampened BCR-mediated signaling in vitro. Our results pointed to sustained BCR engagement as the SAgAPLP:LABL therapeutic mechanism, so we developed a new version of the SAgA molecule using nonhydrolyzable conjugation chemistry, hypothesizing it would enhance and maintain the molecule's action at the cell surface to improve efficacy. "Click SAgA" (cSAgAPLP:LABL) uses hydrolytically stable covalent conjugation chemistry (Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC)) rather than a hydrolyzable oxime bond to attach PLP and LABL to HA. We explored cSAgAPLP:LABL B cell engagement and modulation of BCR-mediated signaling in vitro through flow cytometry binding and calcium flux signaling assays. Indeed, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited higher avidity B cell binding and greater dampening of BCR-mediated signaling than hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL. Furthermore, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited significantly enhanced in vivo efficacy compared to hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, achieving equivalent efficacy at one-quarter of the dose. These results indicate that nonhydrolyzable conjugation increased the avidity of cSAgAPLP:LABL to drive in vivo efficacy through modulated BCR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chad J Pickens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Martin Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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15
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Moral MEG, Siahaan TJ. Conjugates of Cell Adhesion Peptides for Therapeutics and Diagnostics Against Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 17:3425-3443. [PMID: 29357802 PMCID: PMC5835217 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666180118154514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed cell-surface receptors are hallmarks of many disease states and are often used as markers for targeting diseased cells over healthy counterparts. Cell adhesion peptides, which are often derived from interacting regions of these receptor-ligand proteins, mimic surfaces of intact proteins and, thus, have been studied as targeting agents for various payloads to certain cell targets for cancers and autoimmune diseases. Because many cytotoxic agents in the free form are often harmful to healthy cells, the use of cell adhesion peptides in targeting their delivery to diseased cells has been studied to potentially reduce required effective doses and associated harmful side-effects. In this review, multiple cell adhesion peptides from extracellular matrix and ICAM proteins were used to selectively direct drug payloads, signal-inhibitor peptides, and diagnostic molecules, to diseased cells over normal counterparts. RGD constructs have been used to improve the selectivity and efficacy of diagnostic and drug-peptide conjugates against cancer cells. From this precedent, novel conjugates of antigenic and cell adhesion peptides, called Bifunctional Peptide Inhibitors (BPIs), have been designed to selectively regulate immune cells and suppress harmful inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases. Similar peptide conjugations with imaging agents have delivered promising diagnostic methods in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. BPIs have also been shown to generate immune tolerance and suppress autoimmune diseases in animal models of type-1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Collectively, these studies show the potential of cell adhesion peptides in improving the delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to diseased cells in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E G Moral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Laboratory, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Laboratory, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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16
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Hartwell BL, Martinez-Becerra FJ, Chen J, Shinogle H, Sarnowski M, Moore DS, Berkland C. Antigen-Specific Binding of Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Induces Receptor Clustering and Impedes B Cell Receptor Mediated Signaling. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:710-22. [PMID: 26771518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need exists for autoimmune disease therapies that act in an antigen-specific manner while avoiding global immunosuppression. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays (SAgAPLP:LABL), designed to induce tolerance to a specific multiple sclerosis autoantigen, consist of a flexible hyaluronic acid (HA) polymer backbone cografted with multiple copies of autoantigen peptide (PLP) and cell adhesion inhibitor peptide (LABL). Previous in vivo studies revealed copresentation of both signals on HA was necessary for therapeutic efficacy. To elucidate therapeutic cellular mechanisms, in vitro studies were performed in a model B cell system to evaluate binding and specificity. Compared to HA and HA arrays containing only grafted PLP or LABL, SAgAPLP:LABL displaying both PLP and LABL exhibited greatly enhanced B cell binding. Furthermore, the binding avidity of SAgAPLP:LABL was primarily driven by the PLP antigen, determined via flow cytometry competitive dissociation studies. Fluorescence microscopy showed SAgAPLP:LABL induced mature receptor clustering that was faster than other HA arrays with only one type of grafted peptide. SAgAPLP:LABL molecules also reduced and inhibited IgM-stimulated signaling as discerned by a calcium flux assay. The molecular mechanisms of enhanced antigen-specific binding, mature receptor clustering, and dampened signaling observed in B cells may contribute to SAgAPLP:LABL therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Francisco J Martinez-Becerra
- Immunology Core Laboratory of the Kansas Vaccine Institute, University of Kansas 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Heather Shinogle
- Microscopy and Analytical Imaging Laboratory, University of Kansas 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michelle Sarnowski
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - David S Moore
- Microscopy and Analytical Imaging Laboratory, University of Kansas 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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17
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Hartwell BL, Smalter Hall A, Swafford D, Sullivan BP, Garza A, Sestak JO, Northrup L, Berkland C. Molecular Dynamics of Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Support a Two-Signal Co-delivery Mechanism in the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:330-43. [PMID: 26636828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many current therapies for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result in global immunosuppression, rendering insufficient efficacy with increased risk of adverse side effects. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays, nanomaterials presenting both autoantigen and secondary inhibitory signals on a flexible polymer backbone, are hypothesized to shift the immune response toward selective autoantigenic tolerance to repress autoimmune disease. Two-signal co-delivery of both autoantigen and secondary signal were deemed necessary for therapeutic efficacy against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. Dynamic light scattering and in silico molecular dynamics simulations complemented these studies to illuminate the role of two-signal co-delivery in determining therapeutic potential. Physicochemical characteristics such as particle size and molecular affinity for intermolecular interactions and chain entanglement likely facilitated cotransport of two signals to produce efficacy. These findings elucidate potential mechanisms whereby soluble antigen arrays enact their therapeutic effect and help to guide the development of future multivalent antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Aaron Smalter Hall
- Molecular Graphics and Modeling Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David Swafford
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Bradley P Sullivan
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Joshua O Sestak
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Laura Northrup
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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