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Van der Meeren A, Devilliers K, Griffiths N, Chaplault AS, Defrance M, Ducouret G, Pasteur M, Laroche P, Caire-Maurisier F. Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Injured Skin with Ca-DTPA Products Using an Ex Vivo Rat Skin Model. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024:00004032-990000000-00149. [PMID: 38768323 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Skin contamination by α-emitting actinides such as plutonium and americium is a risk for workers during nuclear fuel production and reactor decommissioning. Decontamination of skin is an important medical countermeasure to limit potential internal contamination, particularly in the case of injured skin. Current recommendations include undressing of the victim followed by skin washing using soap or chelating agents, such as diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). The goal of the present work is to assess the efficacy of a novel Ca-DTPA loaded gel to decontaminate injured skin exposed to plutonium or americium as compared to recommended treatments. For decontaminant testing on injured skin, whole body skin was obtained from euthanized rats and lesions created using a metallic brush. Delimited test areas were contaminated with plutonium or americium solutions of known properties. Various protocols were tested including time before contamination, duration of gel application, washing steps, as well as the concomitant addition or not of dressings. Activity was measured in each decontamination product and in skin. Data indicate that healthy skin was easier to decontaminate than damaged skin. On injured skin, we demonstrated an increased decontamination efficacy of the Ca-DTPA gel formulation as compared to the solution. Importantly, gel application alone was effective, and further gel applications could be used for residual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Nina Griffiths
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - Martine Defrance
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction of Health, Security, Environment & Radioprotection, Orano, Châtillon, France
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Durmaz K, Misbach M, Danoy A, Salvi JP, Bloch E, Bourrelly S, Verrier B, Sohier J. An innovative Fuller's earth-based film-forming formulation for skin decontamination, through removal and entrapment of an organophosphorus compound, paraoxon-ethyl. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134190. [PMID: 38593659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), such as VX, pose a significant threat due to their neurotoxic and hazardous properties. Skin decontamination is essential to avoid irreversible effects. Fuller's earth (FE), a phyllosilicate conventionally employed in powder form, has demonstrated decontamination capacity against OPs. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation that forms a film on the skin, with a significant OP removal capacity (>95 %) coupled with sequestration capabilities, favorable drying time and mechanical properties to allow for easy application and removal, particularly in emergency context. Various formulations were prepared using different concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), FE and surfactants. Their removal and sequestration capacity was tested using paraoxon-ethyl (POX), a chemical that simulates the behavior of VX. Formulations with removal capacity levels surpassing 95 % were mechanically characterized and cell viability assays were performed on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (NHDF). The four most promising formulations were used to assess decontamination efficacy on pig ear skin explants. These formulations showed decontamination levels ranging from 84.4 ± 4.7 % to 96.5 ± 1.3 %, which is equivalent to current decontamination methods. These results suggest that this technology could be a novel and effective tool for skin decontamination following exposure to OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kardelen Durmaz
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Magaly Misbach
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alix Danoy
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Salvi
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emily Bloch
- UMR 7246: Laboratoire MADIREL, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, 52 avenue Escadrille Normandie - Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Bourrelly
- UMR 7246: Laboratoire MADIREL, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, 52 avenue Escadrille Normandie - Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Sohier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Arrambide C, Ferrie L, Prelot B, Geneste A, Monge S, Darcos V. α-Aminobisphosphonate Copolymers Based on Poly(ε-caprolactone)s and Poly(ethylene glycol): A New Opportunity for Actinide Complexation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5058-5070. [PMID: 37676932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Original α-aminobisphosphonate-based copolymers were synthesized and successfully used for actinide complexation. For this purpose, poly(α-chloro-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(α-chloro-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymers were first prepared by ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone (εCL) and α-chloro-ε-caprolactone using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a macro-initiator and tin(II) octanoate as a catalyst. The chloride functions were then converted to azide moieties by chemical modification, and finally α-aminobisphosphonate alkyne ligand (TzBP) was grafted using click chemistry, to afford well-defined poly(αTzBPεCL-co-εCL)-b-PEG-b-poly(αTzBPεCL-co-εCL) copolymers. Three copolymers, showing different α-aminobisphosphonate group ratios, were prepared (7, 18, and 38%), namely, CP8, CP9, and CP10, respectively. They were characterized by 1H and 31P NMR and size exclusion chromatography. Sorption properties of these copolymers were evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) with neodymium [Nd(III)] and cerium [Ce(III)] cations, used as surrogates of actinides, especially uranium and plutonium, respectively. ITC enabled the determination of the full thermodynamic profile and the calculation of the complete set of thermodynamic parameter (ΔH, TΔS, and ΔG), with the Ka constant and the n stoichiometry. The results showed that the number of cations sorbed by the functional copolymers logically increased with the number of bisphosphonate functions borne by the macromolecular chain, independently of the complexed cation. Additionally, CP9 and CP10 copolymers showed higher sorption capacities [21.4 and 34.0 mg·g-1 for Nd(III) and 9.6 and 14.3 mg·g-1 for Ce(III), respectively] than most of the systems previously described in the literature. CP9 also showed a highest binding constant (7000 M-1). These copolymers, based on non-toxic and biocompatible poly(ε-caprolactone) and PEG, are of great interest for external body decontamination of actinides as they combine high number of complexing groups, thus leading to great decontamination efficiency, and limited diffusion through the skin due to their high-molecular weight, thus avoiding additional possible internal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loona Ferrie
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Amine Geneste
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Monge
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Darcos
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Bouvier-Capely C, Phan G. Comments on "A Simple, Rapid, Comparative Evaluation of Multiple Products for Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Rat Skin Ex Vivo". HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 123:154-155. [PMID: 35749616 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bouvier-Capely
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRSI 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. ;
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5
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Skin decontamination procedures against potential hazards substances exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109481. [PMID: 34051209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decontamination of unprotected skin areas is crucial to prevent excessive penetration of chemical contaminants after criminal or accidental release. A review of literature studies was performed to identify the available decontamination methods adopted to treat skin contamination after chemical, radiological and metal exposures. In this bibliographic review, an overview of the old and recent works on decontamination procedures followed in case of potential hazards substances contaminations with a comparison between these systems are provided. Almost all data from our 95 selected studies conducted in vitro and in vivo revealed that a rapid skin decontamination process is the most efficient way to reduce the risk of intoxication. The commonly-used or recommended conventional procedures are simple rinsing with water only or soapy water. However, this approach has some limitations because an easy removal by flushing may not be sufficient to decontaminate all chemical deposited on the skin, and skin absorption can be enhanced by the wash-in effect. Other liquid solutions or systems as adsorbent powders, mobilizing agents, chelation therapy are also applied as decontaminants, but till nowadays does not exist a decontamination method which can be adopted in all situations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient and successful decontaminating formulations.
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Ramírez FDM, Serrano-Valero E, Varbanov S. Octaphosphinoylated para-tert-butylcalix[8]arene as an extracting agent for uranyl ions in an acidic nitrate medium: study of the extracted uranyl calixarene compound. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sharma N, Chaudhary M, Butola BS, Jeyabalaji JK, Pathak DP, Sharma RK. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of the zinc titanate and silver nitrate incorporated wipes for topical chemical and biological decontamination. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Chanton P. Chelating properties of the calixarene carboxylic. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191406008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tazrart A, Bolzinger MA, Lamart S, Coudert S, Angulo JF, Jandard V, Briançon S, Griffiths NM. Actinide-contaminated Skin: Comparing Decontamination Efficacy of Water, Cleansing Gels, and DTPA Gels. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:12-20. [PMID: 29787426 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin contamination by alpha-emitting actinides is a risk to workers during nuclear fuel production and reactor decommissioning. Also, the list of items for potential use in radiological dispersal devices includes plutonium and americium. The actinide chemical form is important and solvents such as tributyl phosphate, used to extract plutonium, can influence plutonium behavior. This study investigated skin fixation and efficacy of decontamination products for these actinide forms using viable pig skin in the Franz cell diffusion system. Commonly used or recommended decontamination products such as water, cleansing gel, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, or octadentate hydroxypyridinone compound 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), as well as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid hydrogel formulations, were tested after a 2-h contact time with the contaminant. Analysis of skin samples demonstrated that more plutonium nitrate is bound to skin as compared to plutonium-tributyl phosphate, and fixation of americium to skin was also significant. The data show that for plutonium-tributyl phosphate all the products are effective ranging from 80 to 90% removal of this contaminant. This may be associated with damage to the skin by this complex and suggests a mechanical/wash-out action rather than chelation. For removal of americium and plutonium, both Trait Rouge cleansing gel and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid are better than water, and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid hydrogel is better than Osmogel. The different treatments, however, did not significantly affect the activity in deeper skin layers, which suggests a need for further improvement of decontamination procedures. The new diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid hydrogel preparation was effective in removing americium, plutonium, and plutonium-tributyl phosphate from skin; such a formulation offers advantages and thus merits further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tazrart
- Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France and Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - M A Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France and Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, 45404 Fleury les Aubrais Cedex, France
| | - S Lamart
- Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - S Coudert
- Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - J F Angulo
- Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - V Jandard
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, 45404 Fleury les Aubrais Cedex, France
| | - S Briançon
- Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France and Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - N M Griffiths
- Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
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Yue YC, Li MH, Wang HB, Zhang BL, He W. The toxicological mechanisms and detoxification of depleted uranium exposure. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:18. [PMID: 29769021 PMCID: PMC5956823 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely applied in industrial and military activities, and is often obtained from producing fuel for nuclear reactors. DU may be released into the environment, polluting air, soil, and water, and is considered to exert both radiological and chemical toxicity. In humans and animals, DU can induce multiple health effects, such as renal tubular necrosis and bone malignancies. This review summarizes the known information on DU’s routes of entry, mechanisms of toxicity, and health effects. In addition, we survey the chelating agents used in ameliorating DU toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Yue
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Compared in vivo efficiency of nanoemulsions unloaded and loaded with calixarene and soapy water in the treatment of superficial wounds contaminated by uranium. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 267:33-39. [PMID: 27913138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No emergency decontamination treatment is currently available in the case of radiological skin contamination by uranium compounds. First responders in the workplace or during an industrial nuclear accident must be able to treat internal contamination through skin. For this purpose, a calixarene nanoemulsion was developed for the treatment of intact skin or superficial wounds contaminated by uranium, and the decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion was investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The present work addresses the in vivo decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion, using a rat model. This efficiency is compared to the radio-decontaminant soapy water currently used in France (Trait rouge®) in the workplace. The results showed that both calixarene-loaded nanoemulsion and non-loaded nanoemulsion allowed a significant decontamination efficiency compared to the treatment with soapy water. Early application of the nanoemulsions on contaminated excoriated rat skin allowed decreasing the uranium content by around 85% in femurs, 95% in kidneys and 93% in urines. For skin wounded by microneedles, mimicking wounds by microstings, nanoemulsions allowed approximately a 94% decrease in the uranium retention in kidneys. However, specific chelation of uranium by calixarene molecules within the nanoemulsion was not statistically significant, probably because of the limited calixarene-to-uranium molar ratio in these experiment conditions. Moreover, these studies showed that the soapy water treatment potentiates the transcutaneous passage of uranium, thus making it bioavailable, in particular when the skin is superficially wounded.
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Tazrart A, Bolzinger MA, Coudert S, Lamart S, Miller BW, Angulo JF, Briançon S, Griffiths NM. Skin absorption of actinides: influence of solvents or chelates on skin penetration ex vivo. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:607-616. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1293865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Tazrart
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Coudert
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Stephanie Lamart
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Brian W. Miller
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jaime F. Angulo
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d’Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nina M. Griffiths
- iRCM/DRF/CEA, Laboratoire de Radio Toxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Arpajon, France
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Fattal E, Tsapis N, Phan G. Novel drug delivery systems for actinides (uranium and plutonium) decontamination agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:40-54. [PMID: 26144994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of accidents in the nuclear industry or of nuclear terrorist attacks makes the development of new decontamination strategies crucial. Among radionuclides, actinides such as uranium and plutonium and their different isotopes are considered as the most dangerous contaminants, plutonium displaying mostly a radiological toxicity whereas uranium exhibits mainly a chemical toxicity. Contamination occurs through ingestion, skin or lung exposure with subsequent absorption and distribution of the radionuclides to different tissues where they induce damaging effects. Different chelating agents have been synthesized but their efficacy is limited by their low tissue specificity and high toxicity. For these reasons, several groups have developed smart delivery systems to increase the local concentration of the chelating agent or to improve its biodistribution. The aim of this review is to highlight these strategies.
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