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Szabados M, Mészáros R, Dobó DG, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á, Sipos P. Ball-Milling Enhanced UV Protection Performance of Ca 2Fe-Sulisobenzone Layered Double Hydroxide Organic Clay. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1436. [PMID: 39269098 PMCID: PMC11397241 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Using a co-precipitation technique, the anionic form of sulisobenzone (benzophenone-4) sunscreen ingredient was incorporated into the interlayer space of CaFe-hydrocalumite for the first time. Using detailed post-synthetic millings of the photoprotective nanocomposite obtained, we aimed to study the mechanochemical effects on complex, hybridized layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Various physicochemical properties of the ground and the intact LDHs were compared by powder X-ray diffractometry, N2 adsorption-desorption, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric measurements. The data showed significant structural and morphological deformations, surface and textural changes and multifarious thermal behavior. The most interesting development was the change in the optical properties of organic LDHs; the milling significantly improved the UV light blocking ability, especially around 320 nm. Spectroscopic results verified that this could be explained by a modification in interaction between the LDH layers and the sulisobenzone anions, through modulated π-π conjugation and light absorption of benzene rings. In addition to the vibrating mill often used in the laboratory, the photoprotection reinforcement can also be induced by the drum mill grinding system commonly applied in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Szabados
- Materials and Solution Structure Research Group, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Aradi Vértanúk Tere 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7-8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Mészáros
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös Utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dorina Gabriella Dobó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. Tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, Rerrich B. Tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. Tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pál Sipos
- Materials and Solution Structure Research Group, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Aradi Vértanúk Tere 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7-8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Chen N, Yao S, Li M, Wang Q, Sun X, Feng X, Chen Y. Nonporous versus Mesoporous Bioinspired Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Skin Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1648-1661. [PMID: 36883261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of polydopamine-based bioinspired nanomaterials has shed new light on advanced drug delivery arising from their efficient surface functionalization. More recently, the polydopamine self-assemblies formed in two different modalities, i.e., nonporous and mesoporous nanoparticles, have begun to attract attention due to their expedient and versatile properties. However, their possibility for use in dermal drug delivery for local therapy, as well as their interaction with the skin, has not yet been demonstrated. Our study aimed to compare and explore the feasibility of the self-assembled nonporous polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA) and mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (mPDA) for local skin drug delivery. The formation of the PDA and mPDA structures was confirmed by the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Using retinoic acid (RA) as the model drug, their effects on drug loading, release, photostability, skin penetration, and radical scavenging were investigated. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were introduced to probe their delivery routes and possible interaction with the skin. The results indicated that both PDA and mPDA could reduce the photodegradation of RA, and mPDA showed significantly better radical scavenging activity and drug loading capacity. The ex vivo permeation study revealed that both PDA and mPDA significantly enhanced the delivery of RA into the deep skin layers by comparison with the RA solution, in which follicular and intercellular pathways existed, and alteration in the structure of stratum corneum was observed. In light of drug loading capacity, size controllability, physical stability, as well as radical scavenging activity, mPDA was more preferable due to the improvement of these factors. This work demonstrated the feasibility and promising application of PDA and mPDA nanoparticles for dermal drug delivery, and the comparative concept of these two types of biomaterials can provide implications for their use in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Sicheng Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xinxing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xun Feng
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 Yellow River North Street, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
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Ceccarini MR, Puccetti M, Pagano C, Nocchetti M, Beccari T, di Michele A, Ricci M, Perioli L. MgAl and ZnAl-Hydrotalcites as Materials for Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Formulations: Study of Their Cytotoxicity on Different Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070784. [PMID: 35890082 PMCID: PMC9315929 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about the effect of hydrotalcites (HTlcs), largely used in pharmaceutics, on non-malignant cell lines is limited. The effect of MgAl-HTlc-and ZnAl-HTlc- (NO3−/Cl−/CO32−) on the cell viability of HaCat, fibroblasts and HepG2 was studied by MTT assay. Cells were incubated either with HTlc suspensions in the culture media and with the supernatant obtained from the suspension being centrifuged. MgAl-HTlcs suspensions resulted in being cytotoxic. As SEM and TEM analyses showed the presence of sub-micrometric particles in all the MgAl-HTlc examined, it could be hypothesized that this fraction can be internalized into cells reducing the viability. MgAl-HTlc-NO3 is the most cytotoxic probably due to the additional effect of NO3− anions. ZnAl-HTlcs are cytotoxic, especially for HaCat and HepG2 cells (viability <60% at all the concentrations assayed). The effect is attributable both to the sub-micrometric fraction (identified by TEM) and to the high Zn2+ levels found in the culture medium by ICP-OES analysis, suggesting that ZnAl-HTlcs are less stable than MgAl-HTlc in the used media. The obtained results suggest that it is very important to perform ad hoc studies in order to evaluate HTlc safety before to be introduced in a formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Cinzia Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Morena Nocchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
| | | | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (M.R.C.); (M.P.); (M.N.); (T.B.); (M.R.); (L.P.)
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Photoinstability in active pharmaceutical ingredients: Crystal engineering as a mitigating measure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Conventional or mechanochemically-aided intercalation of diclofenac and naproxen anions into the interlamellar space of CaFe-layered double hydroxides and their application as dermal drug delivery systems. APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2021.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Choimet M, Tourrette A, Marsan O, Rassu G, Drouet C. Bio-inspired apatite particles limit skin penetration of drugs for dermatology applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:418-428. [PMID: 32439611 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Most treatments of skin pathologies involve local administration of active agents. One issue can however be the partial transcutaneous diffusion of the drug to blood circulation, leading to undesirable effects. In this work, the original use of submicron mineral particles based on bio-inspired calcium phosphate apatite was explored for the first time as drug carriers for favoring topical delivery. The permeation of a model drug across synthetic and biological membranes was investigated in both static and dynamic conditions. Our data show that adsorption of the drug on the apatite particles surface drastically limits its permeation, with lower effective diffusion coefficients (Peff) and smaller total released amounts. The retention of the apatite colloidal particles on porcine ear skin explants surface was demonstrated by combining histological observations and Raman confocal microscopy. All results converge to show that association of the drug to apatite particles favors skin surface effects. These findings point to the relevance of mineral-based particles as drug carriers for local delivery to the skin, and open the way to novel applications of bio-inspired apatites in dermatology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcium phosphates (CaP) are major biomaterials in orthopedics and dentistry. Their resemblance to bone mineral allows new applications beyond bone repair, e.g. in nanomedicine. In 2018, a 14-page detailed review (M. Epple, Acta Biomaterialia 77 (2018) 1-14) provided clear facts in favor of the non-toxicity of nanosized CaP as an answer to discussions from EU and US study groups, thus clarifying the path to novel applications of nano CaP. In the present paper, bio-inspired apatite nanoparticles are used for the first time as drug carriers for dermatology for drastically limiting drug transcutaneous permeation and retaining a topical effect. We demonstrate this proof of concept via permeation cell tests, histology, Raman microscopy and photoluminescence after application on porcine ear skin.
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Pagano C, Perioli L, Calarco P, Di Michele A, Tiralti MC, Ricci M. New Technological Approach for Glycyrrethic Acid Oral and Topical Administration. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:664-674. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666191226112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
18β- glycyrrhetinic acid (Gly) is the major bioactive component of licorice roots and
rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza glabra species. It shows many activities such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
antimicrobial, and antifungal, however, its use in the health field is very limited due to the low water solubility.
Methods:
This paper deals with the development of a new technological approach for Gly dissolution rate enhancement.
It consists of Gly intercalation (guest) in the interlamellar spaces between the inorganic spaces (host)
of the anionic clays “hydrotalcites” (HTlc) to obtain hybrids MgAl-HTlc-Gly and ZnAl-HTlc-Gly. Gly can find
applications in both systemic and local therapies, thus advantages of the use of the hybrids in these two fields
were investigated.
Results:
Gly dissolution rate from hybrids in the intestinal environment, site in which it is preferentially absorbed,
resulted enhanced (ZnAl-HTlc-Gly > MgAl-HTlc-Gly) compared to the crystalline form, thereby, making them
suitable for oral administration as dry powder in hard capsules.
:
For a local therapy, bioadhesive, vaginal emulgels loaded with the hybrids were developed. These showed suitable
mucoadhesive property to the vaginal mucosa, necessary to prolong the residence time in the application site.
The emulgel containing ZnAl-HTlc-Gly showed a faster and higher release profile than that containing MgAl-
HTlc-Gly.
Conclusions:
The obtained results suggest that Gly intercalation into HTlc, especially in ZnAl-HTlc, allows to
enhance Gly dissolution when the hybrids are formulated both as oral or topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Calarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Pascoli - 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria C. Tiralti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del liceo 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Pagano C, Perioli L, Marmottini F, Ramella D, Tiralti MC, Ricci M. Dentifrice Based on Fluoride-Hydrotalcite Compounds: Characterization and Release Capacity Evaluation by Novel In Vitro Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:248. [PMID: 31286298 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-caries activity of fluoride ions is due to the protection against demineralization and the enhancement of remineralization of tooth enamel. Dentifrices available on the market contain sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, and amine fluoride as source of these ions. A new compound working both as fluoride ion source and as abrasive was projected. Hybrids based on F- ions intercalated between the lamellae of hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlc-F), namely MgAl-HTlc-F and ZnAl-HTlc-F, were prepared and characterized. Then, three different percentages (2, 3, and 4%) of both HTlc-F compounds were assayed. After the rheological characterization, the dentifrices containing 3 and 4% of MgAl-HTlc-F and ZnAl-HTlc-F, respectively, resulted to be the most suitable ones. Two novel in vitro methods, "rotary toothbrush method" and "manual brushing method," were developed and used in order to study the F- ions release from the prepared dentifrices. The obtained results showed that the dentifrice containing ZnAl-HTlc-F (4%) was the most effective in releasing fluoride ions. The "rotary toothbrush method" resulted to be the most suitable as the simulation of the brushing movements is standardizable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marmottini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Ramella
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Beury Hall 1801 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Tiralti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo, 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Development and Characterization of New Topical Hydrogels Based on Alpha Lipoic Acid—Hydrotalcite Hybrids. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a well-known anti-aging compound. The activity of this molecule is limited by two important factors: (i) The low stability to oxidation and thermal processes and (ii) the low solubility. Particularly the latter limits ALA formulation in hydrophilic bases. The purpose of this paper is to present a new technological approach to stabilize lipoic acid in topical hydrogels for cosmetic use. With this aim, ALA was intercalated in two different lamellar anionic clays (hydrotalcites), MgAl and ZnAl, obtaining the hybrids MgAl-ALA and ZnAl-ALA. The intercalation allows to obtain a more manageable product in comparison to raw ALA. After the preliminary characterization, hydrogels containing the hybrids were prepared and characterized, also in comparison to the commercial product Tiobec® in terms of rheological properties, stability to temperature and centrifugation, release, and cytotoxicity. The obtained results highlighted that the hydrogel containing MgAl-ALA is a suitable alternative to the products currently available on the market.
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Perioli L, Dorigato A, Pagano C, Leoni M, Pegoretti A. Thermo-mechanical and adhesive properties of polymeric films based on ZnAl-hydrotalcite composites for active wound dressings. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia 06123 Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit; University of Trento; Trento 38123 Italy
| | - Cinzia Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia 06123 Italy
| | - Matteo Leoni
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering; University of Trento; Trento 38123 Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit; University of Trento; Trento 38123 Italy
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Pagano C, Tiralti MC, Perioli L. Nanostructured hybrids for the improvement of folic acid biopharmaceutical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1384-1395. [PMID: 27734495 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Folic acid (FA) is an important source for the prevention of many diseases. However, its use is limited because the very low solubility (<10 mg/l particularly in the gastric environment) responsible for the incomplete adsorption of the administered dose. This study proposes a technological strategy to overcome this problem enhancing FA dissolution rate by means of a formulation able to make completely bioavailable the whole administered dose. METHODS Folic acid was intercalated in the layered double hydroxides (LDHs) MgAl-LDH and ZnAl-LDH. The obtained inorganic-organic nanostructured hybrids MgAl-LDH-FA and ZnAl-LDH-FA were deeply characterized and used to prepare immediate release tablets presenting very simple compositions. The hybrids, both as simple powders and as tablets, were submitted to in-vitro release studies mimic the gastric environment conducted both in sink and non-sink conditions. KEY FINDINGS Folic acid release from hybrids, as single powders or as tablets, resulted enhanced in both experiments in comparison with crystalline FA. CONCLUSIONS Obtained results showed that FA-LDH nanostructured hybrids are a promising strategy able to enhance the active ingredient dissolution at low pH values representing a promising approach suitable to realize innovative and effective nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pagano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Via del Liceo, Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Luana Perioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Via del Liceo, Perugia, Italy
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Mosangi D, Moyo L, Kesavan Pillai S, Ray SS. Acetyl salicylic acid–ZnAl layered double hydroxide functional nanohybrid for skin care application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a pharmaceutically active ingredient, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), was intercalated into ZnAl layered double hydroxide (LDH). The ASA–LDH-based cream showed its high prospects in curing skin disorders like razor bumps in a short span of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodar Mosangi
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
- Pretoria 0001
- South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Lumbidzani Moyo
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
- Pretoria 0001
- South Africa
| | - Sreejarani Kesavan Pillai
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
- Pretoria 0001
- South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
- Pretoria 0001
- South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
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