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Chen X, Ge S, Xiao P, Liu Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Sun L, Yang L, Wang D. UV-stimulated riboflavin exerts immunosuppressive effects in BALB/c mice and human PBMCs. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116278. [PMID: 38401513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) as a photosensitizer has been used in corneal surgery and the inactivation of blood products. However, the effect of RF on immune cells after ultraviolet (UV) light stimulation has not been investigated. This study pioneered a novel application method of RF. Firstly, UV-stimulated RF was co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, and the apoptosis rate of lymphocyte subsets, cell proliferation inhibition rate and concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α were assessed. UV-stimulated RF was then administered intravenously to mice via the tail vein for a consecutive period of 5 days. The levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA), complement (C3, C4) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL17, TGF-β) were detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the populations of CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T and CD4+T/CD8+T cells in spleen lymphocytes of mice. The data showed that UV-stimulated RF can effectively induce apoptosis in lymphocytes, and different lymphocyte subtypes exhibited varying degrees of treatment tolerance. Additionally, the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes was suppressed, while their cytokine secretion capability was augmented. The animal experiments demonstrated that UV-stimulated RF led to a significant reduction observed in serum immunoglobulin and complement levels, accompanied by an elevation in IFN-γ, IL-17 and TGF-β levels, as well as a decline in IL-4 level. In summary, the results of both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that UV-stimulated RF, exhibits the ability to partially inhibit immune function. This novel approach utilizing RF may offer innovative perspectives for diseases requiring immunosuppressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuang Ge
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Guang'an People's Hospital, Guang 'an, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Yamabe S, Tsuchida N, Yamazaki S. A DFT study on the degradation mechanism of vitamin B2. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100080. [PMID: 35415686 PMCID: PMC8991990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elementary processes of degradation from riboflavin were found by DFT calculations. Photochemical reaction courses in the lowest triplet spin state were elucidated. Base-catalyzed degradation paths from formylmethylflavin were determined. All the transition states of cleavage of C-C and C-N covalent bonds were determined.
Degradation reaction paths starting from riboflavin (RF) were investigated using DFT (density functional theory) as the first attempt to reveal their elementary processes. Photochemical reactions were followed in the lowest triplet spin state, “(T)”. Two intermediates [Int1(T) and Int2(T)] were found in the course, RF(T) → FMF (7,8-dimethyl-10-formylflavin, T). From FMF(T), there are two degradation channels. Release of ketene(T) and carbon monoxide leads to LC (lumichrome, S0) and LF (lumiflavin, T), respectively. The base-catalyzed (ground state) degradation of FMF was investigated with HO–(H2O)3. The Grotthuss-type proton transfer along hydrogen bonds controlled the degradation reaction. All the transition states of cleavage of C—C and C—N covalent bonds were determined, and the degradation mechanism was clarified.
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Uchida A, Ohtake H, Suzuki Y, Sato H, Seto Y, Onoue S, Oguchi T. Photochemically stabilized formulation of dacarbazine with reduced production of algogenic photodegradants. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:492-498. [PMID: 31022505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a photochemically stabilized formulation of dacarbazine [5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide; DTIC] for reducing the production of algogenic photodegradant (5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide; Diazo-IC). Photochemical properties of DTIC were characterized by UV-visible light spectral analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and photostability testing. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted after intravenous administration of DTIC formulations (1 mg-DTIC/kg) to rats. DTIC exhibited strong absorption in the UVA range, and photoirradiated DTIC exhibited marked ROS generation. Thus, DTIC had high photoreactive potential. After exposure of DTIC (1 mM) to simulated sunlight (250 W/m2) for 3 min, remaining DTIC and yielded Diazo-IC were estimated to be ca. 230 μM and 600 μM, respectively. The addition of radical scavenger (1 mM), including l-ascorbic acid, l-cysteine (Cys), l-histidine, D-mannitol, l-tryptophan, or l-tyrosine, to DTIC (1 mM) could attenuate DTIC photoreactions, and in particular, the addition of Cys to DTIC brought ca. 34% and 86% inhibition of DTIC photodegradation and Diazo-IC photogeneration, respectively. There were no significant differences in the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters of DTIC between DTIC and DTIC with Cys (0.67 mg/kg). From these findings, the supplementary use of Cys would be an effective approach to improve the photostability of DTIC with less production of Diazo-IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Uchida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan; Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Ohtake
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshio Oguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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