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Luo Z, Wan Z, Ren P, Zhang B, Huang Y, West RE, Huang H, Chen Y, Nolin TD, Xie W, Wang J, Li S, Sun J. In Situ Formation of Fibronectin-Enriched Protein Corona on Epigenetic Nanocarrier for Enhanced Synthetic Lethal Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307940. [PMID: 38482976 PMCID: PMC11109615 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi)-based synthetic lethal therapy demonstrates limited efficacy for most cancer types that are homologous recombination (HR) proficient. To potentiate the PARPi application, a nanocarrier based on 5-azacytidine (AZA)-conjugated polymer (PAZA) for the codelivery of AZA and a PARP inhibitor, BMN673 (BMN) is developed. AZA conjugation significantly decreased the nanoparticle (NP) size and increased BMN loading. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validations shed mechanistic insights into the self-assembly of effective NPs. The small PAZA NPs demonstrated higher efficiency of tumor targeting and penetration than larger NPs, which is mediated by a new mechanism of active targeting that involves the recruitment of fibronectin from serum proteins following systemic administration of PAZA NPs. Furthermore, it is found that PAZA carrier sensitize the HR-proficient nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to BMN, a combination therapy that is more effective at a lower AZA/BMN dosage. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the tumor immune microenvironment and various gene expressions by RNAseq are explored. Moreover, the BMN/PAZA combination increased the immunogenicity and synergized with PD-1 antibody in improving the overall therapeutic effect in an orthotopic model of lung cancer (LLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Luo
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Zhuoya Wan
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Raymond E. West
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Haozhe Huang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Yuang Chen
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Thomas D. Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68106USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68106USA
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Geissler F, Nesic K, Kondrashova O, Dobrovic A, Swisher EM, Scott CL, J. Wakefield M. The role of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer initiation and clinical impacts. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359231220511. [PMID: 38293277 PMCID: PMC10826407 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231220511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation, are now recognized as bone fide hallmarks of cancer, which can contribute to cancer initiation, progression, therapy responses and therapy resistance. Methylation of gene promoters can have a range of impacts on cancer risk, clinical stratification and therapeutic outcomes. We provide several important examples of genes, which can be silenced or activated by promoter methylation and highlight their clinical implications. These include the mismatch DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2, homologous recombination DNA repair genes BRCA1 and RAD51C, the TERT oncogene and genes within the P15/P16/RB1/E2F tumour suppressor axis. We also discuss how these methylation changes might occur in the first place - whether in the context of the CpG island methylator phenotype or constitutional DNA methylation. The choice of assay used to measure methylation can have a significant impact on interpretation of methylation states, and some examples where this can influence clinical decision-making are presented. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) are also showing great promise in the context of non-invasive cancer detection and monitoring using liquid biopsies; however, caution must be taken in interpreting these results in cases where constitutional methylation may be present. Thus, this review aims to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive summary of this broad, but important subject, illustrating the potentials and pitfalls of assessing aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geissler
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ksenija Nesic
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Clare L. Scott
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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3
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Trambloy Q, Vigneron J, Clarot I, Blaise F, D’Huart E, Demoré B. Physicochemical stability of azacitidine suspensions at 25 mg/mL in polypropylene syringes stored under different conditions of storage. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Azacitidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue whose stability is temperature dependent. Numerous publications have studied the stability of this drug with discordant results. The purpose of this work is to study the stability of azacitidine suspensions under different conditions to allow preparation in advance: vials stored at room temperature or between 2 and 8 °C, reconstituted with refrigerated water for injection (WFI) or frozen/thawed WFI, azacitidine suspensions stored at room temperature, 2–8 °C or at −20 °C. The feasibility of a vented ChemoClave® Spike vial was also tested to reconstitute and collect azacitidine to aid the preparation stage.
Methods
The stability study was performed by HPLC coupled to a photodiode array detector. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1). Two syringes were prepared for each analysis condition and two samples were realised for each syringe at each time of the analysis. For a storage at 2–8 °C, analyses were performed for up to 168 h. The stability was studied after 2 h at room temperature. For frozen storage, the stability was studied after 28 days.
Results
Azacitidine 25 mg/mL suspensions stored between 2 and 8 °C, prepared with refrigerated WFI or frozen/thawed WFI, retained more than 90% of the initial concentration for 96 h and then for 2 h at room temperature. Prepared with frozen/thawed WFI, azacitidine 25 mg/mL suspensions stored at −20 °C for 28 days and then 72 h between 2 and 8 °C after thawing, retained more than 90% of the initial concentration. When using a Spike system compared to using a needle for reconstitution and collection of the suspension, the results obtained by HPLC showed a decrease of 1.47% in the concentration of azacitidine. The comparisons of the volumes withdrawn after reconstitution were similar when using a Spike system or a needle.
Conclusions
Azacitidine 25 mg/mL suspensions reconstituted with refrigerated WFI were chemically stable for 4 days when stored at 2–8 °C whatever the storage of vials (refrigerator or room temperature), and 2 h at room temperature. A storage of azacitidine 25 mg/mL suspensions in syringes prepared with frozen/thawed WFI at −20 °C has been validated for up to 28 days, leading to the possibility to prepare in advance. A Spike device can be used to reconstitute and collect azacitidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Trambloy
- Pharmacy Department , University Hospital Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Jean Vigneron
- Pharmacy Department , University Hospital Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
- Infostab, Non-Profit Association , Heillecourt , France
| | | | - Franck Blaise
- Pharmacy Department , University Hospital Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Elise D’Huart
- Pharmacy Department , University Hospital Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
- Infostab, Non-Profit Association , Heillecourt , France
| | - Béatrice Demoré
- Pharmacy Department , University Hospital Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
- Infostab, Non-Profit Association , Heillecourt , France
- Université de Lorraine Nancy , France
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4
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Inhibitors of DNA Methylation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:471-513. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Iudicello A, Genovese F, Strusi V, Dominici M, Ruozi B. Development and Validation of a New Storage Procedure to Extend the In-Use Stability of Azacitidine in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090943. [PMID: 34577643 PMCID: PMC8470010 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability studies performed by the pharmaceutical industry are principally designed to fulfill licensing requirements. Thus, post-dilution or post-reconstitution stability data are frequently limited to 24 h only for bacteriological reasons, regardless of the true physicochemical stability which could, in many cases, be longer. In practice, the pharmacy-based centralized preparation may require preparation in advance for administration, for example, on weekends, holidays, or in general when pharmacies may be closed. We report an innovative strategy for storing resuspended solutions of azacitidine, a well-known chemotherapic agent, for which the manufacturer lists maximum stability of 22 h. By placing the syringe with the azacitidine reconstituted suspension between two refrigerant gel packs and storing it at 4 °C, we found that the concentration of azacitidine remained above 98% of the initial concentration for 48 h, and no change in color nor the physicochemical properties of the suspension were observed throughout the study period. The physicochemical and microbiological properties were evaluated by HPLC–UV and UHPLC-HRMS analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, pH determination, visual and subvisual examination, and sterility assay. The HPLC-UV method used for evaluating the chemical stability of azacitidine was validated according to ICH. Precise control of storage temperature was obtained by a digital data logger. Our study indicates that by changing the storage procedure of azacitidine reconstituted suspension, the usage window of the drug can be significantly extended to a time frame that better copes with its use in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Iudicello
- Pharmaceutical Department, Azienda USL of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Oncology and Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0594225167
| | - Filippo Genovese
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Valentina Strusi
- Scientific and Technological Park of Medicine “Mario Veronesi”, Via 29 Maggio 6, 41037 Mirandola, Italy; (V.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Scientific and Technological Park of Medicine “Mario Veronesi”, Via 29 Maggio 6, 41037 Mirandola, Italy; (V.S.); (M.D.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Hospital of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 44125 Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that contributes to essential biological processes such as retrotransposon silencing, cell differentiation, genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. DNA methylation generates a stable epigenetic mark associated with silencing of gene expression. Aberrant DNA methylation is associated with the development of different tumor types. Reversing DNA methylation is a rational strategy to restore gene re-expression and induce cell differentiation in cancer. DNA hypomethylating agents is a class of drugs that demonstrated efficacy in different tumors. In this chapter, the classification of DNA hypomethylating agents, their pharmacodynamics and their potential drawbacks will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gias Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Charleston, Charleston, WV, United States
| | - Tamer E Fandy
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Charleston, Charleston, WV, United States.
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7
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Leroy M, Mélin L, LaPlante SR, Medina-Franco JL, Gagnon A. Synthesis of NSC 106084 and NSC 14778 and evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:826-831. [PMID: 30704813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and that leads to the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the C5 position of cytosine. This transformation results in hypermethylation and silencing of genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant DNA methylation has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of DNMTs promotes the demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. NSC 106084 and 14778 have been reported to inhibit DNMTs in the micromolar range. We report herein the synthesis of NSC 106084 and 14778 and the evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that while commercial NSC 14778 is moderately active against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, resynthesized NSC 14778 is inactive under our assay conditions. Resynthesized 106084 was also found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leroy
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Léa Mélin
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Centre INRS-Armand Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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8
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Unnikrishnan A, Vo ANQ, Pickford R, Raftery MJ, Nunez AC, Verma A, Hesson LB, Pimanda JE. AZA-MS: a novel multiparameter mass spectrometry method to determine the intracellular dynamics of azacitidine therapy in vivo. Leukemia 2017; 32:900-910. [PMID: 29249821 PMCID: PMC5886051 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytidine analogue, 5-azacytidine (AZA; 5-AZA-cR), is the primary treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. However, only ~50% of treated patients will respond to AZA and the drivers of AZA resistance in vivo are poorly understood. To better understand the intracellular dynamics of AZA upon therapy and decipher the molecular basis for AZA resistance, we have developed a novel, multiparameter, quantitative mass spectrometry method (AZA-MS). Using AZA-MS, we have accurately quantified the abundance of the ribonucleoside (5-AZA-cR) and deoxyribonucleoside (5-AZA-CdR) forms of AZA in RNA, DNA and the cytoplasm within the same sample using nanogram quantities of input material. We report that although AZA induces DNA demethylation in a dose-dependent manner, it has no corresponding effect on RNA methylation. By applying AZA-MS to primary bone marrow samples from patients undergoing AZA therapy, we have identified that responders accumulate more 5-AZA-CdR in their DNA compared with nonresponders. AZA resistance was not a result of impaired AZA metabolism or intracellular accumulation. Furthermore, AZA-MS has helped to uncover different modes of AZA resistance. Whereas some nonresponders fail to incorporate sufficient 5-AZA-CdR into DNA, others incorporate 5-AZA-CdR and effect DNA demethylation like AZA responders, but show no clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Unnikrishnan
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A N Q Vo
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A C Nunez
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Verma
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L B Hesson
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J E Pimanda
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Haematology Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Balouzet C, Chanat C, Jobard M, Brandely-Piat ML, Chast F. Stability of 25 mg/mL Azacitidine Suspensions Kept in Fridge after Freezing. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAzacitidine is supplied as lyophilized powder to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. The molecule is very unstable in aqueous medium (temperature-dependent process). Advance preparation and leftover management are made difficult by such poor stability. This study evaluates the stability of 25 mg/mL azacitidine suspensions kept for a 1-month period at –20 °C, followed by a 5-day period at 5 °C. Three batches of 7 polypropylene syringes were filled with 2 mL of Vidaza
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10
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Jahanfar F, Hasani A, Shanebandi D, Rahmati M, Hamishehkar H. Enhanced in Vitro Anti-Tumor Activity of 5-Azacytidine by Entrapment into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:367-375. [PMID: 27766220 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In this study the effectiveness of encapsulating of 5-azacytidine into the lipid nanoparticles was investigated and in vitro effect of encapsulated 5-azacytidine studied on MCF-7 cell lines Methods: 5-azacytidine -loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were produced by double emulsification (w/o/w) method by using stearic acid as lipid matrix, soy lecithin and poloxamer 407 as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency and kinetic of drug release were studied. In vitro effect of 5-azacytidine on MCF-7 cell line studied by MTT assay, DAPI staining, Rhodamine B relative uptake, and also Real time RT-PCR was performed for studying difference effect of free and encapsulated drug on expression of RARß2 gene. Results: The formulation F5 with 55.84±0.46 % of entrapment efficiency shows zero order kinetic of drug release and selected for in vitro studies; the cytotoxicity of free drug and encapsulated drug in 48 h of incubation have significant difference. DAPI staining shows morphology of apoptotic nucleus in both free and encapsulated drug, Rhodamine B labeled SLNs show time dependency and accumulation of SLNs in cytoplasm. Real time qRT-PCR doesn't show any significant difference (p>0.05) in expression of RARß2 gene in both cells treated with free or encapsulated drug. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the entrapment of 5-azacytidine into SLNs enhanced its cytotoxicity performance and may pave a way for the future design of a desired dosage form for 5-azacytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jahanfar
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanebandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Lopez M, Halby L, Arimondo PB. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors: Development and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:431-473. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Li D, Zhang T, Kou L, Zhang Y, Sun J, He Z. Development of a supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of azacitidine in rat plasma and its application to a bioavailability study. Molecules 2013; 19:342-51. [PMID: 24378972 PMCID: PMC6271376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine is widely used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). The analysis of azacitidine in biological samples is subject to interference by endogenous compounds. Previously reported high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) bioanalytical assays for azacitidine suffer from expensive sample preparation procedures or from long separation times to achieve the required selectivity. Herein, supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) was explored as a more promising technique for the selective analysis of structure-like or chiral drugs in biological matrices. In this study, a simple, rapid and specific SFC/MS/MS analytical method was developed for the determination of azacitidine levels in rat plasma. Azacitidine was completely separated from the endogenous compounds on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column (100 mm × 3.0 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) using isocratic elution with CO2/methanol as the mobile phase. The single-run analysis time was as short as 3.5 min. The sample preparation for protein removal was accomplished using a simple methanol precipitation method. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of azacitidine was 20 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 15%, and the relative error (RE) was within ±15% for the medium- and high-concentration quality control (QC) samples and within ±20% for the low-concentration QC samples. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats following the intravenous administration of azacitidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Youxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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13
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Legeron R, Xuereb F, Djabarouti S, Saux MC, Breilh D. Chemical stability of azacitidine suspensions for injection after cold-chain reconstitution of powder and storage. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:2137-42. [PMID: 24249764 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The 72-hour chemical stability of refrigerated syringes of azacitidine suspension prepared via a cold-chain method is investigated. METHODS Three 25-mg/mL azacitidine suspensions were prepared from different lots of powdered drug. The suspensions were stored in 2-mL polypropylene syringes at 2-8 °C and protected from light. The concentrations of azacitidine and the mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values for its degradation products were determined after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. RESULTS The degradation process was slow during the first 48 hours and then accelerated. During the first 48 hours of storage, 4.23% of the azacitidine was lost relative to the mean concentration measured at time zero, which complied with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidance specifying a maximum change of 5% from the initial measured value. Two degradation products were present immediately after syringe preparation; N-formylribosylguanylurea formed rapidly (as indicated by a 35.62% increase from the baseline AUC in the first 12 hours), whereas ribosylguanylurea formation occurred more slowly (a 7.69% mean increase from the baseline AUC at 12 hours) but then rapidly accelerated. The study results indicate that properly prepared azacitidine syringes for injection can be administered up to two days later while maintaining conformance with ICH stability standards. CONCLUSION Azacitidine 25-mg/mL suspensions reconstituted with refrigerated water (2-8 °C) and stored in propylene syringes were chemically stable during the first 48 hours when stored protected from light at 2-8 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Legeron
- Rachel Legeron is Pharmacy Intern and Ph.D. student; Fabien Xuereb, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Senior Pharmacist; Sarah Djabarouti, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Assistant Pharmacist; Marie-Claude Saux, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Senior Pharmacist; and Dominique Breilh, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Senior Pharmacist and Chief, Department of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Université Bordeaux Segalen and Pharmacie, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Haut-Lévêque, Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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14
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Rawson JM, Heineman RH, Beach LB, Martin JL, Schnettler EK, Dapp MJ, Patterson SE, Mansky LM. 5,6-Dihydro-5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine potentiates the anti-HIV-1 activity of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7222-8. [PMID: 24120088 PMCID: PMC3930610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 5,6-dihydro-5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (KP-1212) has been investigated as a first-in-class lethal mutagen of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Since a prodrug monotherapy did not reduce viral loads in Phase II clinical trials, we tested if ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors (RNRIs) combined with KP-1212 would improve antiviral activity. KP-1212 potentiated the activity of gemcitabine and resveratrol and simultaneously increased the viral mutant frequency. G-to-C mutations predominated with the KP-1212-resveratrol combination. These observations represent the first demonstration of a mild anti-HIV-1 mutagen potentiating the antiretroviral activity of RNRIs and encourage the clinical translation of enhanced viral mutagenesis in treating HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Rawson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Richard H. Heineman
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- MinnCResT Program, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren B. Beach
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jessica L. Martin
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erica K. Schnettler
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael J. Dapp
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- MinnCResT Program, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Lamparska K, Clark J, Babilonia G, Bedell V, Yip W, Smith SS. 2'-Deoxyriboguanylurea, the primary breakdown product of 5-aza-2'-deoxyribocytidine, is a mutagen, an epimutagen, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases and an inducer of 5-azacytidine-type fragile sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9788-801. [PMID: 22850746 PMCID: PMC3479176 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5azaC-dR) has been employed as an inhibitor of DNA methylation, a chemotherapeutic agent, a clastogen, a mutagen, an inducer of fragile sites and a carcinogen. However, its effects are difficult to quantify because it rapidly breaks down in aqueous solution to the stable compound 2′-deoxyriboguanylurea (GuaUre-dR). Here, we used a phosphoramidite that permits the introduction of GuaUre-dR at defined positions in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides to demonstrate that it is a potent inhibitor of human DNA methyltransferase 1 (hDNMT1) and the bacterial DNA methyltransferase (M.EcoRII) and that it is a mutagen that can form productive base pairs with either Guanine or Cytosine. Pure GuaUre-dR was found to be an effective demethylating agent and was able to induce 5azaC-dR type fragile sites FRA1J and FRA9E in human cells. Moreover, we report that demethylation associated with C:G → G:C transversion and C:G → T:A transition mutations was observed in human cells exposed to pure GuaUre-dR. The data suggest that most of the effects attributed to 5azaC-dR are exhibited by its stable primary breakdown product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lamparska
- Beckman Research Institute and Division of Urology and Urologic Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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16
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Aimiuwu J, Wang H, Chen P, Xie Z, Wang J, Liu S, Klisovic R, Mims A, Blum W, Marcucci G, Chan KK. RNA-dependent inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase is a major pathway for 5-azacytidine activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2012; 119:5229-38. [PMID: 22517893 PMCID: PMC3369613 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-382226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Azacytidine (5-azaC) is an azanucleoside approved for myelodysplastic syndrome. Approximately 80%-90% of 5-azaC is believed to be incorporated into RNA, which disrupts nucleic acid and protein metabolism leading to apoptosis. A smaller fraction (10%-20%) of 5-azaC inhibits DNA methylation and synthesis through conversion to decitabine triphosphate and subsequent DNA incorporation. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a highly regulated enzyme comprising 2 subunits, RRM1 and RRM2, that provides the deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA synthesis/repair. In the present study, we found for the first time that 5-azaC is a potent inhibitor of RRM2 in leukemia cell lines, in a mouse model, and in BM mononuclear cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. 5-azaC-induced RRM2 gene expression inhibition involves its direct RNA incorporation and an attenuated RRM2 mRNA stability. Therefore, 5-azaC causes a major perturbation of deoxyribonucleotide pools. We also demonstrate herein that the initial RR-mediated 5-azaC conversion to decitabine is terminated through its own inhibition. In conclusion, we identify RRM2 as a novel molecular target of 5-azaC in AML. Our findings provide a basis for its more widespread clinical use either alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Aimiuwu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Raju TS, Kalyanaraman L, Raghavachary KSV, Swamy PY. A NOVEL NORMAL PHASE HPLC METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF N-FORMYL IMPURITY IN AZACITIDINE ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.615095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Satyanarayana Raju
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, IPDO , Hyderabad , India
- b Department of Chemistry , University College of Engineering, Osmania University , Hyderabad , India
| | - L. Kalyanaraman
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, IPDO , Hyderabad , India
| | - K. S. V. Raghavachary
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, IPDO , Hyderabad , India
| | - P. Yadagiri Swamy
- b Department of Chemistry , University College of Engineering, Osmania University , Hyderabad , India
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18
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Development of an oral form of azacytidine: 2'3'5'triacetyl-5-azacytidine. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 2011:965826. [PMID: 22295208 PMCID: PMC3263612 DOI: 10.1155/2011/965826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent a group of incurable stem-cell malignancies which are predominantly treated by supportive care. Epigenetic silencing through promoter methylation of a number of genes is present in poor-risk subtypes of MDS and often predicts transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Azacitidine and decitabine, two FDA-approved DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, are able to improve overall response although their oral bioavailability complicates their clinical use. This study evaluated 2′, 3′, 5′-triacetyl-5-azacitidine (TAC) as a potential prodrug for azacitidine. The prodrug demonstrated significant pharmacokinetic improvements in bioavailability, solubility, and stability over the parent compound. In vivo analyses indicated a lack of general toxicity coupled with significantly improved survival. Pharmacodynamic analyses confirmed its ability to suppress global methylation in vivo. These data indicate that esterified nucleoside derivatives may be effective prodrugs for azacitidine and encourages further investigation of TAC into its metabolism, activity, and possible clinical evaluation.
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19
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Bryan J, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G, Jabbour E. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of decitabine for the treatment of leukemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:661-72. [PMID: 21500965 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.575062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening malignancy that primarily afflicts an elderly population. Treatment of elderly patients with intensive chemotherapy is associated with high treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, less toxic approaches involving low-dose decitabine-based regimens are being explored in this patient population. AREAS COVERED This drug evaluation article discusses the rationale for targeting aberrant DNA methylation in hematologic malignancies, in particular the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and AML. The authors review the pharmacokinetic data gained from low-dose decitabine, as well as the clinical progress of decitabine in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Published manuscripts in English were selected from PubMed using a combination of the following search terms: acute myeloid leukemia, pharmacokinetics, decitabine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferase, myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. EXPERT OPINION Decitabine has established efficacy in MDS and shown promising activity in AML at low doses. Given decitabine’s favorable toxicity profile and emerging clinical efficacy, decitabine may be a low intensity therapeutic option for elderly patients with AML who are considered unfit for aggressive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Bryan
- The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Rogstad DK, Herring JL, Theruvathu JA, Burdzy A, Perry CC, Neidigh JW, Sowers LC. Chemical decomposition of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Decitabine): kinetic analyses and identification of products by NMR, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1194-204. [PMID: 19480391 DOI: 10.1021/tx900131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside analogue 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Decitabine, DAC) is one of several drugs in clinical use that inhibit DNA methyltransferases, leading to a decrease of 5-methylcytosine in newly replicated DNA and subsequent transcriptional activation of genes silenced by cytosine methylation. In addition to methyltransferase inhibition, DAC has demonstrated toxicity and potential mutagenicity, and can induce a DNA-repair response. The mechanisms accounting for these events are not well understood. DAC is chemically unstable in aqueous solutions, but there is little consensus between previous reports as to its half-life and corresponding products of decomposition at physiological temperature and pH, potentially confounding studies on its mechanism of action and long-term use in humans. Here, we have employed a battery of analytical methods to estimate kinetic rates and to characterize DAC decomposition products under conditions of physiological temperature and pH. Our results indicate that DAC decomposes into a plethora of products, formed by hydrolytic opening and deformylation of the triazine ring, in addition to anomerization and possibly other changes in the sugar ring structure. We also discuss the advantages and problems associated with each analytical method used. The results reported here will facilitate ongoing studies and clinical trials aimed at understanding the mechanisms of action, toxicity, and possible mutagenicity of DAC and related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Rogstad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Alumni Hall for Basic Science, Room 101, 11021 Campus Street, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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21
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Lu Q, Qiu X, Hu N, Wen H, Su Y, Richardson BC. Epigenetics, disease, and therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5:449-67. [PMID: 16965942 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve coding sequence modifications are referred to as "epigenetic". Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation and a variety of histone modifications, of which the best characterized is acetylation. DNA hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation are hallmarks of gene silencing, while DNA hypomethylation and acetylated histones promote active transcription. Aberrant DNA methylation and histone acetylation have been linked to a number of age related disorders including cancer, autoimmune disorders and others. Since epigenetic alterations are reversible, modifying epigenetic marks contributing to disease development may provide an approach to designing new therapies. Herein we review the role of epigenetic changes in disease development, and recent advances in the therapeutic modification of epigenetic marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lu
- Department of Dermatology and Epigenetic Research Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China
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22
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Wang T, Chen YW, Zheng H, Novak TJ. Subambient Temperature Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Hydrolysis Kinetics of a Para-Substituted Benzenesulfonyl Chloride. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, R80Y-335, Rahway, NJ, 07065-0900
| | - Yadan W. Chen
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, R80Y-335, Rahway, NJ, 07065-0900
| | - Hong Zheng
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, R80Y-335, Rahway, NJ, 07065-0900
| | - Thomas J. Novak
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P. O. Box 2000, R80Y-335, Rahway, NJ, 07065-0900
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23
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Taylor GF, Zamani K, Kepler JA. Synthesis of 14C and 3H labeled arabinosyl-5-azacytosine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580251004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Liu Z, Marcucci G, Byrd JC, Grever M, Xiao J, Chan KK. Characterization of decomposition products and preclinical and low dose clinical pharmacokinetics of decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) by a new liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry quantification method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1117-26. [PMID: 16523529 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns resulting in gene transcriptional repression are observed in numerous cancers. Decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, is being clinically evaluated in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Decitabine is rather unstable and decomposes to 1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea under basic conditions and several additional unknown products under neutral conditions. This has greatly limited application of pharmacokinetic assays to clinical development of decitabine. In this paper, a high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet multi-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MSn) study of the decomposition of decitabine in water and human plasma revealed that these previously unknown products are isomers of the intermediates formyl-1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea and 1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea. A HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the determination of decitabine concentrations in human and rat plasma has been developed. This method was based on a specific fragmentation pathway of the molecular ion of decitabine at m/z 229 to generate a unique fragment ion at m/z 113 under collision-induced dissociation. Separation of decitabine and the stable internal standard dihydro-5-aza-cytidine from the endogenous interfering substance in plasma extract was carried out on a C18 Aquasil column under an isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of 5% water/acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate. The detection of decitabine was via selected reaction monitoring (SRM, 229 > 113), and its ionization was enhanced by post-column addition of acetonitrile. Effects of sample preparation and handling parameters on the stability of decitabine were also evaluated in human plasma at various temperatures. The accuracy and precision of this assay showed a coefficient of variation of <15% over the range of 0.5-25 ng for rat plasma and 0.1-25 ng for human plasma injected on-column. Pharmacokinetics of decitabine in rats following intravenous doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg were characterized. In the rat, plasma concentration-time profiles were found to follow a biexponential decline and the pharmacokinetics was dose-independent. Application of this decitabine pharmacokinetic assay to human studies is therefore justified and ongoing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/blood
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Azacitidine/administration & dosage
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/blood
- Azacitidine/pharmacokinetics
- Blood Chemical Analysis/methods
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Decitabine
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Humans
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfa Liu
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Marín D, Teijeiro C, Piña J. Electrochemical behaviour and micromolar determination of the antineoplastic agent 5-azacytidine and its mixtures with the nucleoside cytidine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Quddus J, Johnson KJ, Gavalchin J, Amento EP, Chrisp CE, Yung RL, Richardson BC. Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:38-53. [PMID: 7686923 PMCID: PMC293525 DOI: 10.1172/jci116576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells become autoreactive after treatment with various DNA methylation inhibitors, including 5-azacytidine, procainamide, and hydralazine. This suggests a mechanism that could contribute to the development of some forms of autoimmunity. In this report we have asked whether T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors can induce autoimmunity. Murine CD4+ T cells were treated with 5-azacytidine or procainamide and were shown to respond to syngeneic antigen-presenting cells, similar to CD4+ human T cell clones treated with these drugs. Functional characterization demonstrated that cells treated with either drug spontaneously lysed syngeneic macrophages and secreted IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma. Adoptive transfer of 5-azacytidine- or procainamide-treated cells into unirradiated syngeneic recipients induced an immune complex glomerulonephritis and IgG anti-DNA and antihistone antibodies. These experiments demonstrate that T cells treated with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors are sufficient to induce a lupus-like disease. It is possible that the lysis of macrophages, together with the release of cytokines promoting B cell differentiation, contributes to the autoantibody production and immune complex deposition. These results suggest that environmental agents that inhibit DNA methylation could interact with T cells in vivo to produce a lupus-like illness, a mechanism that could have relevance to drug-induced and idiopathic lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Quddus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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27
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Richardson BC, Strahler JR, Pivirotto TS, Quddus J, Bayliss GE, Gross LA, O'Rourke KS, Powers D, Hanash SM, Johnson MA. Phenotypic and functional similarities between 5-azacytidine-treated T cells and a T cell subset in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1992; 35:647-62. [PMID: 1376122 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780350608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors become autoreactive, suggesting a novel mechanism for autoimmunity. To test whether this mechanism might be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), phenotypic markers for the autoreactive cells were sought. METHODS Cloned normal T cells were treated with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) and studied for altered gene expression. T cells from patients with active SLE were then studied for a similar change in gene expression, and cells expressing the marker were tested for autoreactivity. RESULTS 5-azaC-treated normal T cells had increased CD11a (leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 alpha) expression relative to other membrane molecules. A T cell subset with similar CD11a expression was found in patients with active SLE. This subset contained cells that spontaneously lysed autologous macrophages, with a specificity similar to that of 5-azaC-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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28
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Heideman RL, Roth JS, Ford H, Kinnard RD, Litterst CL, Kelley JA. Reverse Phase HPLC Determination and Murine Pharmacokinetics of Arabinosyl-5-azacytosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918908049530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Rustum AM, Hoffman NE. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 5-azacytidine in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 421:387-91. [PMID: 2448327 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Rustum
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
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30
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Kissinger LD, Stemm NL. Determination of the antileukemia agents cytarabine and azacitidine and their respective degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986; 353:309-18. [PMID: 2422189 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system was developed for the determination of the antineoplastic agents cytarabine and azacitidine. Separations were performed on an octadecylsilane column with a mobile phase of methanol-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 (5:95). The assay methods are suitable for bulk drugs and sterile powder formulations of the agents. Specificity in the presence of analogues and decomposition products was demonstrated. UV spectra of the components of interest were obtained in the HPLC effluent, and appropriate wavelengths were employed for the various analytes. Samples of azacitidine in various solutions were analyzed as a function of time by HPLC to determine the three first-order constants associated with its decomposition.
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Galushko SV, Shishkina IP. Reversed-phase ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 6-azacytidine in blood. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 345:157-61. [PMID: 2418045 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tománková H, Zýka J. A study of the stability of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in alkaline media in dependence on time. Microchem J 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(85)90118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin KT, Momparler RL, Rivard GE. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chemical stability of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70:1228-32. [PMID: 6170748 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600701112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical stability of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (I) in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In alkaline solution, I underwent rapid reversible decomposition to N-(formylamidino)-N'-beta-D-2-deoxyribofuranosylurea (II), which decomposed irreversibly to form 1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-3-guanylurea (III). The pseudo-first-order rate constants for this reaction were determined. The decomposition of I in alkaline solution was identical to that reported previously for the related analog, 5-aza-cytidine. However, in neutral solution (or water), there was a marked difference in the decomposition of I and 5-azacytidine. The same decomposition products were formed from 5-azacytidine in neutral solution as in alkaline solution. However, in neutral solution, I decomposed to II and three unknown compounds that were chromophoric at 254 nm. Compound I was most stable when stored in neutral solution at low temperature.
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