Dehydropipernonaline, an amide possessing coronary vasodilating activity, isolated from Piper longum L

Amide Alkaloids as Privileged Sources of Senomodulators for Therapeutic Purposes in Age-Related Diseases

Nature is an important source of bioactive compounds and has continuously made a large contribution to the discovery of new drug leads. Particularly, plant-derived compounds have long been identified as highly interesting in the field of aging research and senescence. Many plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to influence cellular processes and provide health benefits. Among them, Piper alkaloids have emerged as interesting candidates in the context of age-related diseases and particularly senescence. These compounds have been shown to display a variety of features, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other bioactive properties that may help counteracting the effects of cellular aging processes. In the review, we will put the emphasis on piperlongumine and other related derivatives, which belong to the Piper alkaloids, and whose senomodulating potential has emerged during the last several years. We will also provide a survey on their potential in therapeutic perspectives of age-related diseases.

Piper longum L.: A comprehensive review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and health-promoting activities

Piper longum (family Piperaceae), commonly known as "long-pepper" or "Pippali" grows as a perennial shrub or as an herbaceous vine. It is native to the Indo-Malaya region and widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical world including the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Middle-East, and America. The fruits are mostly used as culinary spice and preservatives and are also a potent remedy in various traditional medicinal systems against bronchitis, cough, cold, snakebite, and scorpion-sting and are also used as a contraceptive. Various bioactive-phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, esters, and steroids were identified from the plant extracts and essential oils from the roots and fruits were reported as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anthelminthic, mosquito-larvicidal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, neuro-pharmacological, antihyperglycaemic, hepato-protective, antihyperlipidaemic, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, antiarthritic, antiulcer, antiasthmatic, cardioprotective, and anti-snake-venom agents. Many of its pharmacological properties were attributed to its antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects and its ability to modulate a number of signalling pathways and enzymes. This review comprehensively encompasses information on habit, distribution, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of P. longum in relation to its medicinal importance and health benefits to validate the traditional claims supported by specific scientific experiments. In addition, it also discusses the safety and toxicity studies, application of green synthesis and nanotechnology as well as clinical trials performed with the plant also elucidating research gaps and future perspectives of its multifaceted uses.

Peppers: A "Hot" Natural Source for Antitumor Compounds

Piper, Capsicum, and Pimenta are the main genera of peppers consumed worldwide. The traditional use of peppers by either ancient civilizations or modern societies has raised interest in their biological applications, including cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects. Cellular responses upon treatment with isolated pepper-derived compounds involve mechanisms of cell death, especially through proapoptotic stimuli in tumorigenic cells. In this review, we highlight naturally occurring secondary metabolites of peppers with cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. Available mechanisms of cell death, as well as the development of analogues, are also discussed.

A systematic review on Piper longum L.: Bridging traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Piper longum, commonly referred as 'Pippali', has found its traditional use in India, Malaysia, Singapore and other South Asian countries as an analgesic, carminative, anti-diarrhoeic, immunostimulant, post childbirth to check postpartum hemorrhage and to treat asthma, insomnia, dementia, epilepsy, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, spleen disorder, puerperal fever, leprosy etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review offers essential data focusing on the traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacological profile of Piper longum thereby identifying research gaps and future opportunities for investigation on this plant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic survey was accomplished as per the PRISMA guidelines. The information was collected from books, and electronic search (PubMed, Science Direct, Lilca and Scielo) during 1967-2019.

RESULTS

Many phytochemicals have been identified till date, including alkaloids as its major secondary metabolites (piperine and piperlongumine), essential oil, flavonoids and steroids. These exhibit a wide range of activities including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-parkinsonian, anti-stress, nootropic, anti-epileptic, anti-hyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-platelet, anti-angiogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-arthritic, anti-ulcer, anti-asthmatic, anthelmintic action, anti-amebic, anti-fungal, mosquito larvicidal and anti-snake venom.

CONCLUSION

Amongst various activities, bioscientific clarification in relation to its ethnopharmacological perspective has been evidenced mainly for anti-amebic, anthelminthic, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activity. However, despite traditional claims, insufficient scientific validation for the treatment of insomnia, dementia, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, spleen disorder, puerperal fever and leprosy, necessitate future investigations in this direction. It is also essential and critical to generate toxicological data and pharmacokinetics on human subjects so as to confirm its conceivable bio-active components in the body.

Alkamides from Piper nigrum L. and Their Inhibitory Activity against Human Liver Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)

Drug–herb interaction through inhibition of cytochrome P450 alters the pharmacological response and/or toxicities of drug used concomitantly. In our screening, Piper nigrum L. was observed to inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in human liver microsomes. Thus, the MeOH extract of this plant was investigated for their chemical constituents and 19 alkamides including a new pipercyclobutanamide were isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were tested for their inhibition on human liver microsomal dextromethorphan O-demethylation activity, a selective marker for CYP2D6, and pipercyclobutanamide A (17) showed the most potent inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.34 μM. The result demonstrated the potential of drug–alkamides interaction on concomitant consume of white pepper with the drugs being metabolized by CYP2D6.

Effect of Brahmi vati and Sarpagandha Ghana vati in management of essential hypertension - A randomized, double blind, clinical study

Background

Essential hypertension (EHTN) is emerging as one of the most prevalent disorder with high rate of complications, morbidity and mortality. Brahmi vati, an Ayurvedic medicine is explored for its efficacy in the management of EHTN.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of Brahmi vati and sarpagandha Ghana vati in the management of EHTN.

Methods

Total 68 patients meeting the JNC 7 criteria of EHTN of age group 20 to 60 years of either sex participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups, group A received capsule Brahmi vati 500 mg and group B capsule Sarpagandha Ghana vati 500 mg respectively twice a day for 30 days. Assessments were done through various variables like systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), lipid profiles, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, 2 weeks sleep diary, serum creatinine, hemoglobin, total leukocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Follow up visit was on every 15th day.

Results

Study showed that both Brahmi vati and Sarpagandha Ghanavati produced improvement in most of the variables and were comparable. Improvements were seen in various variables like SBP, DBP, MAP, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, subjective sleep profiles and total cholesterol. However Brahmi vati showed increase in weight and Body Mass Index (BMI). SarpagandhaGhanavati produced reduction in total cholesterol and LDL. Both groups showed good safety profile evaluated through the assessment of serum creatinine levels.

Conclusion

Clinical efficacy of Sarpagandha Ghana vati and Brahmi vati on EHTN showed that both were effective, safe and comparable.

New amide alkaloids from Piper longum fruits

Three new amide alkaloids piperlongumamides A-C (1–3), together with 12 known ones (4–15), were isolated from the fruits of Piper longum. The structures of the new isolates were determined using spectroscopic data analyses. Cytotoxic activity of these amides against HL-60 (human leukemia), A-549 (human lung cancer), MCF-7 (human breast cancer), SMMC-7721 (human liver cancer) and SW480 (human rectal cancer) cell lines were evaluated. Piperchabamide B (11) exhibited weak inhibitory activity against HL-60 (IC₅₀ = 21.32 μM ), A-549 (IC₅₀ = 23.82 μM ) and MCF-7 (IC₅₀ = 16.58 μM ) cell lines.

Evaluation of constituents of Piper retrofractum fruits on neurotrophic activity

Three new compounds, 1-3, together with 22 known compounds, were isolated from the fruits of Piper retrofractum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with literature values. Compound 1 was found to enhance the neurite outgrowth of NGF-mediated PC12 cells at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM.

Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum linn. fruit

Herbal remedies have become popular, due in part to the lower risk of adverse reactions. Thousands of plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Among them, species of the genus Piper are important medicinal plants used in various systems of medicine. The Piper longum fruit has been used in traditional medicine, including the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Although there are numerous indications for its use, controlled trials are needed to determine its efficacy. The primary constituents isolated from various parts of P. longum are piperine, piperlongumine, sylvatin, sesamin, diaeudesmin piperlonguminine, pipermonaline, and piperundecalidine. It is most commonly used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, chronic malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomachache, bronchitis, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors. This study provides detailed information about the P. longum fruit, including phytochemistry, pharmacological profile and safety profile. In view of the commercial, economic, and medicinal importance of the P. longum plant, it is useful for researchers to study the plant in detail.

Hepatoprotective amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba: Structural requirements, mode of action, and new amides

The 80% aqueous acetone extract from the fruit of Piper chaba (Piperaceae) was found to have hepatoprotective effects on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. From the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, three new amides, piperchabamides E, G, and H, 33 amides, and four aromatic constituents were isolated. Among the isolates, several amide constituents inhibited D-GalN/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced death of hepatocytes, and the following structural requirements were suggested: (i) the amide moiety is essential for potent activity; and (ii) the 1,9-decadiene structure between the benzene ring and the amide moiety tended to enhance the activity. Moreover, a principal constituent, piperine, exhibited strong in vivo hepatoprotective effects at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, po and its mode of action was suggested to depend on the reduced sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-alpha.

Antiplatelet effects of acidamides isolated from the fruits of Piper longum L

The inhibitory effects of four acidamides, piperine, pipernonaline, piperoctadecalidine, and piperlongumine, isolated from the fruits of Piper longum L. on washed rabbit platelet aggregation were examined. All of the four tested acidamides showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on washed rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), except for that induced by thrombin. Piperlongumine, in particular, showed stronger inhibitory effects than other acidamides to rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, AA and PAF.

Rapid structural determination of amides in Piper longum by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem multistage mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for the characterization of amides from the extracts of Piper longum. The characteristic fragmentations of the amides found in P. longum showed diagnostic structural information. Extracted ion chromatography (EIC) and constant neutral losses were used to guide the search for the amides of interest. Amides of known structures that contain four subtypes of amides were rapidly determined, and novel amides were also identified for this plant. Forty-two amides were rapidly identified, of which 22 were found in this plant for the first time and 9 were new compounds. The method is convenient and sensitive, especially for minor components in the unpurified, complex mixture; the structures of unknown constituents could be determined, in the absence of authentic sample, by comparison of the fragmentation patterns with those of homologous compounds.

Isolation and Synthesis of Isodihydropiperlonguminine

The hexane extract of dried fruits of Piper longum on fractionation afforded a new alkamide, isodihydropiperlonguminine and two phenyl propanoic acid derivatives. The structures of these compounds are established based on spectroscopic evidence and synthesis.

A new method of synthesis and Antibacterial activity evaluation of piper amides

Several natural piper amides and their mimics were synthesized by developing a new strategy of amide formation. The piper amides were tested against both gram +ve and gram -ve bacterial strains and found that they are particularly more active against Staphylococcus aureus and Chromobacterium violaceum strains.

Cardiovascular effects of the fungal extract of basidiomycetes sp. YL8006

Many fungal products are known to possess biological activity towards the mammalian tissues. We studied vasodilating activity in the crude ethanol extract of the dried mycelia of Basidiomycetes sp. YL8006, cultured by submerged fermentation with a complex medium. The activity was assayed using the isolated perfused rat heart in the working mode. Immediately following injection of the extract into the perfusion system, a 20-25% increase in coronary flow was observed (p<0.001 vs. solvent vehicle control). There was a concurrent decrease in diastolic pressure and coronary vascular resistance. Aortic flow, systolic pressure, and cardiac output declined slightly over time after treatment. No significant changes in heart rate, efficiency, and oxygen consumption were observed. Solvent vehicle did not cause any changes in hemodynamic performance.