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Li Z, Pan F, Huang W, Gao S, Feng X, Chang M, Chen L, Bian Y, Tian W, Liu Y. Transcriptome Reveals the Key Genes Related to the Metabolism of Volatile Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Lentinula edodes Mycelium. Foods 2024; 13:2179. [PMID: 39063263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) is a globally popular edible mushroom because of its characteristic sulfur-containing flavor compounds. However, the formation of the volatile sulfur-containing compounds in the mycelium of L. edodes has not been studied. We found that there were also sulfur-containing aroma compounds in the mycelium of L. edodes, and the content and composition varied at different stages of mycelial growth and development. The γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and cysteine sulfoxide lyase (C-S lyase) related to the generation of sulfur compounds showed the highest activities in the 15-day sample. Candidate genes for the metabolism of volatile sulfur compounds in mycelium were screened using transcriptome analysis, including encoding the GGT enzyme, C-S lyase, fatty acid oxidase, HSP20, and P450 genes. The expression patterns of Leggt3 and Leccsl3 genes were consistent with the measured activities of GGT and C-S lyase during the cultivation of mycelium and molecular dynamics simulations showed that they could stably bind to the substrate. Our findings provide insights into the formation of sulfur-containing flavor compounds in L. edodes. The mycelium of L. edodes is suggested for use as material for the production of sulfur-containing flavor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Huang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Meijie Chang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Hou Z, Xia R, Li Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Feng Y, Pan S, Wang Z, Ren H, Qian G, Wang H, Zhu J, Xin G. Key components, formation pathways, affecting factors, and emerging analytical strategies for edible mushrooms aroma: A review. Food Chem 2024; 438:137993. [PMID: 37992603 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is one of the decisive factors affecting the quality and consumer acceptance of edible mushrooms. This review summarized the key components and formation pathways of edible mushroom aroma. It also elaborated on the affecting factors and emerging analytical strategies of edible mushroom aroma. A total of 1308 volatile organic compounds identified in edible mushrooms, 61 were key components. The formation of these compounds is closely related to fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lentinic acid metabolism, and terpenoid metabolism. The aroma profiles of edible mushrooms were affected by genetic background, preharvest factors, and preservation methods. Molecular sensory science and omics techniques are emerging analytical strategies to reveal aroma information of edible mushrooms. This review would provide valuable data and insights for future research on edible mushroom aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Hou
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Rongrong Xia
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunting Li
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Heran Xu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Song Pan
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongli Ren
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Guanlin Qian
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Xin
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan 114007, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Guo Y, Zhao J, Wei H, Gao Q, Song S, Fan Y, Yan D, Liu Y, Wang S. Disentangling the Tissue-Specific Variations of Volatile Flavor Profiles of the Lentinula edodes Fruiting Body. Foods 2023; 13:86. [PMID: 38201114 PMCID: PMC10778291 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
For Lentinula edodes, its characteristic flavor is the key determinant for consumer preferences. However, the tissue-specific volatile flavor variations of the fruiting body have been overlooked. Here, we comprehensively investigated the volatile flavor profiles of different tissues, including the pileus skin, context, gill, and stipe of the fruiting body, of two widely cultivated L. edodes strains (T2 and 0912) using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique combined with a multivariate analysis. We show that the eight-carbon and sulfur compounds, which represented 43.2-78.0% and 1.4-42.9% of the total volatile emissions for strains 0912 and T2, respectively, dominated their volatile profiles. Compared with strain T2, strain 0912 had a higher total content of eight-carbon compounds but a lower total content of sulfur compounds in the fruiting body. The sulfur compounds represented 32.2% and 42.9% of the total volatile emissions for strains 0912 and T2, respectively. In contrast, they constituted only 1.4% in the stipes of strain 0912 and 9.0% in the skin of strain T2. The proportions of the predominant C8 compounds (1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, and 3-octanone) and sulfur compounds (lenthionine, 1,2,4-trithiolane, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide) changed depending on the tissues and strains. Using machine learning, we show that the prediction accuracy for different strains and tissues using their volatile profiles could reach 100% based on the highly diverse strain- and tissue-derived volatile variations. Our results reveal and highlight for the first time the comprehensive tissue-specific volatile flavor variations of the L. edodes fruiting body. These findings underscore the significance of considering strain and tissue differences as pivotal variables when aiming to develop products with volatile flavor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Huixian Wei
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise 533000, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuang Song
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (Y.G.); (Q.G.); (S.S.); (Y.F.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Deng G, Li J, Liu H, Wang Y. Volatile compounds and aroma characteristics of mushrooms: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37788142 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2261133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are popular due to their rich medicinal and nutritional value. Of the many characteristics of mushrooms, aroma has received extensive attention and research as a key determinant of consumer preference. This paper reviews the production, role and contribution of common volatile compounds (VCs) in wild and cultivated mushrooms, and explores the methods used to characterize them and the factors influencing aroma. To date, more than 347 common VCs have been identified in mushrooms, such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and sulfur-containing compounds. Extraction and identification of VCs is a critical step and combining multiple analytical methods is an effective strategy in mushroom aroma studies. In addition, the VCs and the aroma of mushrooms are affected by a variety of factors such as genetics, growing conditions, and processing methods. However, the mechanism of influence is unknown. Further studies on the production mechanisms of VCs, their contribution to aroma, and the factors influencing their formation need to be determined in order to fully elucidate aroma and flavor of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Deng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jieqing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Honggao Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Xia R, Hou Z, Xu H, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Z, Pan S, Xin G. Emerging technologies for preservation and quality evaluation of postharvest edible mushrooms: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37083462 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are the highly demanded foods of which production and consumption have been steadily increasing globally. Owing to the quality loss and short shelf-life in harvested mushrooms, it is necessary for the implementation of effective preservation and intelligent evaluation technologies to alleviate this issue. The aim of this review was to analyze the development and innovation thematic lines, topics, and trends by bibliometric analysis and review of the literature methods. The challenges faced in researching these topics were proposed and the mechanisms of quality loss in mushrooms during storage were updated. This review summarized the effects of chemical processing (antioxidants, ozone, and coatings), physical treatments (non-thermal plasma, packaging and latent thermal storage) and other emerging application on the quality of fresh mushrooms while discussing the efficiency in extending the shelf-life. It also discussed the emerging evaluation techniques based on the various chemometric methods and computer vision system in monitoring the freshness and predicting the shelf-life of mushrooms which have been developed. Preservation technology optimization and dynamic quality evaluation are vital for achieving mushroom quality control. This review can provide a comprehensive research reference for reducing mushroom quality loss and extending shelf-life, along with optimizing efficiency of storage and transportation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Xia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenshan Hou
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heran Xu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunting Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Pan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Xin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Zhang J, Wang N, Chen W, Zhang W, Zhang H, Yu H, Yi Y. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal metabolites difference between wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112275. [PMID: 36596185 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a traditional medicinal fungus endemic to the alpine and high-altitude areas of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The scarcity of the wild resource has led to increased attention to artificially cultivated O. sinensis. However, little is known about the metabolic differences and the regulatory mechanisms between cultivated and wild O. sinensis. This study exploited untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to uncover the differences in accumulated metabolites and expressed genes between wild and cultivated O. sinensis. Metabolomics results revealed that 368 differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly enriched in biosynthesis of amino acids, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites and purine nucleotide metabolism. Cultivated O. sinensis contained more amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and derivatives, and phenolic acids than wild O. sinensis, whereas the contents of most nucleosides and nucleotides in wild O. sinensis were significantly higher than in cultivated O. sinensis. Transcriptome analysis indicated that 4430 annotated differentially expressed genes were identified between two types. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses suggested that IMPDH, AK, ADSS, guaA and GUK genes might be related to the synthesis of purine nucleotides and nucleosides. Our findings will provide a new insight into the molecular basis of metabolic variations of this medicinal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Na Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wanxuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haoshen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yin Yi
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwest Karst Mountain Biodiversity Conservation of Forestry Administration, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development in Guizhou Province, School of life sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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7
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Understanding the promotion of heat treatment on the flavor of Lentinula edodes using metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Marcinkowska MA, Jeleń HH. Role of Sulfur Compounds in Vegetable and Mushroom Aroma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186116. [PMID: 36144849 PMCID: PMC9502545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
At the base of the food pyramid is vegetables, which should be consumed most often of all food products, especially in raw and unprocessed form. Vegetables and mushrooms are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can fulfill various functions in plants, starting from protection against herbivores and being natural insecticides to pro-health functions in human nutrition. Many of these compounds contain sulfur in their structure. From the point of view of food producers, it is extremely important to know that some of them have flavor properties. Volatile sulfur compounds are often potent odorants, and in many vegetables, belonging mainly to Brassicaeae and Allium (Amaryllidaceae), sulfur compounds determine their specific flavor. Interestingly, some of the pathways that form volatile sulfur compounds in vegetables are also found in selected edible mushrooms. The most important odor-active organosulfur compounds can be divided into isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles, thiols, sulfides, and polysulfides, as well as others, such as sulfur containing carbonyl compounds and esters, R-L-cysteine sulfoxides, and finally heterocyclic sulfur compounds found in shiitake mushrooms or truffles. This review paper summarizes their precursors and biosynthesis, as well as their sensory properties and changes in selected technological processes.
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Liu Y, Meng F, Tang P, Huang D, Li Q, Lin M. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Changes to Key Non-volatile Taste Components in Stropharia rugosoannulata Under Different Drying Methods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:884400. [PMID: 35662941 PMCID: PMC9161365 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.884400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stropharia rugosoannulata is an extremely perishable edible fungi product, and drying can delay its deterioration, however, drying will affect its flavor, especially the non-volatile taste substances dominated by amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids and carbohydrates. Currently, which drying method is the most suitable for the drying of S. rugosoannulata remains unknown, we need to fully consider the economic efficiency of the method and the impact on flavor. But we have limited comprehensive knowledge of the changed non-volatile taste metabolites as caused by drying processes. Here, an LC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolome analysis was conducted to investigate the transformation mechanism of S. rugosoannulata non-volatile taste components after undergoing hot air drying (HAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and microwave vacuum drying (MVD). A total of 826 metabolites were identified, 89 of which—48 amino acids, 25 nucleotides, 8 organic acids, and 8 carbohydrates—were related to non-volatile taste. The drying method used and the parts of S. rugosoannulata (stipe and pileus) influenced the differences found in these metabolites. The possible mechanisms responsible for such chemical alterations by different drying methods were also investigated by a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Amino acid metabolism (alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis) was the main metabolic pathway involved. Pathway enrichment analysis also identified differences in non-volatile taste components among three drying methods that may be closely related to the applied drying temperature. Altogether, the results indicated that as an economical and convenient drying method, HAD is conducive to improving the flavor of S. rugosoannulata and thus it harbors promising potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Vocational College of Foodstuff Engineering, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Characteristic Food Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangbo Meng
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Daomei Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Qixing Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Characteristic Food Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Mao Lin,
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10
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Improved Foods Using Enzymes from Basidiomycetes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the kingdom of fungi, the division Basidiomycota represents more than 30,000 species, some with huge genomes indicating great metabolic potential. The fruiting bodies of many basidiomycetes are appreciated as food (“mushrooms”). Solid-state and submerged cultivation processes have been established for many species. Specifically, xylophilic fungi secrete numerous enzymes but also form smaller metabolites along unique pathways; both groups of compounds may be of interest to the food processing industry. To stimulate further research and not aim at comprehensiveness in the broad field, this review describes some recent progress in fermentation processes and the knowledge of fungal genetics. Processes with potential for food applications based on lipases, esterases, glycosidases, peptidases and oxidoreductases are presented. The formation and degradation of colourants, the degradation of harmful food components, the formation of food ingredients and particularly of volatile and non-volatile flavours serve as examples. In summary, edible basidiomycetes are foods—and catalysts—for food applications and rich donors of genes to construct heterologous cell factories for fermentation processes. Options arise to support the worldwide trend toward greener, more eco-friendly and sustainable processes.
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11
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Li W, Li R, Chen W, Feng J, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yang Y. The anabolism of sulphur aroma volatiles responds to enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions during the drying process of shiitake mushrooms. Food Chem 2022; 371:131123. [PMID: 34555706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The anabolism of aroma volatiles in response to non-biological factors during the drying process of shiitake mushrooms was analyzed. Temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C) had secondary activation effects on the synthetase activity. The enzymatic reaction time could last 4-5 h under medium-temperature drying process (40 °C and 50 °C), and 1.5-2 h under a high-temperature drying process (60 °C and 70 °C). The aroma synthesis dominated by non-enzymatic reactions were chemical reactions between amino acids and reducing sugars. The hot-air drying process of shiitake mushroom was consistent with the cubic model and the key control points influencing the enzymatic reaction parameters were in the order of moisture rate > temperature > drying time > drying rate. The non-enzymatic reaction parameters were in the order of temperature > drying time > drying rate > moisture rate. The total sulfur volatiles produced in the optimized process were significantly higher, and the drying time of the process could be completed within 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Run Li
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Wanchao Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Guosen Bio-tech Co. Ltd., 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China.
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