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Marović R, Badanjak Sabolović M, Brnčić M, Ninčević Grassino A, Kljak K, Voća S, Karlović S, Rimac Brnčić S. The Nutritional Potential of Avocado By-Products: A Focus on Fatty Acid Content and Drying Processes. Foods 2024; 13:2003. [PMID: 38998508 PMCID: PMC11241566 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the content of fatty acids and tocopherols in various components (pulp, seeds, peel) of avocado (Persea americana), which are often neglected as by-products. In addition, the effects of different drying processes on these components were investigated and the health benefits of the main fatty acids contained in avocados were highlighted. The samples were subjected to three drying processes: hot air (HAD), vacuum (VD), and hot-air microwave (HAMD). In all parts of fresh avocado, oleic acid was the most abundant (41.28-57.93%), followed by palmitic acid (19.90-29.45%) and linoleic acid (8.44-14.95%). Drying led to a significant reduction in the oleic acid content, with palmitic acid showing the greatest stability. HAD resulted in higher levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid in dried pulp and peel samples compared with VD and HAMD, while HAMD had the highest content of α-linolenic acid in all parts. In addition, HAMD had the shortest drying time. HAMD duration was 35 min, which was 76.7% shorter than HAD (150 min) and 82.5% shorter than VD (200 min). Considering fatty acid retention and drying efficiency, HAMD appears to have been the most effective method, especially for the avocado peel. Remarkably, the avocado peel consistently contained higher total tocopherol, with δ-tocopherol generally being the most abundant form. The high content of tocopherols, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in the avocado peel suggests promising health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roko Marović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Badanjak Sabolović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Brnčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonela Ninčević Grassino
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Voća
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Karlović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Rimac Brnčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Iwasaki Y, Yamada S, Sakuma S, Kanba S, Youda C, Ono M, Ito R, Kamei J, Akiyama H. Optimization of QuEChERS Extraction for Determination of Carotenoids, Polyphenols, and Sterols in Orange Juice Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2023; 12:3064. [PMID: 37628062 PMCID: PMC10453318 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several compounds with different physical properties are present in foods, biological components, and environmental samples, and there are cases in which these must be analyzed simultaneously. However, it is difficult to extract compounds with different physical properties from the same sample using a single method. In the present study, we examined the optimal conditions for the QuEChERS extraction of several kinds of compounds from orange juice using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal ratio of organic solvent to sodium chloride. We determined the optimal extraction conditions, which were within the design space, using 100% tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the extraction organic solvent and NaCl:MgSO4 = 75:25 as the salt. The developed LC/MS/MS method using QuEChERS extraction achieved specific detection and precise quantification. Finally, we measured the polyphenols, sterols, and carotenoids in citrus juice using the optimized QuEChERS extraction method before LC/MS/MS analysis. Most of the analytes were quantifiable in orange juice. The optimized method achieved ease of operation, the extraction of analytes from food samples in a short time (within 30 min), minimization of analytical residues, and reliability. The DoE and RSM approach may contribute to better optimization of the extraction conditions for the lowest number of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Saki Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shunpei Kanba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Youda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ono
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Polyphenols from Black Rosehip and Their Bioaccessibility Using an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040781. [PMID: 36832856 PMCID: PMC9957028 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Rosa pimpinellifolia are rich sources of (poly)phenols, however they are underutilized due to the limited information available. The influence of the pressure, temperature, and co-solvent concentration (aqueous ethanol) of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCO2-aqEtOH) on the extraction yield, total phenolic-, total anthocyanin-, catechin-, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside contents, and total antioxidant activity of black rosehip was investigated simultaneously. The maximum obtained total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents under the optimized extraction conditions (280 bar, 60 °C and 25% ethanol, v/v) were 76.58 ± 4.25 mg gallic acid equivalent and 10.89 ± 1.56 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent per g of the dry fruits, respectively. The optimal extract obtained by SCO2-aqEtOH was compared to two other extraction procedures: ultrasonication using ethanol as solvent (UA-EtOH) and pressurized hot water extraction (PH-H2O). The bioaccessibility and cellular metabolism of the phenolic compounds in the different black rosehip extracts were assessed using an in vitro digestion coupled with a human intestinal Caco-2 cell model. The in vitro digestive stability and cellular uptake of the phenolic compounds had no significant difference among the different extraction methods. The results of this study confirm the efficiency of SCO2-aqEtOH extraction for phenolic compounds and, in particular, for anthocyanins, and could be used to produce new functional food ingredients from black rosehip with high antioxidant power containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds.
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Stiefvatter L, Frick K, Lehnert K, Vetter W, Montoya-Arroyo A, Frank J, Schmid-Staiger U, Bischoff SC. Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant-A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:716. [PMID: 36421994 PMCID: PMC9694444 DOI: 10.3390/md20110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stiefvatter
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Montoya-Arroyo
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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