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Pesti GM, Choct M, Chrystal PV, Bedford MR, Moss AF. Teaching the principles of least-cost poultry feed formulation utilizing the Solver function within a computer software workbook. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103636. [PMID: 38547672 PMCID: PMC11000179 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
A Microsoft Excel workbook, User-Friendly Feed Formulation with Data from Australia (UffdAu.xlsm), has been developed for teaching feed formulation techniques to tertiary level, university students. It runs under both Microsoft Windows and Apple iOS operating systems. The example ingredient composition matrix is based on the Australian Feed Ingredient Database to illustrate the biological and econometric principles of least-cost feed formulation. The nutrient data are based roughly on recent primary breeder company recommendations. The workbook is easily adapted to appropriate ingredients, nutrients, and prices most relevant to the students, wherever it is used. The workbook uses the linear routines of Excel's Solver add-in under the Data heading in the header Ribbon. There is a worksheet illustrating how to adapt non-linear responses such as exogenous enzymes to typical linear models using a step function. Additional worksheets illustrate how proximate analysis can be interpreted in modern analytical chemistry terms and, how various feed energy measures are related to feed composition. UffdAu.xlsm is available free of charge from the Poultry Hub Australia website (https://www.poultryhub.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pesti
- The Poultry Hub Australia, CJ Hawkins Homestead, University of New England, Armidale New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
| | - M Choct
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - P V Chrystal
- Aviagen Australia, Goulburn, New South Wales, 2580, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - A F Moss
- Homestead building, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Jomnonkhaow U, Plangklang P, Reungsang A, Peng CY, Chu CY. Valorization of spent coffee grounds through integrated bioprocess of fermentable sugars, volatile fatty acids, yeast-based single-cell protein and biofuels production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130107. [PMID: 38016585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Recovering nutrients from waste for biological processes aligns with sustainability principles. This study aimed to convert spent coffee grounds (SCG) into valuable products, including fermentable sugars, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), yeast-based single-cell protein and biofuels. Alkaline pretreatment was conducted before enzymatic hydrolysis, in which the pretreated SCG was hydrolyzed with varying enzyme loadings (20-60 filter paper units (FPU)/g-solid) and solid loadings (3-15 % w/v). The hydrolyzed slurry was utilized for VFAs and hydrogen production, yielding high values of 0.66 g/g-volatile solids (VS) and 109 mL/g-VS, respectively, using an enzyme loading of 50 FPU/g-solid and a solid loading of 3 % (w/v). The derived VFAs were used to cultivate a newly isolated yeast, Candida maltosa KKU-ARY2, resulting in an accumulated protein content of 43.7 % and a biomass concentration of 4.6 g/L. This study highlights the conversion of SCG into essential components, emphasizing the benefits of waste utilization through cascade bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umarin Jomnonkhaow
- Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pensri Plangklang
- Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Alissara Reungsang
- Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
| | - Chi-Yen Peng
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yeon Chu
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
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Pesti GM, Choct M. The future of feed formulation for poultry: Toward more sustainable production of meat and eggs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:71-87. [PMID: 37799133 PMCID: PMC10550521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs, not maximizing profits. Complex models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic, feed and other environmental variables are being developed, but their adaptation has been slow. The development of profit maximizing models will evolve to center on the production functions of broilers and layers. The production functions are the relationship between the value of products (mainly meat and eggs) and the cost of feed. The production function is the tool used to maximize profits subject to all the various inputs, not just feed or nutrition. The production function is subject to the law of diminishing returns. The most profitable output levels are those where the marginal value (price) of the meat or eggs is just equal to the marginal cost of the inputs including feed, housing, processing and all other costs. Anything that affects the production function, bird genetics, feed quality, housing and environment, will be considered to maximize profits for the poultry firm. The profit maximizing models of poultry firms will improve as various technical improvements are made: metabolizable energy to describe ingredients will evolve to net energy systems that consider that the heat production (and therefore energetic efficiency) of broilers is different depending on the ingredients used to formulate the feed and the environmental temperatures under which they are reared. Amino acid needs will include a method to find the birds' needs for the non-essential amino acids. "Digestible" amino acid assays will differentiate between digestion and absorption to best balance various sources. The carbohydrate fractions of feed ingredients will be determined to optimize the use of exogenous enzymes. The value of meat and egg co-products will reduce overall costs (e.g., organic fertilizer for crop enhancement). Future profit maximizing production models will be ever evolving processes where field conditions and results are continually being utilized to re-calibrate the technical models so that the management team can use them with cost and return projections to decide on the best choices of inputs and outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene M. Pesti
- Poultry Hub Australia, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mingan Choct
- The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Rossi G, Ojha S, Müller-Belecke A, Schlüter OK. Fresh aquaculture sludge management with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae: investigation on bioconversion performances. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20982. [PMID: 38017013 PMCID: PMC10684894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture solid waste (ASW) is a nutrient rich material that can pose a significant environment challenge if not properly managed. This study investigated the potential of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in converting this waste into biomass. Five substrates comprising chicken feed supplemented with varying proportions of fresh ASW (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were formulated and evaluated for larval growth and waste bioconversion efficiency. High nutrients retention (N: 23.25 ± 1.40%; C: 21.94 ± 0.99%; S: 12.20 ± 1.33%) and feed conversion ratio (1.78 ± 0.08) were detected on substrate 100ASW, although the limited feeding rate (114.54 ± 5.38 mg dry substrate/larvae) and the high amount of indigestible fibres (ADF = 15.87 ± 0.24%; ADL = 6.36 ± 0.17%) were translated to low larval growth (final larval average weight: 66.17 ± 1.81 mg). Decreasing ASW content resulted in reduced fibres and ash, increase in non-fibrous carbohydrates and C/N ratio, and improved larval growth and substrate utilization. However, high larval metabolic activity suggested higher nutrients loss to the environment. Substrate 75ASW demonstrated the best performances in terms of larval production (final larval average weight: 176.30 ± 12.12 mg), waste reduction (substrate reduction corrected by percentage of ASW: 26.76 ± 0.86%) and nutrients assimilation (N: 22.14 ± 1.14%; C: 15.29 ± 0.82%; S: 15.40 ± 0.99%). This substrate closely aligned with optimal BSF rearing substrates reported in literature. Overall, this study highlights the potential of BSF larvae in managing fresh ASW, offering a dual benefit of waste reduction and insect biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shikha Ojha
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Land Sciences, School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | | | - Oliver K Schlüter
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
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Li Y, Hilliard C, Kuo T, Nelson C, Rinken M, Broomall C, Hawkes A, Pearce E, Donate F, Ouellette S, Kalantar TH. Chemical composition, particle size, and molecular weight distributions of chemically degraded guar gum solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Li
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Analytical Sciences Midland Michigan USA
| | - Casie Hilliard
- The Dow Chemical Company Dow Industrial Solution R&D Lake Jackson Texas USA
| | - Tzu‐Chi Kuo
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Formulation, Automation, & Materials Science Midland Michigan USA
| | - Christopher Nelson
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Formulation, Automation, & Materials Science Midland Michigan USA
| | - Marian Rinken
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Analytical Sciences Stade Germany
| | - Charles Broomall
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Analytical Sciences Midland Michigan USA
| | - Alice Hawkes
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Analytical Sciences Lake Jackson Texas USA
| | - Eric Pearce
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Analytical Sciences Midland Michigan USA
| | - Felipe Donate
- The Dow Chemical Company Dow Industrial Solution R&D Midland Michigan USA
| | - Sara Ouellette
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Formulation, Automation, & Materials Science Midland Michigan USA
| | - Thomas H. Kalantar
- The Dow Chemical Company Core R&D Formulation, Automation, & Materials Science Midland Michigan USA
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Tessier R, Calvez J, Airinei G, Khodorova N, Dauguet S, Galet O, Chapelais M, Tomé D, Benamouzig R, Gaudichon C. Digestive and metabolic bioavailability in healthy humans of 15N-labeled rapeseed and flaxseed protein incorporated in biscuits. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:896-902. [PMID: 36842754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search to diversify protein sources for humans, oilseeds are good candidates due to the high protein content of their coproducts after oil extraction. Among them, rapeseed presents a well-balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Flaxseed is an emerging source but the nutritional value of its protein is not yet documented. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the nitrogen (N) and AA bioavailability of these protein sources. METHODS Nineteen healthy volunteers were intubated with a naso-ileal tube. They ingested 156 g biscuits containing intrinsically labeled 15N rapeseed (n = 10) or flaxseed (n = 9) protein over a 4-h period. Ileal digesta, blood, and urine were sampled over 8 h after the first meal ingestion. N and 15N enrichment and AAs were measured to determine digestive and deamination losses. Ileal digestibility, the digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) and net postprandial protein utilization (NPPU) were calculated. RESULTS Real ileal digestibility was 80.7 ± 6.5% for rapeseed protein and 92.2 ± 2.0% for flaxseed protein (P = 0.0002). Mean indispensable AA (IAA) digestibility reached 84.1 ± 6.9% and 93.3 ± 6.7% for rapeseed and flaxseed, respectively, lysine being the lowest digestible IAA for both sources. Despite moderate digestibility, the DIAAS was 1.1 for rapeseed but only 0.6 for flaxseed due to lysine insufficiency. Deamination losses accounted for 20.0 ± 6.5% of dietary N for flaxseed and 11.0 ± 2.8% for rapeseed (P = 0.002). The NPPU did not differ between the protein sources, with 71.3 ± 6.5% for flaxseed and 69.7 ± 7.6% for rapeseed. CONCLUSIONS Despite good digestibility, flaxseed protein cooked in biscuits was penalized by both lysine insufficiency and poor lysine digestibility that decreased its DIAAS and increased deamination. By contrast, rapeseed was moderately digestible but presented no limiting IAA, resulting in an excellent DIAAS and low deamination. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04024605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tessier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Martin Chapelais
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Palaiseau, France.
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Agronomic and Economic Evaluations of N Fertilization in Maize under Recent Market Dynamics. NITROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen3030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An online calculator is available to determine economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) for maize (Zea mays L.) production in the USA Corn Belt. For Minnesota, this calculator considers nitrogen (N) fertilizer cost, maize grain price and crop history, and produces a statewide N rate based on maximum economic return to N (MRTN). However, a clear precipitation and temperature gradient, and soil heterogeneity across the state, and recent changes in fertilizer cost and maize grain price require the comparison of EONR from this calculator with results from field study. The objectives of this research were to determine the agronomic and economic benefits of basal and split application of N fertilizer on maize grain yield and yield components and compare EONR from field study with N recommendation from the online calculator. The nitrogen fertilizer rate for the field study ranged from 0 to 224 kg N ha−1, either split or all applied at planting. The results showed that there were no interaction effects of N rate by time or N rate by year on maize grain yield. Maize grain yield had a quadratic response to N rate, and agronomic maximum grain yield peaked at 205 kg N ha−1. The EONR from the field study was 168 kg N ha−1 and it remained stable under a wide range of economic analysis scenarios with net benefit reaching up to 2474 USD ha−1. The N rate from the online calculator at MRTN was 151 kg N ha−1 and this rate may cause N deficiency in maize resulting in a yield penalty compared with the field study results. The field study was performed under specific soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, extensive research under various soil types, agronomic management practices and climatic conditions is warranted to evaluate the online calculator performance and its reliability as a precision tool for N fertilizer management in maize production.
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Alfonso-Avila AR, Cirot O, Lambert W, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Effect of low-protein corn and soybean meal-based diets on nitrogen utilization, litter quality, and water consumption in broiler chicken production: insight from meta-analysis. Animal 2022; 16:100458. [PMID: 35183011 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for high-value animal protein must be met using sustainable means that optimize the utilization of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) so that excreta do not over-fertilize fields and end up causing soil acidification, waterway eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions. Malodorous N compounds can cause respiratory diseases and poor growth in livestock. The increasing availability of feed-grade amino acids makes it possible to formulate low-protein diets for broilers and thereby reduce N excretion. However, published studies of the effects of such diets on broiler growth performance have been based on reducing CP contents gradually in a variety of ways that have given inconsistent results. Since the amount of published data is now large, a meta-analysis was performed in order to categorize diet formulation strategies and quantify their impact on N balance, water consumption, litter moisture, plasma uric acid. This showed that lowering the CP content of broiler diets generally means replacing some soybean meal with corn and hence increasing the starch content. However, since soybean meal is also a source of potassium, this reduces electrolyte balance. Lowering the CP content from 19% to 17% is associated with a 29% reduction of N excretion in broilers aged 0-21 d, and a 7% increase in N efficiency (N retention/N intake). Reducing the CP content from 19% to 17% decreases daily water consumption by 20.6 mL/bird, litter moisture by 2.2% and plasma uric acid by 0.56 mg/dL. This meta-analysis improves our understanding of the low-protein strategy and allows us to quantify its impact on N balance, litter quality and uric acid. It shows that managing N excretion is wholly beneficial and reduces litter wetness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Alfonso-Avila
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, Quebec G0A 1S0, Canada; Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - O Cirot
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Ariëns RM, Bastiaan-Net S, van de Berg-Somhorst DB, El Bachrioui K, Boudewijn A, van den Dool RT, de Jong GA, Wichers HJ, Mes JJ. Comparing nutritional and digestibility aspects of sustainable proteins using the INFOGEST digestion protocol. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Physicochemical, Nutritional and In Vitro Antidiabetic Characterisation of Blue Whiting ( Micromesistiuspoutassou) Protein Hydrolysates. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070383. [PMID: 34356808 PMCID: PMC8304566 DOI: 10.3390/md19070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates from low-value underutilised fish species are potential sources of high-quality dietary protein and health enhancing peptides. Six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BW-SPH-A_F), generated at industrial scale using different hydrolysis conditions, were assessed in terms of their protein equivalent content, amino acid profile and score and physicochemical properties in addition to their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and stimulate the secretion of insulin from BRIN-BD11 cells. Furthermore, the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) on the stability of the BW-SPHs and their associated in vitro antidiabetic activity was investigated. The BW-SPHs contained between 70–74% (w/w) protein and all essential and non-essential amino acids. All BW-SPHs mediated DPP-IV inhibitory (IC50: 2.12–2.90 mg protein/mL) and insulin secretory activity (2.5 mg/mL; 4.7 to 6.4-fold increase compared to the basal control (5.6 mM glucose alone)). All BW-SPHs were further hydrolysed during SGID. While the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory and insulin secretory activity mediated by some BW-SPHs was reduced following SGID, the activity remained high. In general, the insulin secretory activity of the BW-SPHs were 4.5–5.4-fold higher than the basal control following SGID. The BW-SPHs generated herein provide potential for anti-diabetic related functional ingredients, whilst also enhancing environmental and commercial sustainability.
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Penazzi L, Schiavone A, Russo N, Nery J, Valle E, Madrid J, Martinez S, Hernandez F, Pagani E, Ala U, Prola L. In vivo and in vitro Digestibility of an Extruded Complete Dog Food Containing Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal as Protein Source. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:653411. [PMID: 34179159 PMCID: PMC8226000 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing attention is being directed toward insects as a novel and sustainable source of protein for pet food. The aim of the study was to evaluate nutrient digestibility of a diet containing black soldier fly larvae as its main protein source. Moreover, the purpose of the study was to compare the traditional in vivo total collection method with the in vivo marker method and in vitro digestibility method. Two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dry diets containing either venison meal (CTRL diet) or black soldier fly larvae meal (BSF diet) as their primary sources of proteins were fed to six adult dogs, according to a Latin square design. The digestibility of nutrients was determined using both in vivo ("total collection" and "internal marker" approaches) and in vitro methods. The two diets showed similar nutrient digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ash, and phosphorus. However, a statistical trend (p = 0.066) was observed indicating greater protein digestibility in the BSF diet compared with the CTRL diet. Calcium digestibility was higher in the BSF diet compared with the CTRL diet (p = 0.018). On the contrary, fiber digestibility was lower in the insect-based diet compared with the venison diet (p < 0.001). There was no difference between total collection and internal marker methods in the assessment of in vivo digestibility for any of the nutrients considered. The in vitro digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, as well as the estimated in vivo digestibility of organic matter and crude protein by the means of the predictive equation, were aligned with the in vivo results, although in vitro estimations were consistently higher compared with those obtained by in vivo analysis. Digestibility analysis of a dog food containing insect meal as the sole source of protein (36.5% inclusion) showed promising results in terms of it presenting similar values as a meat-based diet, indicating its suitability as a sustainable protein source for pet food. Moreover, the study showed that both the in vivo marker method and the in vitro method could be possible alternatives to the traditional total collection method in digestibility trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Penazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Natalia Russo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Joana Nery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Elena Pagani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Liviana Prola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Ali AMM, Gullo M, Rai AK, Bavisetty SCB. Bioconservation of iron and enhancement of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of chicken gizzard protein hydrolysate fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici ATTC 8042. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2718-2726. [PMID: 33124041 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poultry industry is one of the fastest growing sectors, and it generates considerable quantities of chicken gizzards (CG) every day. However, due to their hard texture and high microbial load, and due to cultural beliefs, they are not preferred by consumers. Chicken gizzards are a substantial source of proteins, iron, and other nutrients, which can be used effectively to produce nutraceuticals, rich in peptides (antioxidants and antibacterial), bio-iron, essential free amino acids, and fatty acids vital for human health. RESULTS Lactic acid fermentation of CG by Pediococcus acidilactici ATTC 8042 increased the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiaziline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by up to 26 times compared with unfermented CG (P < 0.05). The amount of hydrolysis and solvents (ethanol and water) used for extracting protein hydrolysates significantly affected the antioxidant properties. Moreover, fermented CG showed a negligible reduction in bio-iron (2-3%) compared with heat-processed CG (85 °C for 15 min), in which bio-iron was reduced by up to 20.3% (P < 0.05). The presence of unsaturated fatty acids such as C20:4 and C22:4 n-6 indicated a low level of lipid oxidation. CONCLUSION Fermented CG, with its reasonably high antioxidant and antibacterial activity, together with a substantial amount of bio-iron and other nutritional components can serve as a functional food or feed additive to reduce oxidative stress and to treat iron deficiency. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Muhammed Moula Ali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Gullo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Kliem KE, Fagan CC, Grandison AS, Sutton R, Humphries DJ, Todd S, Jackson KG, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Postprandial Fatty Acid Profile, but Not Cardiometabolic Risk Markers, Is Modulated by Dairy Fat Manipulation in Adults with Moderate Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Randomized Controlled REplacement of SaturatEd fat in dairy on Total cholesterol (RESET) Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:1755-1768. [PMID: 33758921 PMCID: PMC8327197 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic consumption of dairy products with an SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched content was shown to impact favorably on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). However, their acute effect on postprandial cardiometabolic risk biomarkers requires investigation. OBJECTIVE The effects of sequential high-fat mixed meals rich in fatty acid (FA)-modified or conventional (control) dairy products on postprandial FMD (primary outcome) and systemic cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with moderate cardiovascular risk (≥50% above the population mean) were compared. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, 52 participants [mean ± SEM age: 53 ± 2 y; BMI (kg/m2) 25.9 ± 0.5] consumed a high-dairy-fat breakfast (0 min; ∼50 g total fat: modified: 25 g SFAs, 20 g MUFAs; control: 32 g SFAs, 12 g MUFAs) and lunch (330 min; ∼30 g total fat; modified: 15 g SFAs, 12 g MUFAs; control: 19 g SFAs, 7 g MUFAs). Blood samples were obtained before and until 480 min after breakfast, with FMD assessed at 0, 180, 300, and 420 min. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Postprandial changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers were comparable between the different dairy meals, with the exception of a tendency for a 4% higher AUC for the %FMD response following the modified-dairy-fat meals (P = 0.075). Plasma total lipid FA analysis revealed that incremental AUC responses were 53% lower for total SFAs, 214% and 258% higher for total cis-MUFAs (predominantly cis-9 18:1), and trans-18:1, respectively, following the modified relative to the control dairy meals (all P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In adults at moderate cardiovascular risk, acute consumption of sequential high-fat meals containing FA-modified dairy products had little impact on postprandial endothelial function or systemic cardiometabolic biomarkers, but a differential effect on the plasma total lipid FA profile, relative to conventional dairy fat meals.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02089035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Present address for OM: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy, and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Colette C Fagan
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy, and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Subcritical water as hydrolytic medium to recover and fractionate the protein fraction and phenolic compounds from craft brewer's spent grain. Food Chem 2021; 351:129264. [PMID: 33662908 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The valorization of the brewer's spent grain (BSG) generated in a craft beer industry was studied by subcritical water hydrolysis in a semi-continuous fixed-bed reactor. Temperature was varied from 125 to 185 °C at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. Biomass hydrolysis yielded a maximum of 78% of solubilized protein at 185 °C. Free amino acids presented a maximum level at 160 °C with a value of 55 mg free amino acids/gprotein-BSG. Polar amino acid presented a maximum at lower temperatures than non-polar amino acids. The maximum in total phenolic compounds was reached at 185 °C. This maximum is the same for aldehyde phenolic compounds such as vanillin, syringic and protocatechuic aldehyde; however, for hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric, the maximum was obtained at 160 °C. This allows a fractionation of the bioactive compounds. Subcritical water addresses opportunities for small breweries to be incorporated within the biorefinery concept.
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Emulsion and Surface-Active Properties of Fish Solubles Based on Direct Extraction and after Hydrolysis of Atlantic Cod and Atlantic Salmon Backbones. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010038. [PMID: 33375534 PMCID: PMC7824041 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus on natural foods and “clean” labeled products is increasing and encourages development of new biobased ingredients. Fish solubles derived from downstream processing of side stream materials in the fish filleting industries have potential as emulsifiers based on their surface-active and emulsion stabilizing properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare emulsion properties and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of direct protein extracts and protein hydrolysates based on fish backbones, and to identify associations between molecular weight distribution and process yield with the studied physicochemical properties. Protein extracts and enzymatic protein hydrolysates were produced based on two raw materials (cod and salmon backbones), two enzymes with different proteolytic specificity, and varying hydrolysis time. Emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI) and CMC were measured and compared with casein as a reference to protein-based emulsifiers. Protein hydrolysis was found to have negative impact on EAI and CMC, likely due to generation of small peptides disrupting the amphiphilic balance. The direct protein extracts had comparable EAI with casein, but the latter had superior ESI values. Protein hydrolysates with acceptable EAI could only be obtained at the expense of product yield. The study emphasizes the complexity of physicochemical properties of protein hydrolysates and discusses the challenges of achieving both good surface-active properties and high product yield.
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Bailey HM, Stein HH. Raw and roasted pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) are 'good' sources of protein based on their digestible indispensable amino acid score as determined in pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3878-3885. [PMID: 32323331 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistachio nuts may be consumed as raw nuts or as roasted nuts. However, there is limited information about the protein quality of the nuts, and amino acid (AA) digestibility and protein quality have not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that raw and roasted pistachio nuts have a digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) and a protein digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) greater than 75, thereby qualifying them as a good source of protein. RESULTS The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AAs, except arginine and phenylalanine, was less in roasted pistachio nuts than in raw pistachio nuts (P < 0.05). Raw pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 73, and roasted pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 81, calculated for children 2-5 years, and the limiting AA in the PDCAAS calculation was threonine. The DIAAS values calculated for children older than 3 years, adolescents, and adults was 86 and 83 for raw and roasted pistachio nuts respectively. The limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachio nuts that determined the DIAAS for this age group was lysine. CONCLUSION The results of this research illustrate that raw and roasted pistachio nuts can be considered a good quality protein source with DIAAS greater than 75; however, processing conditions associated with roasting may decrease the digestibility of AAs in pistachio nuts. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Bailey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hans H Stein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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17
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Steinsholm S, Oterhals Å, Underhaug J, Måge I, Malmendal A, Aspevik T. Sensory Assessment of Fish and Chicken Protein Hydrolysates. Evaluation of NMR Metabolomics Profiling as a New Prediction Tool. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3881-3890. [PMID: 32119538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics profiling was evaluated as a new tool in sensory assessment of protein hydrolysates. Hydrolysates were produced on the basis of different raw materials (cod, salmon, and chicken), enzymes (Food Pro PNL and Bromelain), and hydrolysis time (10 and 50 min). The influence of raw material and hydrolysis parameters on sensory attributes was determined by traditional descriptive sensory analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The raw material had a major influence on the attribute intensity and metabolite variation, followed by enzyme and hydrolysis time. However, the formation of bitter taste was not affected by the raw material. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) on 1H NMR and sensory data provided good models (Q2 = 0.55-0.89) for 11 of the 17 evaluated attributes, including bitterness. Significant metabolite-attribute associations were identified. The study confirms the potential prediction of the sensory properties of protein hydrolysates from cod, salmon, and chicken based on 1H NMR metabolomics profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Åge Oterhals
- Nofima, P.O. Box 1425 Oasen, N-5844 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anders Malmendal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tone Aspevik
- Nofima, P.O. Box 1425 Oasen, N-5844 Bergen, Norway
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Miao J, Lin H, Zhang S, Huo J, Deng S. Effect on amino acid and mineral content of the loach ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by adding Fe (II) chelating hairtail protein hydrolysates (Fe (II)-HPH) to the feed. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1575-1582. [PMID: 32180966 PMCID: PMC7063382 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect on amino acid and mineral content of the loach meat by adding Fe (II) chelating hairtail protein hydrolysates (Fe (II)-HPH) to the feed. A total of 100 healthy loaches were selected. After 1 week's adaptive feeding, they were randomly divided into five groups and fed with feeds containing of Fe (II)-HPH (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg). On the 40th day, detection work of general nutrients (moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude fat), mineral elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Na, K, and Ca), amino acid and amino acid score (AAS), Chemical Score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) indexes were done. The results show that crude protein has the highest content while crude fat has the lowest when amount of added Fe (II)-HPH in feed is 2 g/kg. The Fe content is significantly improved while amount of added is 1, 2, 4 g/kg. The Ca content is significantly improved and the Zn content is significantly improved while amount of added was 2 g/kg. Mn contents are significantly lower than control while amount of added is 4 g/kg. Based on analysis of amino acids in each group, the nutritional value of loach meat with 2 g/kg Fe (II)-HPH addition amount is relatively high, total amount of essential amino acids increases significantly, and EAA/TAA and EAA/NEAA improve significantly. In conclusion, adding 2 g/kg Fe (II)-HPH to feed could improve the nutritional values of loach meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for SeafoodCollege of Food and PharmacyZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Huimin Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for SeafoodCollege of Food and PharmacyZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Shan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for SeafoodCollege of Food and PharmacyZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Jiancong Huo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for SeafoodCollege of Food and PharmacyZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Shanggui Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for SeafoodCollege of Food and PharmacyZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
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19
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Lapeña D, Kosa G, Hansen LD, Mydland LT, Passoth V, Horn SJ, Eijsink VGH. Production and characterization of yeasts grown on media composed of spruce-derived sugars and protein hydrolysates from chicken by-products. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32013957 PMCID: PMC6998301 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A possible future shortage of feed protein will force mankind to explore alternative protein sources that can replace conventional soymeal or fishmeal. Several large industrial organic side-streams could potentially be upgraded to feed protein using a fermentation process to generate single cell protein. Yeast is the most widely accepted microorganism for production of single cell protein, because of its superior nutritional quality and acceptability among consumers. Here, we have assessed the growth of four different yeasts, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Blastobotrys adeninivorans and Thermosacc® Dry (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), on media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood and hydrolysates of by-products from chicken, and we have characterized the resulting yeast biomass. Results Generally, the yeast grew very well on the spruce- and chicken-based medium, with typical yields amounting to 0.4–0.5 g of cell dry weight and 0.2–0.3 g of protein per g of sugar. B. adeninivorans stood out as the most versatile yeast in terms of nutrient consumption and in this case yields were as high as 0.9 g cells and 0.5 g protein per g of sugar. The next best performing yeast in terms of yield was W. anomalus with up to 0.6 g cells and 0.3 g protein per g sugar. Comparative compositional analyses of the yeasts revealed favorable amino acid profiles that were similar to the profiles of soymeal, and even more so, fish meal, especially for essential amino acids. Conclusions The efficient conversion of industrial biomass streams to yeast biomass demonstrated in this study opens new avenues towards better valorization of these streams and development of sustainable feed ingredients. Furthermore, we conclude that production of W. anomalus or B. adeninivorans on this promising renewable medium may be potentially more efficient than production of the well-known feed ingredient C. jadinii. Further research should focus on medium optimization, development of semi-continuous and continues fermentation protocols and exploration of downstream processing methods that are beneficial for the nutritional values of the yeast for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Line D Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Liv T Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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20
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Gold M, Cassar CM, Zurbrügg C, Kreuzer M, Boulos S, Diener S, Mathys A. Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:319-329. [PMID: 31707321 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is its variable reliability and efficiency when applied to different biowastes. Similar to other biowaste treatment technologies, co-conversion could compensate for variability in the composition of biowastes. Using detailed nutrient analyses, this study assessed whether mixing biowastes to similar protein and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) contents increased the performance and reduced the variability of BSFL treatment in comparison to the treatment of individual wastes. The biowastes examined were mill by-products, human faeces, poultry slaughterhouse waste, cow manure, and canteen waste. Biowaste formulations had a protein-to-NFC ratio of 1:1, a protein content of 14-19%, and a NFC content of 13-15% (dry mass). Performance parameters that were assessed included survival and bioconversion rate, waste reduction, and waste conversion and protein conversion efficiency. In comparison to poultry feed (benchmark), vegetable canteen waste showed the best performance and cow manure performed worst. Formulations showed significantly improved performance and lower variability in comparison to the individual wastes. However, variability in performance was higher than expected for the formulations. One reason for this variability could be different fibre and lipid contents, which correlated with the performance results of the formulations. Overall, this research provides baseline knowledge and guidance on how BSFL treatment facilities may systematically operate using biowastes of varying types and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cecille Marie Cassar
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Stuttgart: Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, Chair of Waste Management and Emissions, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Water for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samy Boulos
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diener
- Biovision Foundation, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Olayemi OP, Kallenbach CM, Schneekloth JP, Calderón FJ, Vigil MF, Wallenstein MD. From Factory to Field: Effects of a Novel Soil Amendment Derived From Cheese Production on Wheat and Corn Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Broch J, Nunes RV, Alhotan RA, Pesti GM. Comparison of formulation costs for poultry feeds based on crude protein versus the digestible lysine to protein ratio. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-58858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of using dLys:TP instead of crude protein recommendations of commercial poultry breeding companies to meet the chicken’s need for dietary essential and non-essential amino acids. The ingredient composition matrix used in the feed formulation was compiled from Feedstuffs Magazine. The rations were formulated using a linear feed formulation program to meet the minimum cost, with crude protein or dLys: TP of 5.58%. Using the dLys to TP ratio versus CP minimums for the model diets chosen, formula costs were changed from +$10.96 to -$4.26 per ton of feed. The magnitude of the changes was dependent on the imbalance present in the feeds from using the breeder management guide recommendations and ingredient prices. Through the use of dLys: TP, it is possible to improve the feed formulation process, assuring the birds get adequate EAA and NEAA without being wasteful and reducing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomara Broch
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
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23
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Lapeña D, Olsen PM, Arntzen MØ, Kosa G, Passoth V, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ. Spruce sugars and poultry hydrolysate as growth medium in repeated fed-batch fermentation processes for production of yeast biomass. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:723-736. [PMID: 31883034 PMCID: PMC7064453 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of microbial protein in the form of yeast grown on lignocellulosic sugars and nitrogen-rich industrial residues is an attractive approach for reducing dependency on animal and plant protein. Growth media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood, enzymatic hydrolysates of poultry by-products and urea were used for the production of single-cell protein. Strains of three different yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Blastobotrys adeninivorans, were cultivated aerobically using repeated fed-batch fermentation up to 25 L scale. Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the most efficient yeast with yields of 0.6 g of cell dry weight and 0.3 g of protein per gram of glucose, with cell and protein productivities of 3.92 g/L/h and 1.87 g/L/h, respectively. Using the conditions developed here for producing W. anomalus, it would take 25 industrial (200 m3) continuously operated fermenters to replace 10% of the fish feed protein used in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Pernille M Olsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
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25
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Krul ES. Calculation of Nitrogen‐to‐Protein Conversion Factors: A Review with a Focus on Soy Protein. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S. Krul
- PresidentEKSci, LLC 594 Gederson Lane, Saint Louis MO 63122 USA
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Chen X, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Han L, Xiao W. Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Crop Residues and Animal Manure Common in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9186-9190. [PMID: 28965403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurately determining protein content is essential in exploiting biomass as feed and fuel. A survey of biomass samples in China indicated protein contents from 2.65 to 3.98% for crop residues and from 6.07 to 10.24% for animal manure of dry basis. Conversion factors based on amino acid nitrogen (kA) ranged from 5.42 to 6.00 for the former and from 4.78 to 5.36 for the latter, indicating that the traditional factor of 6.25 is not suitable for biomass samples. On the other hand, conversion factors from Kjeldahl nitrogen (kP) ranged from 3.97 to 4.57 and from 2.76 to 4.31 for crop residues and animal manure, respectively. Of note, conversion factors were strongly affected by amino acid composition and levels of nonprotein nitrogen. Thus, kP values of 4.23 for crop residues, 4.11 for livestock manure, and 3.11 for poultry manure are recommended to better estimate protein content from total nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Chen
- Biomass and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Guanglu Zhao
- Biomass and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Biomass and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Lujia Han
- Biomass and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Biomass and Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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Markey O, Souroullas K, Fagan CC, Kliem KE, Vasilopoulou D, Jackson KG, Humphries DJ, Grandison AS, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA, Methven L. Consumer acceptance of dairy products with a saturated fatty acid-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched content. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7953-7966. [PMID: 28803023 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture-based reformulation initiatives, including oleic acid-rich lipid supplementation of the dairy cow diet, provide a novel means for reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) at a population level. In a blinded manner, this study evaluated the consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched (modified) milk, Cheddar cheese, and butter when compared with control and commercially available comparative samples. The effect of providing nutritional information about the modified cheese was also evaluated. Consumers (n = 115) rated samples for overall liking (appearance, flavor, and texture) using 9-point hedonic scales. Although no significant differences were found between the milk samples, the modified cheese was liked significantly less than a regular-fat commercial alternative for overall liking and liking of specific modalities and had a lower liking of texture score compared with the control cheese. The provision of health information significantly increased the overall liking of the modified cheese compared with tasting the same sample in a blinded manner. Significant differences were evident between the butter samples for overall liking and modalities of liking; all of the samples were significantly more liked than the commercial butter and sunflower oil spread. In conclusion, this study illustrated that consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched dairy products was dependent on product type. Future research should consider how optimization of the textural properties of fatty acid-modified (and fat-reduced) cheese might enhance consumer acceptance of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
| | - Kallis Souroullas
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Colette C Fagan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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Aspevik T, Oterhals Å, Rønning SB, Altintzoglou T, Wubshet SG, Gildberg A, Afseth NK, Whitaker RD, Lindberg D. Valorization of Proteins from Co- and By-Products from the Fish and Meat Industry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:53. [PMID: 28466455 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Large volumes of protein-rich residual raw materials, such as heads, bones, carcasses, blood, skin, viscera, hooves and feathers, are created as a result of processing of animals from fisheries, aquaculture, livestock and poultry sectors. These residuals contain proteins and other essential nutrients with potentially bioactive properties, eligible for recycling and upgrading for higher-value products, e.g. for human, pet food and feed purposes. Here, we aim to cover all the important aspects of achieving optimal utilization of proteins in such residual raw materials, identifying those eligible for human consumption as co-products and for feed applications as by-products. Strict legislation regulates the utilization of various animal-based co- and by-products, representing a major hurdle if not addressed properly. Thorough understanding and optimization of all parts of the production chain, including conservation and processing, are important prerequisites for successful upgrading and industrial implementation of such products. This review includes industrially applied technologies such as freezing/cooling, acid preservation, salting, rendering and protein hydrolysis. In this regard, it is important to achieve stable production and quality through all the steps in the manufacturing chain, preferably supported by at- or online quality control points in the actual processing step. If aiming for the human market, knowledge of consumer trends and awareness are important for production and successful introduction of new products and ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Aspevik
- Nofima AS, P.B. 1425 Oasen, 5828, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åge Oterhals
- Nofima AS, P.B. 1425 Oasen, 5828, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Asbjørn Gildberg
- Nofima AS, P.B. 6122 Langnes, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
- , Ildervegen 27, 9017, Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang C, Garcia RA, Piazza GJ. Solubilization of meat & bone meal protein by dilute acid hydrolysis for the production of bio-based flocculant. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aspevik T, Egede-Nissen H, Oterhals Ĺ. A Systematic Approach to the Comparison of Cost Efficiency of Endopeptidases for the Hydrolysis of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) By-Products. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:421-431. [PMID: 28115899 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.04.16.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolytic and cost efficiencies of five endopeptidases (Alcalase 2.4L, Corolase 7089, Neutrase 0.8L, Promod 671L and Protex 7L) to hydrolyze Atlantic salmon by-products were compared at standardized activity levels based on a casein assay. The substrate was characterized prior to the hydrolytic experiments (pH=6.5, t=50 °C) to obtain substrate--specific constants for nitrogen to protein mass (in g) ratio, i.e. conversion factor fN=5.23 and total amount of peptide bonds (htot)=9.3 mmol per g of protein. At low enzyme activity to substrate ratio, all enzymes were equally efficient in hydrolyzing the substrate. At highest enzyme activity to substrate ratio, Protex 7L, Alcalase 2.4L and Promod 671L gave higher degree of hydrolysis (DH=14.2-14.6%) than Corolase 7089 (13.2%) and Neutrase 0.8L (11.6%) after 120 min of hydrolysis. No differences were observed in protein recovery (yield of solubilized protein) relative to DH. Determination of DH was followed by the pH-STAT and o-phthaldialdehyde methods. Based on pH-STAT data, response surface regression models were established based on the combined effects of hydrolysis time and enzyme activity to substrate ratio on DH and protein recovery. The modelling approach was combined with enzyme cost to identify the most cost-efficient enzyme (Protex 7L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Aspevik
- Nofima, Kjerreidviken 16, N-5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway
| | | | - Ĺge Oterhals
- Nofima, Kjerreidviken 16, N-5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway
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31
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Maubois JL, Lorient D. Dairy proteins and soy proteins in infant foods nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. DAIRY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 96:15-25. [PMID: 26767093 PMCID: PMC4701760 DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Protein content of any source is classically determined through the analysis of its nitrogen content done for more 100 years by the Kjeldahl method, and the obtained result is multiplied by a number named nitrogen conversion factor (NCF). The value of NCF is related to the amino acid composition of the protein source and to the eventual presence of side groups covalently bound to some amino acids of the protein chain. Consequently, the value of NCF cannot be identical for all sources of food proteins. The aim of this paper is to review the available knowledge on the two allowed protein sources for infant food formulas, milk and soybean, in order to bring the right scientific basis which should be used for the revision of both European legislation and Codex Standard for Infant Formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-L. Maubois
- INRA, Dairy Research Laboratory, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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32
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Templeton DW, Laurens LM. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors revisited for applications of microalgal biomass conversion to food, feed and fuel. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McCue MD, Guzman RM, Passement CA. Digesting pythons quickly oxidize the proteins in their meals and save the lipids for later. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2089-96. [PMID: 25987734 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.118349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pythons digesting rodent meals exhibit up to 10-fold increases in their resting metabolic rate (RMR); this increase in RMR is termed specific dynamic action (SDA). Studies have shown that SDA is partially fueled by oxidizing dietary nutrients, yet it remains unclear whether the proteins and the lipids in their meals contribute equally to this energy demand. We raised two populations of mice on diets labeled with either [(13)C]leucine or [(13)C]palmitic acid to intrinsically enrich the proteins and lipids in their bodies, respectively. Ball pythons (Python regius) were fed whole mice (and pureed mice 3 weeks later), after which we measured their metabolic rates and the δ(13)C in the breath. The δ(13)C values in the whole bodies of the protein- and lipid-labeled mice were generally similar (i.e. 5.7±4.7‰ and 2.8±5.4‰, respectively) but the oxidative kinetics of these two macronutrient pools were quite different. We found that the snakes oxidized 5% of the protein and only 0.24% of the lipids in their meals within 14 days. Oxidation of the dietary proteins peaked 24 h after ingestion, at which point these proteins provided ∼90% of the metabolic requirement of the snakes, and by 14 days the oxidation of these proteins decreased to nearly zero. The oxidation of the dietary lipids peaked 1 day later, at which point these lipids supplied ∼25% of the energy demand. Fourteen days after ingestion, these lipids were still being oxidized and continued to account for ∼25% of the metabolic rate. Pureeing the mice reduced the cost of gastric digestion and decreased SDA by 24%. Pureeing also reduced the oxidation of dietary proteins by 43%, but it had no effect on the rates of dietary lipid oxidation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that pythons are able to effectively partition the two primary metabolic fuels in their meals. This approach of uniquely labeling the different components of the diet will allow researchers to examine new questions about how and when animals use the nutrients in their meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - R Marena Guzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Celeste A Passement
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
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34
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Piazza GJ, Garcia RA. Proteolysis of meat and bone meal to increase utilisation. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Meat and bone meal (MBM), an important by-product of the meat industry, is the ground, rendered remainder of farm animals after removal of the hide and meat. Most protein in MBM is insoluble, which limits its usefulness. Defatted, milled porcine MBM was subjected to saturating amounts of trypsin, a selective protease, and subtilisin, a protease with broad selectivity. Samples were withdrawn over a 48-h time course of hydrolysis and filtered to remove insoluble material. The rate at which the MBM protein was converted to a soluble form was equivalent for both proteases. Over the time course, trypsin generated fewer free amino groups than did subtilisin, and at a specified time, the molecular weight (MW) of the soluble trypsin hydrolysate was higher than that of the subtilisin hydrolysate. Assay of amino group formation showed that the proteases were still active even after soluble protein generation had ceased. The hydrolysates are useful for a variety of food and non-food uses. The hydrolysates were tested for flocculation activity in an ongoing effort to find sources for renewable flocculant. Kaolin flocculant activity was observed with the soluble fraction obtained before hydrolysis of MBM and also observed with the relatively high MW hydrolysates from short treatment with trypsin and subtilisin. Low MW fractions obtained from by subtilisin treatment at 30–48 h also showed kaolin-settling ability, probably through a coagulation or charge neutralisation process.
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35
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Garcia RA, Phillips JG, Adeola O. Improved prediction of meat and bone meal metabolizable energy content for ducks through in vitro methods. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1854-9. [PMID: 22802178 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of meat and bone meal (MBM) for poultry is highly variable, but impractical to measure routinely. Previous efforts at developing an in vitro method for predicting AME have had limited success. The present study uses data from a previous publication on the AME of 12 MBM samples, determined using 288 White Pekin ducks, as well as composition data on these samples. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that 2 noncompositional attributes of MBM, particle size and protease resistance, will have utility in improving predictions of AME based on in vitro measurements. Using the same MBM samples as the previous study, 2 measurements of particle size were recorded and protease resistance was determined using a modified pepsin digestibility assay. Analysis of the results using a stepwise construction of multiple linear regression models revealed that the measurements of particle size were useful in building models for AME, but the measure of protease resistance was not. Relatively simple (4-term) and complex (7-term) models for both AME and nitrogen-corrected AME were constructed, with R-squared values ranging from 0.959 to 0.996. The rather minor analytical effort required to conduct the measurements involved is discussed. Although the generality of the results are limited by the number of samples involved and the species used, they suggest that AME for poultry can be accurately predicted through simple and inexpensive in vitro methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Garcia
- Biobased and Other Animal Coproducts Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 600 E. Mermaid Ln., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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